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BEOWULF 



Ilonlron: C. J. CLAY AND SONS, 
CAMBKIDGE UNIVEESITY PKESS WAREHOUSE, 

Ave Majria Lane. 
ffilassoio: 263, ARGYLE STREET. 




eamtriige: DEIGHTON, BELL AND CO. 

ILetpjig: F. A. BROCKHAUS. 

^ia gotfe: MACMILLAN AND CO. 



BEOWULF 






^ 



EDITED 

WITH TEXTUAL FOOT-NOTES, INDEX OF PROPER NAMES, 
AND ALPHABETICAL GLOSSARY, 



A. J. WYATT, 

M.A. LOND., B.A. CANTAB., 
SOMETIME SCHOLAR OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE. 



CAMBRIDGE: 
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 

1894. 

[All rights reserved.'] 



$*' 
^^.^%^ 

,4^^" 



PKINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A., AND SONS, 
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 






PREFACE. 

A LENGTHY apology for preparing an English edition 
of the " Beowulf" is perhaps hardly necessary. The earlier 
English editions are long since out of print, and the poem 
has therefore been almost unobtainable, except in the 
German editions of Heyne and Holder \ Excellent as 
these may be in several ways, they are ill adapted for the 
average English student, besides having one or more very 
marked defects. Holder's foot-notes are as unreliable as 
his text is reliable. Heyne's glossary, like that of most 
German editions, stands self-condemned, in that he fre- 
quently forgets the absurd, artificial order of letters on 
which it is based. Furthermore, his glossary amounts to 
a translation ; and this of itself tends to rob the work of 
much of its educative value for the serious student. 

It has been felt therefore that an English edition was 
needed — for after all the "Beowulf" is essentially an 
English poem — which should give the readings of the MS. 
in foot-notes wherever they were departed from in the 

1 There is a translation of Heyne's edition by two American pro- 
fessors ; but they have taken the trouble to render their text perfectly 
worthless by appropriating all Heyne's emendations and omitting his 
notes which give the readings of the MS. 



VI BEOWULF. 

text, should provide an alphabetical glossary, and should 
furnish a due amount of help in difficult passages and no 
more. This need I have attempted to supply. I have of 
course made abundant use of the labours of my prede- 
cessors. The debt of an editor of "Beowulf" to the 
glossaries of Grein and Heyne is necessarily great. At 
the same time nothing has been accepted on mere au- 
thority. A glance at the glossary will suffice to show that 
it is no translation from the German. Of the text, in 
the same way, every line, every stop, almost every word, 
has been carefully considered. The genealogical tables 
and the index of proper names give, in a concise form, in- 
formation that in many cases has hitherto had to be 
sought from various sources^ 

The Manuscript. The excellent edition, with autotypes 
and transliteration of every folio of the MS., prepared for 
the Early English Text Society by Prof. Zupitza, is almost 
of equal authority with the MS. itself, and is therefore quite 
invaluable to the editor, the autotypes being above criti- 
cism. Upon these the present work is based. The trans- 
literation of a few lines here will serve to show some of 
the more marked characteristics of the unique extant MS. 
(Cott. Vitellius A. xv. in the British Museum), and to 
make apparent how far and in what particulars, besides 
those indicated in the foot-notes, the edited text differs 
from the MS. : — 



1 For details connected with the literary history of the poem, the 
student is referred to Ten Brink's Early English Literature (Bell) ; 
Morley's English Writers, Vol. i. (Cassell) ; Brooke's Early English Lite- 
rature, Vol. I. (Macmillan) ; and Ten Brink's monograph in Quellen und 
Forschungen, lxii. Complete bibliographies are given in Wiilcker's 
Grundriss (1885), and Garnett's Translation of Beoioulf (1892). 



PREFACE. VU 

489* duguSe ]>e )?a deaS fornam *site nu to 

490 symle *] on sael meoto *sige hreS secgii 

491 swa J>in sefa hwette. *J>aw8es geat 

492 msecgum geador aitsom ne *on beor 

493 sele bene ger3rmed *]73er swiS ferhj^e 

494 sittan eodon *]?rySum dealle ]>egn 

495 nytte be heold *se]?e on handa bser 

496 hroden ealo wsege *scencte scir wered 

497 scop hwilum sang *hador on heorote 

498 ]7ser wses hseleSa dream *duguS un lytel 
dena *i wedera. 

946 947 *bearn gebyrdo nu ic beowulf }>ec *secg betsta 

948 me for sunu wylle *freogan on ferh)7e heald 

949 forS tela. *niwe sibbe nebiS ])e senigre gad 
950 951 *worolde wilna Jpe icge weald hsebbe *ful 

952 oft ic for laes san lean teoh hode *hord 

953 weorj7unge hnahran rince *s8emran set 

954 saecce )?u ]>e self hafast. *d8e dum gefremed 
955 956 ^ )7in lyfaS *awa to aldre alwal da )7ec *gode 

957 for gylde swa he nu gyt dyde. * beowulf 

958 ma]?elode beam ec ]7eo wes *we "^p ellen weorc 

959 estum miclum *feohtan fremedon frecne 

960 961 ge neS don. *eafoS uncu]?es upe ic swi]7or *'p 

962 Su hine selfne geseon moste *feond on 

963 frsetewum fyl werigne. *ic him hraedlice 

964 heardan clam mu *on wsel bedde wrij7an 

965 |7ohte *'p he for hand gripe minum scolde 

Here I have followed Zupitza in the division of the words, 
but a mere glance at the autotypes suffices to show the 

1 The asterisks mark the beginnings of the verse-lines, the numbers 
of which are given in the margin. 



VIU BEOWULF. 

truth of what he himself says : " It is often very difficult, 
if not impossible, to decide whether the scribe intended 
one or more words." 

Several things are obvious from a perusal of the above 
passages : — 

(1) That the lines of the MS. do not correspond with 
the verse-lines of the poem. 

(2) That the punctuation of the MS. is meagre and 
unreliable. 

(3) That proper names are not written with capital 
letters. On the other hand, the first word after a full-stop 
is not infrequently Avritten with a capital. 

(4) That vowel-length is not marked as a rule. 

(5) That one word is sometimes written as two or 
even three words, and that two words are sometimes 
written as one word. 

(6) That hyphens are unknown to the scribes. 

(7) It would seem that the scribes were mere copyists, 
not writing from memory nor from dictation, and that 
sometimes at least they did not understand what they 
were copying. 

It is impossible to illustrate, by the quotation of 
passages like the above, the divergences of the MS. in the 
method of writing and spelling the same word. One or 
two illustrations must suffice. The word ond, "and," is 
written in full only three times, in 11. 600, 1148, 2040. 
Elsewhere it is represented by the symbol *]. The word 
ondlong occurs in the form "*]langne" {ace. m.) in 1. 2115, 
"andlongne" (ace. m.) in 1. 2695, "ondlonge" {ace. f.) in 
1. 2938. The word mon-cynn occurs as "mancynne" {dat.) 
in 1. 110, "moncynnes" {gen.) in 1. 196, "mon cynnes" 
{gen.) in 1. 1955. These are only a few examples of the 
inconsistencies with which the MS. teems. 



PREFACE. IX 

Marks of length. The following vowels are the only- 
ones marked long in the MS. : — 

tit, 33; an, 100; wat, 123; wop, 128; wat, 210; bat, 211; bad, 264 
Ml, 300 ; bad, 301; ar, 336 ; bar, 357; hat, g^n, 386 ; an, 449 ; aas, 507 
gar, 537 ; see, 564, 579 ; mot, 603 ; gad, 660 ; nat, 681 ; see, 690 ; bat 
742 ; stod, 759 ; abeag, 775 ; ban, 780 ; wic, 821 ; see, 895 ; hat, 897 
sar, 975 ; fah, 1038 ; ban, don, 1116 ; blod, 1121 ; sse, 1149 ; win, 1162 
mod, 1167; ar, 1168; bruc, 1177; ler, 1187; rsed, 1201; see, 1223; win 
1233; wat, 1274; mc, 1275; had, 1297; har, 1307; bad, 1313; run 
1325; wat, 1331; ar, 1388; aris, 1390; ga, 1394; ham, 1407; Mn 
1445 ; dom, 1491, 1528 ; brun, 1546 ; god, 1562 ; ger, 1587 ; sge, 1652 
bad, 1720 ; see, 1850 ; lac, wat, 1863 ; god, 1870 ; see, 1882 ; rad, 1883 
scir, 1895; see, 1896, 1924; scan, 1965; fus, 1966; hwil, 2002; lie 
2080 ; rof, 2084 ; don, 2090 ; com, 2103 ; lie, 2109 ; d6m, 2147 ; Hro«gg,r 
2155; stol, 2196; an, 2210 (see note); fser, 2230 (see note); bad, 2258 
an, 2280 ; woe, 2287 ; bad, 2302 ; for, 2308 ; god, 2342 ; wid, 2346 ; dom 
2376; sar, 2468; man, 2514; harne stan, 2553; swat, 2558 ; swaf, 2559 
bad, 2568; wac, 2577; swac, 2584; god, 2586; wic, 2607; Wiglaf, 2631: 
gar, 2641 ; fane, 2655 ; dom, 2666 ; stod, 2679 ; swac, 2681 ; fyr, 2689, 
2701 ; wis, 2716 ; bad, 2736 ; lif, 2743, 2751 ; stod, 2769 ; dom, 2820^ 
2858 ; rad, 2898 ; com, 2944, 2992 ; ad, 3010 ; fus, 3025 ; rof, 3063 
Wiglaf, 3076; bad, 3116; fus, 3119; hrof, 3123; ad, 3138; rec, 3144 
ban-hus, 3147. 

Hyphens. It will have been seen that the MS. gives no 
help in one of the most difficult problems that beset the 
editor of 0. E. poems, the question of the use of hyphens. 
Grein and Sweet discard them altogether. I cannot but 
question whether this is not to shirk one's duty. At least 
it is a method that I have not been able at present to 
bring myself to adopt, tempting as it is. The difficulty of 
course is as to " where to draw the line " — where to use a 
hyphen or to write as one word, where to use a hyphen or 
write as two words. The former is the chief difficulty, 
and here as elsewhere I have endeavoured to find the path 
"of least resistance." Prepositional prefixes in my text 
are not marked off by a hyphen from the following word ; 



Xll BEOWULF. 

Beowulf. " Zupitza " is the E. E. T. S. edition already 
mentioned. A, B, Wlilcker, and Zupitza, do not mark 
vowel-length. The names of the proposers of the chief 
emendations adopted in the text are given for credit's 
sake. Rejected emendations are quoted but sparsely ; 
only when they are backed by considerable authority, or 
when I was in doubt as to the true reading. Points of 
grammar are discussed in the notes only in so far as they 
affect the question of readings. I have indulged but 
sparingly in the luxury of personal emendations, because 
they are obviously the greatest disqualification for dis- 
charging duly the functions of an editor. 

Glossary. The plan on which the glossary is arranged 
must be tested by experience. Some decisions which had 
to be taken when I began to work on it may prove to have 
been mistaken ; certainly I am not concerned to defend 
them here. I have endeavoured to furnish the requisite 
amount of help and no more. Every passage that struck 
me as really difficult I have translated under what ap- 
peared to me to be the crucial word, but I wish it to be 
distinctly understood that my renderings are meant to be 
suggestive and not authoritative. 

Acknowledgments. It can but be a pleasure for me to 
make this public acknowledgment of the ready, willing, 
and efficient help which I have received, and without 
which the date of publication would have been seriously 
delayed. Mr C. Sapsworth, M.A., gave me his notes on 
the grammar of the poem, which have been of use in 
several ways. The labour of collating every line of the 
autotypes of the MS. with the texts of all the principal 
editions was done almost entirely by my wife, Mr D. John- 
son, B.A., and other friends ; and in the preparation of 



PREFACE. Xlll 

the glossary I have had the invaluable cooperation of my 
friends, Mr H. C. Notcutt, B.A., and Mr D. Johnson. I 
can only say that their help is as warmly appreciated as it 
was cordially given. One debt demands separate mention. 
The Eev. Prof. Skeat, Litt. D., has kindly spared time, 
from very great pressure of other work, to read the proof- 
sheets, and has made many valuable suggestions which are 
embodied in the book with no other acknowledgment 
than this. I should ask him to allow me to dedicate this 
edition to him, as a small token of my gratitude, were I 
not of opinion that I should thereby be conferring far 
greater honour on my book than any that such a dedica- 
tion could bring to his name. 

I have but to add that I alone am responsible for the 
work as it stands ; that I shall be grateful for criticisms 
and suggestions, especially from teachers and students ; 
and that Mr William Morris has taken the text of this 
edition as the basis of his modern metrical rendering of 
the lay. 

A. J. WYATT. 



Cambridge, 

March, 1894. 



ARGUMENT. 



Hrothgar, king of the Danes, with whose ancestry the poem 
opens, in the pride of his success in war builds a great hall, Heorot, 
for feasting and the giving of treasure (11. 1 — 85). But a monster 
named Grendel, enraged by the daily sounds of revelry, attacks the 
hall, makes a meal of fifteen thanes, and carries off fifteen more, 
retiu'ning with similar intent the next night. Thus Heorot is de- 
serted, and remains so for twelve years (11. 86 — 193). Then Beowulf, 
a mighty warrior of the Geats famous for the strength of his grip, 
hearing of Grendel's ravages crosses the sea with fourteen comrades, 
keeps watch in Heorot, and, after seeing one of his men killed and 
eaten, grapples with the monster and pulls ofi" his whole arm. 
Grendel escapes to his haunts, and dies (11. 194—852). The follow- 
ing night, when the Danes are again in possession of the hall and 
Beowulf is lodged elsewhere, Grendel's mother breaks in, and re- 
venges the death of her son by slaying Aeschere, a noble Dane 
(11. 853 — 1309). Beowulf undertakes the pursuit and revenge; he 
tracks the she-monster to her lair in the bottom of a mere, and slays 
her there. Seeing Grendel's corpse, he severs the head from the 
body, and bears it back with him in triumph to Hrothgar's court 
(11. 1310—1798). 

Loaded with rich gifts, the hero returns to his own land, and 
recites his adventures to Hygelac, his uncle, the king of the Geats 
(11. 1799—2199). On the death of the latter, Beowulf refuses the 
throne for himself, and acts as guardian and adviser to the young 
king Heardred, who is, however, slain in battle. 

Then Beowulf becomes king of the Geats, whom he rules wisely 
for fifty years, until a dragon begins to lay waste the land (11. 2200 — 



ARGUMENT. XV 

2400). The old hero's spirit is undaunted as ever, but deserted by 
all his chosen warriors save one, although he succeeds in quelling 
the fiery "drake", he himself meets with his death in the terrible 
encounter (11. 2401 — 2820). With the burning of his body the poem 
ends (11. 2821—3182). 

Of the several episodes, the chief are the swimming-match with 
Breca (11. 506 ff.), Sigemund and the dragon (11. 874 fF.), and the 
Finn-episode (11. 1068 fF.). 

For the connexion between "The Fight at Finnsburg" (Appendix) 
and the Finn-episode in "Beowulf" see Finn in the index of Persons 
and Places. 



EEEATA. 

L. 27, for "frean" read "Frean." 

L. 59, for "feower" read " feower." 

L. 63, for "Scilfinges" read "Scilfingas"; and in the note on 1. 

63, for "MS. 'hea-So scilfingas'" read "See note on 1. 2453." 
L. 112, for "orcneas" read " orcneas." 
L. 366, for "wrixlan" read "wrixlan." 
L. 434, for "recced" read "recced." 
L. 436, for "bli'Se" read "bli^e." 
L. 454, for "Hraedlan" read "Hred'*lan"; and in place of the note 

on 1. 454 read "MS. 'hrsedlan'; of. 1. 1485." 
L. 484, for "morgen tid " read " morgen-tid." 
L. 501, for "si^" read " si^\" 
LI. 536, 769, for "begen" read " begen." 
L. 674, for "-geatwe" read "-geatwe." 
L. 706, for "metod" read " Metod." 
L. 759, for " up-lang " read "up-lang." 
To the note on 1. 762 add " Cf. 1. 797." 
L. 902, for "ellen;" read "ellen,". 
L. 1292, for "ofste" read " ofste." 
LI. 1382, 1430, 2096, for "onweg" read "on weg." 
L. 1479, for " for^-gewitenum " read "for^ gewitenum.' 
L. 1617, for "ffittren" read " aettren." 
L. 2066, for "-wffilmum" read " -wselmum." 
L. 2135, for "wselmes" read "wffilmes." 
L. 2439, for "mercelses" read " mercelses." 
LI. 2539, 2755, for "-sercean" read " -sercean." 
L. 2546, for "waelm" read " wselm." 
L. 2598, for "bugon" read "bugon,". 
L. 2713, for " swelan " read " swelan." 

Note on 1. 2964, for "and note" read "(note), and cf. eafor, 2152." 
L. 3119, for "-geanvum" read " -gearwum." 
P. 136, add inverted commas at end of note on 1. 3155. 



BEOWULF. 



Hw8et ! we Gar-Dena in gear-dagiim Fol. 129*. 
)?eod-cynmga frym gefrunon, 
hu Sa 8e]?elingas ell en fremedon. 
Oft Scyld Seeling sceaf^ena ]?reatum, 
5 monegum mi"eg)?um meodo-setla ofteah. 
Egsode eorl, sySSan ^rest wearS 
fea-sceaft funden; he ]78es frofre gebad, 
weox under wolcnum, weorS-myndum )7ah, 
08 Yddt him ^ghwylc ]?ara ymb-sittendra 

10 ofer hron-rade hyran scolde, 

gomban gyldan ; )78et wses god cyning. 
D^m eafera wses seffcer cenned 
geong in geardum, Ipone God sende 
folce to frofre ; fyi'en-Searfe ongeat, 

15 )>aet hie ^r drugon aldor-[le]ase 

Letters supplied in the text, but found neither in the MS. nor in 
Thorkehn's transcripts, are printed within square brackets. All other 
deviations from the MS. are indicated in the text by the use of italics, 
and the reading of the MS. is given in a footnote. 

15. MS. '-jJ,' as usual. Zupitza says : " f generally means [net, but 
sometimes, it would seem, t>a." If ]pd be adopted, it must refer to fyren- 
^earfe. In latter half of same line the MS. is defective. 

W. B. 1 



2 BEOWULF. 

lange hwile. Him ]}ses Lif-frea, 

wuldres Wealdend, worold-are forgeaf; 

Beowulf W3es breme (bl^d wide sprang), 

Scyldes eafera Scede-landum in. 
20 Swa sceal [geong g]uma gode gewjrrcean, 

fromum feoh-giftum on fseder *[wi]ne, Fol. 129^. 

)78et hine on ylde eft gewunigen 

wil-gesi)7as, )7onne wig cume, 

leode ge listen ; lof-d^dum sceal 
25 in m^g]7a gehw^re man ge]?eon. 

Him Sa Scyld gewat to gescsep -hwile 

fela-hror feran on frean w^re ; 

hi hyne j^a eetb^ron to brimes faroSe, 

sw^se gesij^as, swa he selfa b^ed, 
30 )7enden wordum weold wine Scyldinga, 

leof land-fruma lange ahte. 

pger a3t hySe stod hringed-stefna 

isig ond iit-fCis, 8e]7elinges fser; 

aledon )?a leofne j^eoden, 
35 beaga bryttan on bearm scipes, 

m^rne be mseste. p^r wses madma fela, 

of feor-wegum frsetwa gel^ded. 

Ne hyrde ic cymlicor ceol gegyrwan 

hilde-w^pnum ond heaSo-w^edum, 
40 billum ond byrnum ; him on bearme laeg 

18, 19. In Heyne and Socin's edition, these lines stand : 
Beowulf waes breme, blsed wide sprang 
Scyldes eafera[n] Scede-landum in. 

20. MS. defective. Grein's reading adopted in text. 

21. MS. defective at corner. Zupitza transliterates " , . rme," follow- 
ing Conybeare and Kemble, but says: "What in the facsimile looks like 
part of a letter before 7ie (sic) is owing to a small hole in the MS." 
Thorpe suggested hearme = "in his father's bosom." 



BEOWULF. 3 

madma msenigo, )?a him mid scoldon 

on fiodes iieht feor gewitan. 

Nalses hi hine l^ssan lacum teodan, 

)7eod-gestreonum, )7on[ne] J>a dydon, 
45 |?e hine set frum-sceafte forS onsendon 

ienne ofer ySe umbor-we*sende. Fol. 130*. 

pa gyt hie him asetton segen g[yl]denne 

heah ofer heafod, leton hohn beran, 

geafon on gar-secg ; him wass geomor sefa, 
50 murnende m5d. Men ne cunnon 

secgan to soSe, sele-rgeden(ie, 

hseleS under heofenum, hwa f'c'em hlseste onfeng. 



Da waes on burgum Beowulf Scyldmga, 

leof leod-cyning, longe forage 
55 folcum gefr^ge (feeder ellor hwearf, 

aldor of earde), o]> )78et him eft onw5c 

heah Healfdene ; heold J>enden lifde, 

gamol ond guS-reouw, glsede Scyldingas. 

D^m feower beam forS gerimed 
60 in worold wocun, weoroda r^swa 

Heorogar, ond HroSgar ond Halga til ; 

hyrde ic, ]?8et Elan cwen [Ongen)7eowes wses] 

47. MS. defective at corner. 

51. MS. 'sele raedenne.' The emendation is Kemble's, following 
1. 1346. 

62. MS. 'hyrde ic p elan cwen,' without any lacuna. Grundtvig 
suggested that elan is the last two syllables of Onelan, Onela being the 
son of Ongen>eow, and that the name of the princess is lost. The 
emendation in the text is Ettmiiller's. 

1—2 



4 BEOWULF. 

HeaSo-Scilfinges heals-gebedda. 
pa wses HrdSgare here-sped gyfen, 

65 wiges weorS-mynd, J^set him his wine-magas 
georne hyrdon, o5S ]78et seo geogoS geweox, 
mago-driht micel. Him on mod beam, 
J>8et heal-reced hatan wolde, 
*medo-8erii micel men gewyrcean, Fol. 130^ 

70 )7on[n]e yldo beam ^fre gefrunon, 
ond psev on innan eall gedt'elan 
geongum ond ealdum, swylc him God sealde, 
buton folc-scare ond feorum gumena. 
Da ic wide gefrsegn weorc gebannan 

75 manigre msdgpe geond j^isne middan-geard, 
folc-stede frsetwan. Him on fyrste gelomp 
^dre mid yldum, ]?set hit wearS eal gearo, 
heal-serna mgest ; scop him Heort naman, 
se 'pe his wordes geweald wide hsefde. 

80 He beot ne aleh, beagas d^lde, 
sine set symle. Sele hlifade 
heah ond horn-geap ; heaSo-wylma bad 
laSan liges. Ne wses hit lenge ]>a, gen, 
)73et se ec^-hete a]7um-swerian 

85 sefter wsel-niSe wsecnan scolde. 

63. MS. ' hea'So scilfingas.' For the form gebedda applied to a 
woman Heyne compares /or^^re^i^/a, applied to Judith's female attendant, 
"Judith" 127. See Sievers' 0. E. Grammar, § 278, Note. 

68. Kemble ' ]?8et [he] heal-reced.' 

84. MS. 'secg hete'; Grain 'ecg-hete.' Cf. 1. 1738, and Seafarer 70. 

MS. 'aj?um swerian': o)>ww = son-in-law, and Bugge suggested that 
a^um-swerian is a compound belonging to the same class as the suhter- 
gefcederan of 1. 1164, and meaning ' son-in-law and father-in-law.' This 
makes excellent sense of an otherwise difficult passage, the reference 
being to Ingeld, who married Hrothgar's daughter Freawaru (1. 2022)^ 
and to the events referred to in 11. 2020 — 69. 



BEOWULF. O 

Da se ellen-g^st earfoSlice 
)7rage gej^olode, se j^e in J^ystrum bad, 
]788t he dogora gehwam dream gehyrde 
hliidne in healle ; ]7^r wses hearpan sweg, 
90 swLitol sang scopes. Ssegde se ]>e cuj^e 
frumsceaft fira feorran reccan, 
*cwa33 ]78et se ^Imihtiga eorSan worh[te], Fol. 132^. 
wlite-beorhtne wang, swa wseter bebGgeS; 
gesette sige-hre]?ig sunnan ond monan 
95 leoman to leohte land-buendum, 
ond gefrsetwade foldan sceatas 
leomum ond leafum ; lif eac gesceop 
cynna gehwylcum, J^ara Se cwice hwyrfa]?. 
Swa Sa driht-guman dreamum lifdon 

100 eadiglice, oG Sset an ongan 

fyrene fre[m]man, feond on helle ; 
wses se grimma g^st Grendel hat en, 
m^re mearc-stapa, se ]>e moras heold, 
fen ond fsesten ; fifel-cynnes eard 

105 Avon-s^eli wer weardode hwile, 

si)7San him Scyppend forscrifen hsefde. 
In Gaines cynne ]7one cwealm gewrsec 
ece Drihten, j^aes ]>e he Abel slog. 

86. Rieger 'ellor-gsst,' adopted by Earle; cf. 11. 807, 1617, &c. 

92. MS. defective at corner. 

101. MS. defective at edge. Earle adopts Bugge's emendation of 
healle for helle, because it is "so simple, and gives so much relief"! 
On the other hand, in 1. 142 he adopts Ettmiiller's hel-^egnes for heal- 
'^egnes. Both changes are needless. 

105. Almost all editions adopt the usual form won-salig. 

106— 8. Sievers : forscrifen hsefde 

in Caines cynne (l'on[n]e cwealm gewraec 
ece Drihten), 



6 BEOWULF. 

Ne gefeah he )7gere fsehSe, ac he hine feor forwrsec, 
110 Metod for J^y mane, man-cynue fram. 
Danon untydras ealle onwocon, 
eotenas ond ylfe ond orcneas, 
swylce gi*gantas, f>a wic5 Gode wunnon Fol. 132^. 
lange fmge; he him Saes lean forgeald. 



II. 

115 Gewat 5a neosian, sy]7San niht becom, 
hean huses, hu hit Hring-Dene 
sefter beor-J>ege gebun hsefdon. 
Fand )?a S^r inne sef^elinga gedriht 
swefan aefter symble ; sorge ne cuSon, 

120 wonsceaft wera. Wiht unh^lo, 

grim ond gr^dig, gearo sona wses, 
reoc ond rej^e, ond on raeste genam 
)7ritig |7egna ; ]7anon eft gewat 
hiiSe hremig to ham faran, 

125 mid )7^re wsel-fylle wica neosan. 
Da wses on uhtan mid ^r-dsege 
Grendles guS-crseft gumum imdyrne ; 
)?a wses sefter wiste wop up ahafen, 
micel morgen-sweg. Mc'ere )?eoden, 

130 3e)?eling c'er-god, unbliSe sset, 

]7olode SryS-swyS, )?egn-sorge dreah, 
sySj?an hie ]7ses laSan last sceawedon, 
wergan gastes; wses l?a3t gewin to Strang, 
laS ond longsum. Na3s hit lengra *fyrst, Fol. iss*^. 

120. Sievers 'wera[s].' 



BEOWULF. 7 

135 ac ymb ane niht eft gefremede 

morS-beala mare ond no mearn fore 
f^hSe ond fyrene ; wses to faest on fsun. 
pa wees eaS-fynde, ]>e him elles hwier 
gerumlicor rseste [sohte], 

140 bed sefter burum, Sa him gebeacnod waes, 
gessegd soSlice, sweotolan tacne 
heal-Segnes hete ; heold hyne syS|?an 
fyr ond fgestor, se ]>^m feonde setwand. 
Swa rixode ond wiS rihte wan 

145 ana wiS eallum, oS ])set idel stod 
husa selest. Wses seo hwil micel ; 
twelf wintra tid torn gel?olode 
wine Scyldm^a, weana gehwelcne, 
sidra sorga ; forSam [syS)?an] wearS 

150 ylda bearnum undyrne cu5, 

gyddum geomore, ]7a3tte Grendel wan 
hwlle wis E[ro]7gar, hete-niGas waeg, 
fyrene ond fgehSe fela missera, 
singale s^ece ; sibbe ne wolde 

155 wis manna hwone maegenes Deniga 
feorh-bealo feorran, feo ]?ingian, 
ne J>^r nsenig witena wenan J^orfte 
beorhtre bote to hanan fohnum. 

139. Grein * [sohte]'; Wiilcker '[rymde].' No gap in MS. 
146 — 7. Sievers : htisa selest (waes seo hwil micel) 
twelf wintra tid : 

147. MS. '•XII..' 

148. MS. ' scyldenda ' ; Thorpe ' Scyldinga.' 

149. Kemble's emendation, required for the alliteration ; no gap 
in MS. 

156. MS. 'fea'; Kemble 'feo.' 
158. MS. 'banu': Kemble 'banan.' 



8 BEOWULF. 

*[Atol] Sgl^ca ehtende waes, Fol. l33^ 

160 deorc dea)?-scua, duguj^e ond geogope, 

seomade ond syrede, sin-nihte heold 

mistige m5ras ; men ne cunnon, 

hwyder hel-runan hwyrftum scri)7a5. 

Swa fela fyrena feond man-cjaines, 
165 atol an-gengea, oft gefremede, 

heardra hynSa ; Heorot eardode, 

sinc-fage sel sweartum nihtum ; 

no he )?one gif-stol gretan moste, 

ma)7(5um for Metode, ne his myne wisse. 
170 p8et wses wrsec micel wine Scyldinga, 

modes brecSa. Monig oft gesaet 

rice to rune, r^d eahtedon, 

hwset swiS-ferhSum selest w^re 

wis f^r-gryrum to gefremmanne. 
175 Hwilum hie geheton a3t hcerg -trsbinm. 

wig-weor)?unga, wordum b^don, 

)79et him gast-bona geoce gefremede 

wis )?eod-)7reaum. Swylc wses )7eaw hyra, 

h£e}>enra hyht ; helle gemundon 
180 in mod-sefan, Metod hie ne cu]?on, 

d^da Demend, ne wiston hie Drihten God, 
*ne hie hiiru heofena Helm herian ne cii]?on, Fol. 

wuldres Waldend. Wa biS ])^m 3e sceal 134*. 

]?urh sliSne niS sawle bescufan 

159. MS. defective at corner. Thorpe '[Atol]'; Eieger '[ac se],' 
without a period. 

167 — 9. Heyne punctuates : 

sweartum nihtum 
(no he J?one gif-stol gretan moste, 
ma>^um for metode, ne his myne wisse) ; 
175. MS. 'hraerg'; Grundtvig 'haerg-.' 



BEOWULF. 



185 in fyres faej^m, frofre ne wenan, 

wihte gewendan ; wel biS )7^ra 'pe mot 

a3fter deaS-daege Drihten secean, 

ond to Faeder faej^mum freo3o wilnian. 



III. 

Swa Sa m^el-ceare maga Healfdenes 
190 singala seaS ; ne mihte snotor haeleS 

wean onwendan; waes ]7aet gewin to swyS, 

la)? ond longsum, ]>e on 5a leode bec5m, 

nyd-wracu ni]7-grim, niht-bealwa m^st. 

paet tram ham gefraegn Higelaces f>egn, 
195 god mid Geatum, Grendles d^da; 

se waes mon-cynnes maegenes strengest 

on ]7fem da3ge ]?ysses lifes, 

ae]7ele ond eacen. Het him yS-lidan 

godne gegyrwan; cwaeS, he guS-cyning 
200 ofer swan-rade secean wolde, 

m^rne J^eoden, ]7a him waes manna )7earf. 

Done siS-faet him snotere ceorlas 

lyt-hwon logon, *]7eah he him leof Wc'ere ; Fol. 134''. 

hwetton hige-[r]ofne, h^l sceawedon. 
205 Haefde se goda Geata leoda 

cempan gecorone, ]7ara ]7e he cenoste 

findan mihte ; fiftena sum 

sund-wudu sohte ; secg wisade, 

lagu-craeftig mon, land-gemyrcu. 

204. MS. defective. Zupitza says: "ro/?ie— only the lower part 
of the first letter left, which may have been r, ]?, /, s, or tt?." 
207. MS. ' •xv".''.' 



10 BEOWULF. 

210 Fyrst forS gewat ; flota wses on ySum, 

bat under beorge. Beornas gearwe 

on stefn stigon ; streamas wundon 

sund wis sande ; secgas b^ron 

on bearm nacan beorhte frsetvve, 
215 guS-searo geatolic; guman ut scufon, 

weras on wil-si*?, wudu bundenne. 

Gewat )?a ofer Wt^g-holm winde gefysed 

flota fami-heals fugle gelicost, 

o5 )78et ymb an-tid oj^res dogores 
220 wunden-stefna gewaden haefde, 

|78et Sa liSende land gesawon, 

brim-clifu blican, beorgas steape, 

side s^-naessas; ]7a wses sund liden 

eoletes aet ende. panon up hraSe 
225 Wedera leode on wang stigon, 

sa^-wudu sSldon; syrcan hrysedon, 

giiS-gew^do; Gode f>ancedon, 

]>ses ]?e him yj?-lade eaSe wurdon. 
*pa of wealle geseah weard Scildinga, Fol. 135^ 
230 se ]>e holm-clifu healdan scolde, 

beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas, 

fyrd-searu fuslicu ; hine fyrwyt brsec 

mod-gehygdum, hwset ]7a men w^ron. 

Gewat him ]7a to waroSe wicge ridan 

218. Almost all editors read fdmig-heals, but the MS. form must 
be of significance for the pronunciation. 

219. MS. 'an tid.' Grein's Glossary gives: "an-tid /. hora prima?'' 
Cosijn contends for an-tid = and-tid or ond-tld, 'corresponding time, 
the same time,' so that the phrase would mean 'about the same hour 
of the second day.' So Heyne and Socin. Earle thinks "we ought 
to look rather at the phrase than at the words" (!), and objects to the 
hyphen. But without it we should expect 'ymb ane tid.' 



BEOWULF. 11 

235 |?egn Hrot5gares, J^rymmum cwehte 

msegen-wudu mundum, me]7el-wordum fraegn: 
" Hwset syndon ge searo-hsebbendra 
byrnum werede, ]?e J^iis brontne ceol 
ofer lagu-stn'ete U'edan cwomon, 

240 hider ofer holmas [hringed-stefnan] ? 
Ic wses ende-sgeta, geg-wearde heold, 
]?e on land Dena laSra ngenig 
mid scip-herge sceSJ^an ne meahte. 
N5 her ciiSlicor cuman ongunnon 

245 lind-hsebbende ; ne ge leafnes-word 
guS-fremmendra gearwe ne wisson, 
maga gemedu. N^fre ic maran geseah 
eorla ofer eorj7an, Sonne is eower sum, 
secg on searwum ; nis \ddt seld-guma 

250 wgepnum geweorSad, nsef^ie him his wlite leoge, 
^nlic an-syn. Nil ic eower sceal 
frum-cyn witan, ^r ge fyr *heonan, Fol. 135^. 
leas[e] sceaweras, on land Dena 
fur)7ur feran. Nu ge feor-buend, 

255 mere-liSende, min[n]e gehyraS 
an-fealdne ge)?oht ; ofost is selest 
to gecySanne, hwanan eowre cyme syndon." 

240 — 1. MS. 'hider ofer holmas le wa3s' &c., without gap. Thorkelin 
and Wiilcker read Ic for le, but Zupitza says: "Ze no doubt, not 7c." 
Various suggestions have been made for the missing half-hne. That 
in the text is Wiilcker's. Heyne adopts Ettmiiller's 'helmas baron,' 
but this is hardly felicitous after holmas. Bugge's emendation is in- 
genious : 

hider ofer holmas? [Hwile ic on wealjle 
waes ende-sffita. 

250. MS. ' nsefre ' ; Kemble ' nafne.' 

253. MS. 'leas'; Ettmiiller 'lease.' 

255. MS. 'mine'; Kemble 'minne.' 



12 BEOWULF. 



IV. 



Him se yldesta ondswarode, 

werodes wisa, word-hord onleac : 
260 " We synt gum-cynnes Geata leode 

ond Higelaces heoiS-geneatas. 

Wees min fseder folcum gecy]?ed, 

8e)7ele ord-fruma Ecg)7eow haten ; 

gebad wintra worn, ^r he on weg hwurfe 
265 gamol of geardum ; hine gearwe geman 

witena wel-hwylc wide geond eor]?an. 

We )7urh holdne hige hlaford J^inne, 

sunu Healfdenes, secean cwomon, 

leod-gebyrgean ; wes ]?u. us larena god. 
270 HabbaS we to ]>8em. mgeran micel ^rende 

Deniga frean ; ne sceal ]?3er dyrne sum 

wesan, J^ses ic wene. pu wast gif hit is, 

swa we so)?lice *secgan hyrdon, Fol. 136». 

]?9et mid Scyldingum sceaSona ic nat hwylc, 
275 deogol d^d-hata, deorcum nihtum 

eaweS ]7urh egsan uncuSne niS, 

hynSu ond hra-fyl. Ic y^es HroSgar mseg 

J>urh mmne sefan r^d gelseran, 

hu he frod ond god feond oferswySe]?, 
280 gyf him ed-wendan ^fre scolde 

bealuwa bisigu, b5t eft cuman, 

ond )7a cear-wylmas coh^an wurSa)? ; 

oSSe a sy]7(5an earfoS-)?rage, 

274. Zupitza says: "now only scea left." Only Thorkelin's first 
transcript has scea'^ona. 

275. Grein's Glossary gives : "dSd-hata m. der ditrch Thaten hasst 
Oder verfolgt ? oder died-hata facinora spondens vel moliens V Earle 
adopts the latter reading, and translates ' author of deeds.' 



BEOWULF. 13 

]7rea-nyd )7olaS, )7enden )?^r wunaS 
285 on heah-stede husa selest." 

Weard ma]?elode, S^r on wicge saet, 

ombeht unforht : " ^Eghwa^fres sceal 

scearp scyld-wiga gescad witan, 

worda ond worca, se ]>e wel j^enceS. 
290 Ic ]?9et gehyre, j^set J»is is hold weorod 

frean Scyldinga. Gewita]? forS beran 

w^pen ond gewjedu, ic eow wisige ; 

swylce ic magu-)7egnas mine hate 

wis feonda gehwone flotan eowerne, 
295 niw-tyrwydne nacan on sande, 

arum healdan, o]> J^oet eft byreS 

ofer lagu-strea*mas leofne mannan Fol. 136". 

wudu wunden-hals to Weder-mearce. 

God-fremmendra swylcum gifej^e biS, 
300 ]78et j7one hilde-r^s hal gedigeS." 

Gewiton him ]7a feran ; flota stille bad, 

seomode on sale sid-f8e)?med scip, 

on ancre fa3st. Eofor-lic scionon 



299. Grundtvig's needless emendation gil^-fremmendra is followed 
by some editors and by Earle. 

301—3. Heyne puts "flota faest" in a parenthesis, with a semi- 
colon at the close. 

302. MS. ' sole.' For the emendation cf. 11. 226, 1906, and 1917, 
and mod. "riding on a hawser." The MS. reading is not impossible. It 
is from sol, mod. Kent, sole, a muddy pool. 

303 — 5. These lines have given rise to much discussion and many 
suggestions. Bugge takes eofor as the subject of heold, ferh- (for feorh-) 
wearde, "life-guard," as the object, and Uc-sclonon, "of handsome form," 
as the dat. sing, of an adj. referring to Beowulf. 

303. Grein's Glossary gives scionon as a second form of scinon, pret. 
pi. of sclnan, "shine," but adds: "wenn letzteres nicht zu einem redupl. 
Verbum scdnan sceon gehort." This supposition is quite needless ; in 



14 BEOWULF. 

ofer hleor-ber[g]an, gehroden golde, 
305 fah ond fyr-heard ; ferh wearde heold. 

Gu)7mod grummon, guman onetton, 

sigon setsomne, o)? ]?9et hy [sjael timbred, 

geatolic ond gold-fah, ongyton mihton ; 

]79et wses fore-mferost fold-biiendum 
310 receda under roderum, on ]}^m se rica bad ; 

lixte se leoma ofer landa fela. 

Him ]?a hilde-deor [h]of modigra 

torht getgehte, ]78et hie him to mihton 

gegnum gangan ; gu5-beorna sum 
315 wicg gewende, word asfter cwgeS: 

" M^l is me to feran ; Feeder al-walda 

mid ar-stafum eowic gehealde 

siSa gesunde ! Ic to ste wille 

wis *wra?5 werod wearde healdan." Fol. 137*. 



V. 



320 Str^t wses stan-fah, stig wisode 
gumum setgsedere. GuS-byrne scan 
heard hond-locen, hring-iren scir 
song in searwum, )7a hie to sele furSam 
in hyra gryre-geatwum gangan cwomon. 



1. 3170 we find a pret. pi. riodan = ridon, "rode," of the same ablaut- 
class, showing the same effect of w-umlaut. Sievers § 376. 

304. MS. 'hleor beran'; Grein ' hleor-beran, ' dat. sg., visor? ; Gering 
'hleor-ber[g]an,' ace. pi., cheek-guards. 

306. Kemble 'gu«-mod[e]. 

307. MS. ' aeltimbred ' ; Grein 'ssel timbred.' 
312. MS. 'of,' in spite of the alliteration. 



BEOWULF. 15 

325 Setton Sc'e-mel^e side scyldas, 

rondas regn-hearde, wiS ]78es recedes weal, 
bugon ]?a to bence ; byrnan hringdon, 
guS-searo gumena ; garas stodon, 
s^'e-manna searo, samod setgaedere, 

330 8esc-holt ufan gr^g ; wses se iren-]7reat 
wgepnum gewur|7ad. pa Sier wlonc hseleS 
oret-mecgas aefter cepelum fraegn : 
"Hvvanon ferigeaS ge f^tte scyldas, 
gr^ge syrcan ond grim-helm as, 

335 here-sceafta heap ? Ic eom HrdSgares 
ar ond ombiht. Ne seah ic el-)7eodige 
)?us manige men modiglicran. 
Wen ic "pset ge for wlenco, nalles for wrsec-siSum 
ac for hige-*)?rymmum, HroSgar sohton." Fol. 137^. 

340 Him ]?a ellen-rof andswarode, 

wlanc Wedera leod word sefter sprsec, 
heard under helme : " We synt Higelaces 
beod-geneatas ; Beowulf is min nama. 
Wille ic asecgan sunu Healfdenes, 

345 m^rum |?eodne, min ierende, 

aldre J^inum, gif he iis geunnan wile, 
)79et we hine swa godne gretan moton." 
Wulfgar ma]7elode (]?8et wa?s Wendla leod, 
wses his mod-sefa manegum gecySed, 

350 wig ond wis-dom): " Ic )?8es wine Deniga, 
frean Scildinga, frinan wille, 

332. MS. ' hffilejjum ' — evidently a scribal blunder due to the hale^ 
of the previous line. Grein '8e)?elum'; cf. 1. 392, and for the sense 11. 
251 — 2. For dret- see Sievers § 43, N. 4. 

338. Heyne reads Wen' for Wene. Cf. 11. 442 and 525. 

344. The editors from Kemble downwards have adopted the more 
usual form of the dat., suna ; but see Sievers § 270. 



16 BEOWULF. 

beaga bryttan, swa ]>xi bena eart, 
)7eoden m^rne, ymb )?mne siS, 
ond )7e ]>a, ondsware ^dre gecySan, 

855 ?Se me se goda agifan j^enceS." 

Hwearf J>a hrsedlice, ]>ser HroSgar sset 
eald ond unhar mid his eorla gedriht ; 
eode ellen-rof, ]?8et he for eaxlum gestod 
Deniga frean ; cuj^e he duguSe )?eaw. 

360 Wulfgar maSelode *to his wine-drihtne : Fol. 138\ 
"Her sjmdon geferede, feorran cumene 
ofer geofenes begang, Geata leode ; 
)7one yldestan oret-mecgas 
Beowulf nemnaS. Hy benan synt, 

365 J>oet hie, ]?eodeii min, wiS )7e moton 

wordum wrixlan ; no Su him wearne geteoh 
tSinra gegn-cwida, glsedman HroSgar. 
Hy on wig-getawum wyi^Se ]?inceaS 
eorla gesehtlan; huru se aldor deah, 

370 se ]7^m heaSo-rincum hider wisade." 



VI. 

HroSgar maj^elode, helm Scyldinga: 
" Ic hine cuSe cniht-wesende ; 
W3es his eald fseder Ecgl?eo haten, 

367. Thorkelin (B) and Kieger 'glsednian'; Grein and Wiilcker 
'glffidman.' Kemble and Thorpe took gladman to be the oblique case 
of a noun glcedma, 'gladness.' Bugge supports the reading of the MS., 
and practically decides the sense in which it is to be taken, by quoting 
the gloss ''Hilaris glaedman" (Somner p. 74, col. 2, 1. 21). 

373. MS. 'ealdfaeder.' This compound meaning 'grandfather, an- 
cestor,' occurs in the forms ealdfceder, ealdefceder ; but its use here is 



BEOWULF. 17 

Si«m to ham forgeaf HreJ^el Geata 

375 angan dohtor; is his eafora iiii 

heard her cumen, sohte holdne wine. 

Donne ssegdon ]?8et s^-lif>ende, 

]?a Se gif-sceattas Geata fyredon 

Jpyder to )7ance, )78et he )?rit*tiges Fol. 138^. 

380 manna msegen-crseft on his mund-gripe 
hea)?o-r6f hsebbe. Hine halig God 
for ar-stafum us onsende, 
to West-Denum, ]?8es ic wen hsebbe, 
wis Grendles gryre ; ic )7^m godan sceal 

385 for his m6d-)7r9ece madmas beodan. 
Beo bu on ofeste, hat in gan 
seon sibbe-gedriht samod setgsedere ; 
gesaga him eac wordum, j^set hie sint wil-cuman 
Deniga leodum." [pa wi5 duru healle 

390 Wulfgar eode,] word inne ahead; 
" Eow het secgan sige-drihten min, 
aldor East-Dena, ]78et he eow^er 8e]?elu can, 

a strain to the meaning of the passage, and we may safely assume that 
the scribe has run two words into one, as in numerous other instances. 
Eald feeder makes excellent sense. 

37-5. MS. 'eaforan'; Kemble 'eafora.' 

378. Thorpe 'Geatum,' adopted by Bugge and Earle. The change 
is not absolutely necessary, because the genitive can have the same 
meaning, "for the Geats." 

379. MS. ' -xxx tiges.' 

386. Heyne reads 'hat [hig] in gan' for metrical reasons (but see 
"Beitrage" x. 268), and takes sibbe-gedriht (i.e. the Danes) as the object 
of seon. But sibbe-gedriht certainly refers to Beowulf's company, as in 
1. 729, and is the accus. -subject of in gan seon. The whole phrase may 
be rendered "bid the band of warrior-kinsmen go into the presence." 
Cf. 11. 396, 347, 365. 

389 — 90. No gap in MS., though the lack of alliteration seems con- 
clusive as to a defect in the text. The emendation is Grein's. 

W. B. 2 



18 BEOWULF. 

ond ge him syndon ofer s^-wylmas, 
heard-hicgende, hider wil-cuman. 

395 Nu ge moton gangan in eowrum guS-geatawum, 
under here-griman, HroSgar geseon; 
l^taS hilde-bord her onbidan, 
wudu, wsel-sceaftas, worda gej^inges." 
Aras ]7a se rica, ymb hine rinc manig, 

400 l^rySlic J^egna heap; sume ]>ser bidon, 

heaSo-reaf heoldon, swa him se *hearda bebead. Fol. 
Snyi'edon retsomne, )7a secg wisode, 
under Heorotes hrof; [hyge-rof eode,] 
heard under hehiie, J>8et he on heoSe gestod. 

405 Beowulf maSelode (on him byrne scan, 
searo-net seowed smi)7es or-)?ancum): 
" Wses ]?u, HroSgar, hal ! Ic eom Higelaces 
m^g ond mago-Segn; haBbbe ic m^rSa fela 
ongunnen on geogo]>e. Me wearS Grendles j^ing 

410 on minre e)7el-tyrf undyrne cu5 ; 

secgaS sse-liSend, |78et pes sele stande, 
reced selesta, rinca gehwylcum 
idel ond unnyt, siSSan ^fen-leoht 
under heof'enes hador beholen weorJ?eS. 

415 pa me ]?8et gelserdon leode mine, 



395. Ettmiiller 'gii'S-getawum'; cf. 11. 2636, 368. See also Sievers 
§ 43, N. 4, and § 260, N. 

403. No gap in MS. ; Grein's emendation adopted. 

404. Thorpe 'lieo[r]5e.' 

407. Editors substitute W.S. ices for North, loas. 

411. MS'}>ffis.' J 

414. Heyne and Socin 'ha^or.' The length of the a is uncertain. ) 

Hddor would mean 'brightness, serenity.' Grein's Glossary has : " hea'Sor, I 

heador, hador {oder a, ea?) n. receptaculum ; dat. hafa'S mec on headre j 

Ra. 663." 



BEOWULF. 19 

J7a selestan, snotere ceorlas, 

]7eoden HroSgar, j^set ic ])e sohte, 

for|?an hie maegenes craeft min[n]e cu)7on ; 

selfe ofersawon, Sa ic of searwum cwom, 
420 fah from feondum, f^ler ic fife geband, 

ySde eotena cyn, ond on ySiim slog 

niceras nihtes, nearo-j^earfe dreah, 

wrgec *Wedera niS (wean ahsodon), Fol. 139^ 

forgrand gramum ; ond nu wiS Grendel sceal, 
425 wis )?am agliecan, ana gehegan 

Sing wis ]?yrse. Ic ]?e nu Sa, 

brego Beorht-Dena, biddan wille, 

eodor Scyldinga, anre bene, 

])set SCi me ne forwyrne, wigendra hleo, 
430 freo-wine folca, nu ic )7us feorran com, 

])ddt ic mote ana [ond] minra eorla gedryht, 

|?es hearda heap, Heorot fgelsian. 

Hsebbe ic eac geahsod, )?9et se ^gl^ca 

for his won-hydum w^pna ne recceS ; 
435 ic )?aet ]7onne forhicge, swa me Higelac sie, 

min mon-drihten, modes bliSe^ 

]78et ic sweord bere o]?Se sidne scyld, 

geolo-rand to gu)?e ; ac ic mid grape sceal 

fon wis feonde, ond ymb feorh sacan 
440 laS wis la]7um ; S^er gelyfan sceal 

Dryhtnes dome se ^e hine deaS nimeS. 

Wen ic ]>set he wille, gif he wealdan mot, 

in p?em. giiS-sele Geatena leode 

418. Grein 'mm[n]e'; cf. 1. 255. 

431 — 2. MS. ' ana minra eorla gedryht 7 J^es ' &c. Grein transposed 
the 7 {ond) from before \>es to before minra. 
443. MS. 'geotena.' 

2—2 



20 BEOWULF. 

etan iiiiforhte, swa he *oft dyde FoL 140^ 

445 msegen HreS-manna. Na )7U minne )7earfb 
hafalan hyclan, ac he me habban wile 
d[r]eore fahne, gif mec deaS nimeS ; 
byreS blodig wsel, byrgean ]?enceS, 
eteS an-genga unmurnlice, 
450 mearcaS mor-hopu ; no Su ymb mines ne ]?earft 
lices feorme leng sorgian. 
Onsend Higelace, gif mec hild nime, 
beadu-scruda betst, J?9et mine breost wereS, 
hrsegla selest ; ]78et is Hraedlan laf, 
455 Welandes geweorc. G^S a wyrd swa hio seel." 



VII. 

HroSgar maj^elode, helm Scyldinga : 

"F[or w]ere-fyhtum ]?u, wine min Beowulf, 

ond for ar-stafum usic sohtest. 

Gesloh J>in faider f^hSe m^ste, 
460 wear)? he Hea)7olafe to hand-bonan 

mid Wilfingum ; Sa hine Wedera cyn 

for here-brogan habban ne mihte. 

panon he gesohte SuS-Dena folc 

ofer ySa gewealc, Ar-*Scyldinga ; Fol. l40^ 

465 Sa ic fur)>um weold folce Deniga, 

ond on geogoSe heold gimme-rice 

454. Ettmiiller 'Hre«lan,' gen. of Hre«la = Hre«el, Beowulf's ma- 
ternal grandfather; adopted by Heyne and Earle. 

457. MS. 'fere fyhtum.' The reading in the text was suggested by 
Grundtvig. 

461. MS. 'gara'; Grundtvig 'Wedera.' See 11. 225, 423, &c. 

465. MS. 'deninga.' See 11. 155, 271, &c. 



BEOWULF. 21 

hord-burh hselej^a. Da wses Heregar dead, 

min yldra m^g unlifigende, 

beam Healfdenes ; se waes betera Sonne ic. 
470 Si?55an ]?a f^hSe feo J^ingode ; 

sende ic Wylfingum ofer wseteres hrycg 

ealde madmas ; he me aj^as sw5r. 

Sorh is me to secganne on sefan min urn 

gumena fengum, hwyet me Grendel hafaS 
475 hynSo on Heorote mid his hete-)7ancum, 

fe'-niSa gefremed ; is min flet-werod, 

wig-heap, gewanod; hie wyrd forsweop 

on Grendles gryre. God ea)?e mseg 

|?one dol-sceaSan d^da getw^fan. 
480 Fill oft gebeotedon beore druncne 

ofer ealo-wiege oret-mecgas, 

)?9et hie in beor-sele bidan woldon 

Grendles gu)?e mid gryrum ecga. 

Donne wses )7eos medo-heal on morgen tid, 
485 driht-sele dreor-fah, l?onne dseg lixte, 

eal *benc-]7elu blode bestymed, Fol. 141». 

heall heoru-dreore ; ahte ic holdra ]>y h'es, 

deorre dnguSe, ]7e |7a deaS fornam. 

Site nil to symle ond ons^l meoto, 
490 sige-hreS secgum, swa ]7in sefa hwette." 

pa W8es Geat-maecgum geador setsomne 

on beor-sele bene gerymed ; 

479. MS. 'sc^a'San,' the e in a different hand. 

489 — 90. MS. 'on sael meoto sige hreS secgu.' This passage has given 
rise to much discussion; the conjectures are too numerous to be given 
here. Meoto is the chief difficulty. I have followed Heyne in adopting 
Miillenhoff's interpretation, taking meoto = meotu ("with it- umlaut produced 
by inflectional ii; Sievers § 106. S)=metu, pi. of met, 'thought ' ; cf. metian, 
'meditate upon,' Psalm 118. 174. 



22 BEOWULF. 

l;^r swiS-ferh)7e sittan eodon, 
J^rySum dealle. pegn nytte beheold, 
495 se 'pe on handa bser hroden ealo-w^ge, 
scencte scir wered. Scop hwilum sang 
hador on Heorote ; )7fer waes ha?leSa dream, 
duguS unlytel Dena ond Wedera. 



VIII. 

U7iieY^ ma]7elode, Ecgiafes beam, 

500 J'e set fotum sset frean Scyldinga, 

onband beadu-mne (wses him Beowulfes si5, 
modges mere-faran, micel 9ef-)?unca, 
for)7on ]>e he ne upe, ]78et ^nig oSer man 
^fre *m^iSa pon ma middan-geardes Fol. l4l^ 

505 gehedde under heofenum ]7onne he sylfa) : 

" Eart ]?u se Beowulf, se ]?e wiS Brecan wunne, 

on sidne s^ ymb sund flite, 

S^er git for wlence wada cunnedon, 

ond for dol-gilpe on deop wseter 

510 aldrum ne)7don ? Ne inc ^nig mon, 
ne leof ne laS, belean mihte 
sorh-fullne siS, )?a git on sund reon ; 
]?^r git eagor-stream earmum j^ehton, 
mgeton mere-strata, mundum brugdon, 

515 glidon ofer gar-secg; geofon yj^um weol, 
wintrys wyhn. Git on wseteres ^ht 

499. MS. 'HvNfer^.' 
515—16. Grein-Wiilcker : 

' geofon-ySum 
weol wintrys wylm.' 
Other editions needlessly change ivylm to xvylme or loylmum. 



BEOWULF. 23 

seofon niht swuncon; he J^e set sunde oferflat, 
haefde mare msegen. pa hine on morgen-tid 
on HeaJ^o- R^mas holm up setbser; 

520 Sonon he gesohte sw^sne eSel, 
leof his leodum lond Brondinga, 
freoSo-burh fsegere, )7^r he folc ahte, 
burh ond beagas. *Beot eal wi3 ]?e Fol. 142'^. 

sunu Beanstanes so5e gel^ste. 

525 Donne wene ic to f>e wyrsan ge)?ingea, 
Seah )7u heaSo-r^sa gehwc'er dohte, 
grimre guSe, gif )?u Grendles dearst 
niht-longne fyrst nean bidan." 
Beowulf maj^elode, beam Ecgj^eowes : 

530 " Hwget ! )7u worn fela, wine min ?7?iferS, 
beore druncen ymb Brecan sprsece, 
saegdest from his siSe. SoS ic talige, 
)?3et ic mere-strengo maran ahte, 
earfe)7o on y}>um, Sonne ^nig o)7er man. 

535 Wit )?8et gecw^don cniht-wesende 

ond gebeotedon (w^ron begen ]7a git 
on geogoS-feore), j^set wit on gar-secg ut 
aldrum neSdon ; ond j^a^t gesefndon swa. 
Hsefdon swurd nacod, )7a wit on sund reon, 

540 heard on handa ; wit unc wiS hron-fixas 
werian ]?ohton. No he wiht fram me 
flod-y);um feor fleotan meahte, 

519. MS. 'hea>oraemes.' 

520. MS. 'swffisne - Si -' The O.E. name of this runic character was 
e'^el; hence the character is used here and in 1. 913 for the word e^el. 

530. MS. 'hun fer'S.' The initial is always h in the MS., although 
the word always alliterates with vowels. 

534. There is this to be said for the emendation eafe\>o, " strength," 
that it is a closer parallel to mere-strengo than the reading of the MS. 



24 BEOWULF. 

hra]7or on holme ; no ic fram him wolde. 

Da wit 8et*somne on s^ w^ron Fol. 142^. 

545 fif nihta fyrst, o)? ]>set imc flod todraf, 

wado weallende ; wedera cealdost, 

nipende niht ond norJ>an wind, 

heaSo-grim ondhwearf; hreo wseron y)>a. 

Wses mere-fixa m5d onhrered ; 
550 ]>ser me wi5 laSum lic-syrce min, 

heard hond-locen, helpe gefremede ; 

beado-hrsegl broden on breostum Igeg, 

golde gegyrwed. Me to grunde teah 

fah feond-scaSa, faeste haefde 
555 grim on grape ; hwspj^re me gyfe)?e wearS, 

])set ic agl^can orde ger^hte, 

hilde-bille ; hea)7o-r^s fornam 

mihtig mere-deor ]?urh mine hand. 



Villi. 

Swa mec gelome laS-geteonan 

560 j^reatedon ]7earle. Ic him J^enode 

deoran sweorde, swa hit gedefe wses ; 
nses hie G^re fylle gefean hsefdon, 
man-ford^dlan, J^set hie me f>egon, 
symbel ymb-s^ton si'e-grunde neah; 

565 ac on mergenne mecum *wunde Fol. 143*. 

be yS-lafe uppe l^gon, 

548. MS. 'yhwearf; cf. 'yswarode,' 1. 258. Grein takes hwearf to 
be an adj., which he glosses 'versatilis, volubilis,' and compares Icel. 
hverfr. 



BEOWULF. 25 

sweo[r]dum aswefecle, ]79et syS)7an na 

ymb brontne ford brim-liSende 

lade ne letton. Leoht eastaa com, 
570 beorht beacen Godes ; brimu swaJ>redon, 

J78et ic Sc'e-nsessas geseon mihte, 

windige weallas. Wyi^d oft nereS 

unf^gne eorl, ]7onne his ellen deah. 

Hw{ie]?ere me ges^lde, )78et ic mid sweorde ofsloh 
575 niceras nigene. No ic on niht gefrsegn 

under heofones hwealf heardran feohtan, 

ne on eg-streamum earmran mannon ; 

hwce^ere ic fara feng feore gedigde, 

si]7es werig. Da mec s^ oj7b8er, 
580 flod sefter faroSe, on Finna land, 

wadu weallendu. No ic wiht fram ]?e 

swylcra searo-niSa secgan hyrde, 

billa brogan ; Breca n^fre git 

set heaSo-lace, ne gehwae)?er incer, 
585 swa deorlice d^d gefremede 

^gum sweordum (no ic ]?8es [fela] gylpe), 

]?eah Su ]?inum broSrum to banan wurde, 

heafod-m^gum ; J>ses ]7U in *helle scealt Fol. 143^. 

werhSo dreogan. jjeah ]nn wit duge. 
590 Secge ic ]>e to soSe, sunu Ecglafes, 

J?8et nc'efre Gre[n]del swa fela gryra gefremede, 

567. MS., defective at corner, has only stve and part of o. Thorkelin 
A (first transcript) 'sweodum.' 

578. MS. 'hwa>ere.' 

581. MS. 'wudu.' Seel. 546. 

586. The emendation is Grein's; Kluge suggested '[geflites].' Heyne, 
followed by Harrison and Sharp, assumes the loss of two half lines after 
sweordum, with the unpleasant consequence that the numbers of his lines 
are one too many throughout the rest of the poem. 

591. MS. 'gredel.' 



26 BEOWULF. 

atol ^gl^ca, ealdre J?inum, 

hynSo on Heorote, gif J>in hige wiere, 

sefa swa searo-grim, swa )7u self talast ; 

595 ac he hafaS onfunden, j^set he )7a fi^hSe ne }>earf, 
atole ecg-frsece, eower leode 
swiSe onsittan, Sige-Scyldinga ; 
nymeS nyd-bade, n^negum araS 
leode Deniga, ac he [on] lust wigeS, 

600 swefeS ond sende|?, secce ne wene)? 

to Gar-Denum. Ac ic him Geata sceal 
eafoS ond ellen ungeara nu 
giife gebeodan. G^]> eft se ])e mot 
to medo modig, si]?)7an morgen-leoht 

605 ofer ylda beam o|?res dogores, 
sunne swegl-wered, suj^an scineS." 
pa wses on salum sinces brytta, 
gamol-feax ond gu5-rof; geoce gelyfde 
*brego Beorht-Dena; gehyrde on Beowulfe Fol. 144\ 

610 folces hyrde faest-r^dne gej^oht. 

Dser wses h8ele)7a hleahtor, hlyn swynsode, 
word w^ron wynsume. Eode Wealh|;eow forS, 
cwen HroSgares, cynna gempidig, 
grette gold-hroden guman on healle; 

599. Kemble's emendation ; cf. 1. 618. 

600. Thorpe 'saecce,' followed by most editors. Secce is a dialectal 
form ; see Sievers § 151. 

601. Thorpe and Heyne suppress ic. Thorpe makes Geata (weak 
form) the subject, eafo'^ ond ellen the object, and is followed by Earle. 
Heyne takes ea/b'S ond ellen Geata as subject, gfcSe as object. He adds : 
"ic Geata, 'ich der Geaten' oder 'ich unter den Geaten,' ist bedenklich." 
Surely this is what Coleridge calls the "wilful ingenuity of blundering." 
What is to prevent ic being taken as the subject, and eafo^ ond ellen 
Geata as the object? 



BEOWULF. 27 

615 ond )7a freolic wif ful gesealde 

^rest East-Dena ej?el-wearde, 

bsed hine bliSne set )7gere heor-]>ege, 

leodum leofne ; he on lust gej?eah 

symbel ond sele-ful, sige-rof kyning. 
620 Ymb-eode |?a ides Helminga 

dugu};e ond geogoj^e d^l c'eghwylcne, 

sinc-fato sealde, o]> )73et s^\ alamp, 

]?8et hio Beowulfe, beag-hroden cwen, 

mode gel7ungen, medo-ful getbser; 
625 grette Geata leod, Gode ]?ancode 

wis-faest wordum, )?8es Se hire se willa gelamp, 

)79et heo on ^nigne eorl gelyfde 

fyrena frofre. He J^set ful ge]7eah, 

wsel-reow wiga, *9et Wealh|7eon, Fol. 144''. 

630 ond )7a gyddode g€i]?e gefysed ; 

Beowulf ma]7elode, beam Eeg)?eowes: 

"Ic J>8et hogode, ]?a ic on holm gestah, 

s^-bat gesset mid minra secga gedriht, 

]>set ic anunga eowra leoda 
635 willan geworhte, o|?Se on wgel crunge 

feond-grapum fsest. Ic gefremman sceal 

eorlic ellen, o)?Se ende-da3g 

on ]?isse meodu-healle minne gebidan." 

Dam wife ]7a word wel licodon, 
640 gilp-cwide Geates ; eode gold-hroden 

freolicu folc-cwen to hire frean sit tan. 

pa wses eft swa ^r inne on healle 

]?ryS-word sprecen, Seod on s^luni, 

sige-folca sweg, oj? J^set semninga 
645 sunu Healfdenes secean wolde 

^fen-rseste ; wiste |7^m ahh'Scan 



28 BEOWULF. 

to ]7^m heah-sele hilde ge}>inged, 

siSSan hie sunnan ]eoht geseon [ne] meahton, 

o)?Se nipende niht ofer ealle, 
650 scadu-helma gesceapu scriSan cwoman, 

wan under wolcnum. Werod eall aras ; 

grette ]?a guma o)?erne, 

HroSgar Beowulf, ond him h^l ahead, 

win-cTernes *geweald, ond }>aet word acwseS: FoI. 
655 "Nsfre ic ^negum men ^r alyfde, 1^5^ 

si)75an ic hond ond rond hebban mihte, 

Sry]?-a8rn Dena buton J>e nii 5a. 

Hafa nu ond geheald husa selest, 

gemyne m^r|7o, msegen-ellen cyS, 
660 waca wiS wra]?um. Ne biS j^e wilna gad, 

gif ]?u )?8et ellen-weorc aldre gedigest." 



X. 



Da him Hroj7gar gewat mid his h8ele]?a gedryht, 

eodur Scyldinga, ut of healle ; 
wolde wig-fruma Wealh]7eo secan, 
665 cwen to gebeddan. Hsefde kyning[a] wuldor 
Grendle to-geanes, swa guman gefrungon, 

648. Thorpe's simple emendation, '[ne],' is now generally adopted. 
Bugge proposed, in addition, to regard oh^e (1. 649) as equivalent to 07id, 
as in 1. 2475, and the suggestion is adopted by Heyne. Earle defends the 
usual meaning or : " There is something of alternative between twilight 
and the dead of night." 

652. Grein-Wiilcker complete the first half line by ' [glaedmod],' 
Heyne by '[giddum].' 

665. MS. *kyning,' at end of line; there is room for an a, but no 
trace of one. 



BEOWULF. 29 

sele-weard aseted; sundor-nytte beheold 
ymb aldor Dena, eoton-weard ahead. 
Hum Geata leod georne tmwode 

670 modgan msegnes, Metodes hyldo. 
Da he him of dyde isern-byrnan, 
hehii of hafelan, sealde his hyrsted sweord, 
irena cyst, ombiht-J7egne, 
ond gehealdan het hilde-geatwe. 

675 Gesprsec |?a se goda gylp-worda sum, 

Beowulf *Geata, ^"er he on bed stige: Fol. 145^ 
" No ic me an here-wi^smun hnagran talige 
gu)7-geweorca )?onne Grendel hine ; 
forl^an ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, 

680 aldre beneotan, )7eah ic eal msege. 

Nat he }>ara goda, ]>set he me ongean slea, 
rand geheawe, fjeah Se he rof sie 
ni)7-geweorca ; ac wit on niht sculon 
secge ofersittan, gif he gesecean dear 

685 wig ofer wiepen, ond si)?San witig God 
on swa hw9e)?ere bond, halig Dryhten, 
m?erSo deme, swa him gemet )?ince." 
Hylde hine )?a hea)7o-deor, hleor-bolster onfeng 
eorles andwlitan, ond hine ymb monig 

690 snellic s^-rinc sele-reste gebeah. 

Nsenig heora ]7ohte, )?8et he )7anon scolde 

eft eard-lufan ^fre gesecean, 

folc o]?3e freo-burh, {^c^er he afeded wses : 

668. Thorpe ' eoton (ace.) weard (nom.) abead'; Heyne 'eoton (dat.) 
weard (ace.) abead.' The difficulty of the uninflected accus. eoton-ioeard 
seems less than those presented by these readings. 

677. Thorpe ' wrestmum,' Grein ' wasmum.' 

684. MS. 'het.' 



30 BEOWULF. 

ac hie haefdon gefmnen, ]>^t hie ger to fela micles 
695 in J7^m win-sele wsel-deaS fornam, 

Denigea leode. Ac him Dryhten forgeaf 
wig-speda gewiofu, *Wedera leodum Fol. 146». 
frofor ond fultum, )?8et hie feond heora 
Surh anes crseft ealle ofercomon, 
700 selfes mihtum ; soS is gecy)?ed, 
]}Sbt mihtig God manna cynnes 
weold wide-ferh'S. Com on wanre niht 
scriSan sceadu-genga. Sceotend sw^efon, 
]7a ]?3et horn-reced healdan scoldon, 
705 ealle biiton anum. pset wses yldum cu)?, 
)79et hie ne moste, J^a metod nolde, 
se syn-sca]7a under sceadu bregdan; 
ac he wseccende wra)7um on andan 
bad bolgen-mod beadwa ge]?inges. 



XI. 



710 ©a com of more under mist-hleo]7um 

Grendel gongan, Godes yrre beer; 

mynte se man-scaSa manna cynnes 

sumne besyrwan in sele )?am hean. 

Wod under wolcnum, to 'pses ]>e he win-reced, 
715 gold-sele gumena, gearwost wisse, 

fa^ttum fahne ; ne wses ]?8et forma siS, 

}>3et he Hro)?gares ham gesohte. 

N^fre he on aldor-dagum ^r *ne sif>San Fol. 146^ 

heardran hsele, heal-Segnas fand. 

702. Tborkelin 'ride'; "now nothing left but part of the perpen- 
dicular stroke of the first letter." 



BEOWULF. 31 

720 Com )?a to recede rinc siSian 

dreamum bed^led ; duru sona onarn, 

fyr-bendum faest, sy]?6an he hire folmum [hr]an; 

onbned ]7a bealo-hydig, 5a [he ge]bolgen wses, 

recedes mu]?an. Ra]?e sefter ]?on 
725 on fagne flor feond treddode, 

eode yrre-mod ; him of eagum stod 

ligge gelicost leoht unfseger. 

Geseah he in recede rinca manige, 

Bwefan sibbe-gedriht samod ?etggedere, 
730 mago-rinca heap. pa his mod ahlog; 

mynte ]79et he ged^lde, e'er ]?on dseg cwome, 

atol aglgeca, anra gehwylces 

lif wis lice, )?a him alumpen waes 

wist-fylle wen. Ne wses ]?9et wyrd ]?a gen, 
735 ])det he ma mdste manna cynnes 

Sicgean ofer ]7a niht. pryS-swyS beheold 

mgeg Higelaces, hu se man-scaSa 

under f;^r-gripum gefaran wolde. 

Ne )78et se agl^ca yldan )7ohte, 
740 ac he ge*feng hraSe forman siSe Fol. 131<\ 

slcBpendne rinc, slat unwearnum, 

bat ban-locan, blod edrum dranc, 

syn-sn^dum swealh ; sona hsefde 

unlyfigendes eal gefeormod, 

722. MS. defective at edge. Zupitza's transliteration of the facsimile 
of the MS. has '[gehrjan.' There is room for two letters before hrdn, 
but there is no evidence for ge-. On the contrary, whilst hrlnan usually 
governs the dat., gehrman more commonly takes the accus. {pace Grein). 

723, MS. faded at edge. Kemble, Grein- Wiilcker, and Heyne '[he] 
abolgen.' Zupitza says: "Now bolgen is still distinct, and before it I 
think I see traces of two letters of which the first seems to have been g ; 
but what preceded this is entirely faded." 



32 BEOWULF. 

745 fet ond folma. FoiS near setstop, 
nam ]?a mid handa hige-]7ihtigne 
rinc on raeste ; r^hte ongean 
feond mid folme ; he onfeng hra]?e 
inwit-J?ancum ond wiS earm gesset. 

750 Sona j^set onfunde fyrena hyrde, 
]?8et he ne mette middan-geardes, 
eor]?an sceatta, on eh^an men 
mund-gripe maran ; he on m5de weaf5 
forht, on ferhSe ; no ]?y ^r fram meahte. 

755 Hyge wses him hin-fus, wolde on heolster fleon, 
secan deofla gedrseg; ne wses his drohtoS ]7^r, 
swylce he on ealder-dagum ^r gemette. 
Gemunde )?a se goda mteg Higelaces 
^fen-sprSce, iip-lang astod 

760 ond him fgeste wiSfeng ; fingras burston ; 
eoten wses ut-weard; eorl fur)?ur stop. 
Mynte se m^ra, *hweeT he meahte swa, Fol. 131^ 
widre gewindan ond on weg J^anon 
fleon on fen-hopu ; wiste his fingra geweald 

765 on grames grapum. pset (he) wa?s geocor si5, 
J78et se hearm-sca)7a to Heorute ateah. 
Dryht-sele dynede ; Denum eallum wearS, 
ceaster-biiendum, cenra gehwylcum, 
eorlum ealu-scerwen. Yrre wSron begen 

770 repe ren-weardas. Reced hlynsode ; 

752. Many editors normalise to ' sceata.' See Sievers § 230. 

762. MS. defective at corner. Ettmiiller, Wiilcker, Heyne '\>sei.' 
Zupitza's transliteration 'hwar,' as if there were no doubt as to the 
reading, but his foot-note runs : " Mvcer (hiv with another ink, and crossed 
out in pencil) B, . , . cer A ; now only the lower part of r left." 

765. MS. '\>set he waes.' Grein suggested the accepted emendation — 
the omission of he. 



BEOWULF. 33 

)7a wses wundor micel, J^set se win-sele 

wiShsefde hea)70-deorum, )78et he on hmsan ne feol, 

fseger fold- bold ; ac he ]78es fseste wses 

innan ond utan iren-bendum 
775 searo-)7oncum besmi]7od. pser fram sylle abeag 

medu-benc monig, mine gefrsege, 

golde geregnad, )7ger )?a graman wunnon; 

]78es ne wendon ^r witan Scyldinga, 

]>set hit a mid gemete manna ^nig, 
780 6etlic ond ban-l^g, t5brecan meahte, 

listum tolucan, nym]7e liges fsej^m 

swulge on swaj^ule. Sweg *up astag Fol. 147*. 

niwe geneahhe ; NortS-Denum stod 

atelic egesa, anra gehwylcum, 
785 )7ara J^e of wealle w5p gehyrdon, 

gryre-leoS galan godes ondsacan, 

sige-leasne sang, sar wanigean 

helle haefton. Heold hine fseste, 

se ]>e manna wses msegene strengest 
790 on ]7gem dsege )7ysses lifes. 



XIL 

Nolde eorla hleo genige J7inga 

)7one cwealm-cuman cwicne forlgetan, 

ne his lif-dagas leoda ^nigum 

780. MS. 'hetlic'; Grundtvig 'betlic' Cf. 1. 1925. 

788. Zupitza and others ' helle-hgefton, ' but nothing is gained by 
making them a compound. For -a7i of the weak declension, -07i is not 
uncommon. 

Almost alLeditors insert ' to' before ' fseste.' 

W. B. L-^ 3 



34 BEOWULF. 

nytte tealde. peer genehost braegd 

795 eorl Beowulfes ealde lafe, 

wolde frea-drihtnes feorh ealgian, 
m^res j^eodnes, Sser hie meahton swa. 
Hie f>9et ne wis ton, ]7a hie gewin drugon, 
heard-hicgende hilde-mecgas, 

800 ond on healfa gehwone heawan J>6hton, 
sawle secan : )7one syn-scaSan 
^nig ofer eorj^an irenna cyst, 
guS-billa nan, gretan nolde ; 
ac he sige-wsepnum *forsworen hsefde, Fol. l47^ 

805 ecga gehwylcre. Scolde his aldor-gedal 
on S^m daege J^ysses lifes 
earmlic wurSan, ond se ellor-gast 
on feonda geweald feor si?5ian. 
Da )79et onfunde, se )7e fela ^ror 

810 modes myrSe manna cynne 

fyrene gefremede, he fag wiS God, 
)78et him se lic-homa l^stan nolde, 
ac hine se modega m^eg Hygelaces 
hsefde be honda; wses gehwsej^er oSrum 

815 lifigende laS. Lic-sar gebad 

atol seglgeca ; him on eaxle wearS 
syn-dolh sweotol ; seonowe onsprungon, 
burston ban-locan. Beowulfe wearS 
giiS-hreS gyfe)?e ; scolde Grendel )7onan 

820 feorh-seoc fleon under fen-hleoSu, 

811. Kemble first inserted 'wass' after 'he.' Heynehas: ' (he was 
fag wi^ god),' which appears to me a distinct enfeeblement of the MS. 
reading. Fag comes at the beginning of a line in the MS., and Heyne 
says it cannot be settled whether or not wees stood before it. This is 
very misleading. "There was no room for wees before fag'' (Zupitza), 
as a glance at the facsimile suffices to show. 



BEOWULF. 35 

secean wyn-leas wic ; wiste ]>e geornor, 
)7get his aldres wses ende gegongen, 
dogera dseg-rim. Denum eallum wearS 
aefter ]?am wsel-ri^se willa gelumpen. 

825 H.iefde )>a gefielsod, se )?e ier feorran com, 
snotor ond swyS-ferhS sele HroSgares, 
genered wiS *niSe ; niht-weorce gefeh, Fol. 148». 
ellen-m£er)7um. Hsefde East-Denum 
Geat-mecga leod gilp gelaested, 

830 swylce oncyj^Se ealle gebette, 
inwid-sorge, 'pe hie ier drugon 
ond for ]7rea-nydum j7olian scoldon, 
torn unlytel. pset wses tacen sweotol, 
sy]?5an hilde-deor hond alegde, 

835 earm ond eaxle (pmr wses eal geador 
Grendles grape) under geapne hr[of]. 



XIII. 

Da wses on morgen, mine gefr^ge, 
ymb )7a gif-healle giiS-rinc monig ; 
ferdon folc-togan feorran ond nean 

840 geond wid-wegas wundor sceawian, 
laj^es lastas. No his lif-gedal 
sarlic J^uhte secga ienegum, 
]7ara J7e tir- leases trode sceawode, 
hu he werig-mod on weg )7anon, 

845 niSa ofercumen on nicera mere, 

fiege ond geflymed, feorh-lastas bser. 



836. MS. defective at edge. Cf. 1. 926. 



3—2 



36 BEOWULF. 

Dser waes on blode brim weallende, 

atol ySa geswing eal gemenged 

baton heolfre, *heoro-dreore, weol ; Fol 148^ 

850 deaS-fsege deog, siSSan dreama leas 
in fen-freo5o feorh alegde, 
h^)7ene sawle ; )?8er him hel onfeng. 
panon eft gewiton eald-gesiSas, 
swylce geong manig of gomen-waj^e, 

855 fram mere modge mearum rid an, 

beornas on blancum. D^r wses Beowulfes 
mserSo m^ned ; monig oft gecwaeS, 
)?9ette suS ne norS be s^m tweonum 
ofer eormen-grund o]7er n^nig 

860 under swegles begong selra n^re 
rond-hsebbendra, rices w}TSra. 
Ne hie hiiru wine-drihten wiht ne logon, 
glsedne HroSgar, ac ]73et wses god cyning. 
Hwllum hea)?o-rofe hleapan leton, 

865 on geflit faran, f eal we mearas, 

S^r him fold-wegas fsegere )?uhton, 
cystiim cuSe. Hwilum cyninges }>egn, 
guma gilp-hlaeden, gidda gemyndig, 
se Se eal-fela eald-gesegena 

870 worn gemunde, word of>er fand 
soSe gebunden. Secg eft ongan 
siS Beowulfes snyttrum *styrian, Fol. 149*. 

ond on sped wrecan spel gerade, 
wordum wrixlan ; wel-hwylc gecwseS, 

849. MS. 'hat on heolfre,' and so Wiilcker. Grein ' hatan ' = hdton 
in the text. The readmg in the text is much easier than that of the 
MS., and 1. 1423 turns the probability in its favour. 

870 — 1. Rieger and Bugge put 'word... gebunden' in a parenthesis. 



BEOWULF. 37 

875 }>8et he fram Sigemunde[s] secgan hyrde 
ellen-dsedum, imcuj7es fela, 
Wselsinges gewin, wide siSas, 
)?ara ])e gumena beam gearwe ne wiston, 
fsehSe ond fyrena, buton Fitela mid hine, 

880 )?onne he swulces hwret secgan wolde 
earn his nefan, swa hie a w^ron 
set niSa gehwam nyd-gesteallan ; 
haefdon eal-fela eotena cynnes 
sweordum ges^ged. Sigemunde gesprong 

885 sefter deaS-daege dom unlytel, 

syJ>San wiges heard wyrm acwealde, 
hordes hyrde ; he under harne stan, 
8e)7elinges beam, ana geneSde 
frecne d^de ; ne waes him Fitela mid ; 

890 hw8e]7re him gesgelde, Saet J^aet swurd ]7urhwod 
wraetlicne wyrm, )?8et hit on wealle setstod, 
dryhtlic iren ; draca morSre swealt. 
Hsefde agl^ca elne gegongen, 
]78et he beah-hordes brucan m5ste 

895 selfes dome; *ste-bat gehleod, Fol. 149^ 

baer on bearm scipes beorhte frsetwa 
Wselses eafera ; wyrm hat gemealt. 
Se W3es wreccena wide m^rost 
ofer wer-]7eode, wigendra hleo, 

900 ellen-dsedum ; he pses ser onSah. 

875. MS. 'Sigemunde.' Grein's emendation ' Sigemundes' is good 
in itself, and is the more probable in that the next word begins with s. 

880. Heyne normalises to ' swylces.' 

895. Many editors normalise to ' gehlod.' Sievers § 392, N. 3. 

897. Earle adopts Scherer's emendation 'hat[e],' with heat. 

900. Cosijn's emendation ' aron 'Sah,' with honours throve, is adopted 
by Heyne and by Earle. For dron = drum cf. scypon 1. 1154, and heaf- 



38 BEOWULF. 

SiSSan Heremodes hild sweSrode, 
eafoS ond ellen; he mid eotenum wearS 
on feonda ge weald forS forlacen, 
snude forsended. Hine sorh-wylmas 

905 lemede to lange ; he his leodum weart5, 
eallum aepelingnm, to aldor-ceare. 
Swylce oft bemearn ^rran m^elum 
swiS-ferh)7es siS snotor ceorl monig, 
se J>e him bealvva to bote gelyfde, 

910 Jpset fset Seodnes beam geJ>eon scolde, 
fseder sej^elum onfon, folc gehealdan, 
hord ond hleo-burh, hselej^a rice, 
eSel Scyldinga. He ]?ger eallum wearS, 
mgeg Higelaces manna cynne, 

915 freondum gefsegra; hine fyren onwod. 
Hwilum flitende fealwe strgete 
mearum m^ton. ©a wees morgen-leoht 
scofen ond scynded. * Eode scealc monig Fol. 150". 
swit5-hicgende to sele J?am hean 

920 searo-wundor seon ; swylce self cyning 
of bryd-bnre, beah-horda v/eard, 
tryddode tir-fsest getrume micle, 
cystum gecyj^ed, ond his cwen mid him 
medo-stig gemset m8egj>a hose. 

don 1. 1242, and for the phrase cf. weor^-myndum \)dh 1. 8. Nevertheless 
I cannot bring myself to abandon the clear reading of the MS., which 
makes at least as good sense as many another passage. 

902. MS. 'earfo^,' retained by Wulcker; cf. 1. 534. On the other 
hand, see 11. 602, 2349. 906. MS. ' ae^ellingum.' 

911. There appears to be no sufficient reason for making a com- 
pound, /(«der-ce>e^u7?t, here, as the editors do. Cf. 11. 21, 1479. 

915. Some editors mark the close of this episode by a space between 
this line and the next. There is nothing more than a dot in the MS., 
not a fresh line, nor even a capital to Inoilum. 



BEOWULF. S9 



XIV. 



925 HroSgar maj^elode ; he to healle geong, 
stod on stapole, geseah steapne hrof 
golde fahne ond Grendles bond : 
"Disse ansyne Al-wealdan )7anc 
lungre gelimpe. Fela ic laj^es gebad, 

930 grynna set Grendle ; a mseg God wyrcan 
wunder sefter wundre, wuldres Hyrde. 
Dset wses ungeara, ]79et ic ^nigra me 
weana ne wende to widan feore 
b5te gebidan, J>oniie blode fab, 

935 husa selest beoro-dreorig stod; 
wea wid-scofen witena gebwylcne, 
Sara ]7e ne wendon, ]79et bie wide-ferbS 
leoda land-geweorc laj^um beweredon 
*scuccum ond scinnum. Nu scealc bafaS Fol. l50^ 

940 )?urb Dribtnes mibt dged gefremede, 
Se we ealle mr ne meabton 
snyttrum besyrwan, Hwset ! )?9et secgan mseg 
efne swa bwylc m8eg)?a, swa 5one magan cende 
sefter gum-cynnum, gyf beo gyt lyfaS, 

945 )?8et byre eald Metod este wsere 
bearn-gebyrdo. Nu ic, Beowulf, ])ec, 
secg betsta, me for sunu wylle 
freogan on ferbj^e ; beald forS tela 
niwe sibbe. Ne biS ])e [njsenigra gad 

950 worolde wilna, j^e ic geweald bsebbe. 
Ful oft ic for l^ssan lean teobbode, 

945. Heyne ' eald-metod.' See note on 1. 1776. 
949. MS. ' aenigre.' 



40 BEOWULF. 

hord-weor]7unge, hnahran rince, 

ssemran set saecce. pu ]>e self hafast 

dsedum gefremed, ]>eet ]7in [dom] lyfaS 
955 awa to aldre. Al-walda ]>ec 

gode forgylde, swa he nu gyt dyde !" 

Beowulf ma}>elode, beam Ec[g]]?eowes : 

" We )7set ellen-weorc estum miclum, 

feohtan fremedon, frecne geneSdon 
960 eafoS uiicu)?es ; upe ic swij7or, 

)73et Su hine selfne geseon moste, 

feond on frsetewum fyl-werigne. 

Ic hine hrsedlice *heardan clammum Fol. 151*. 

on wsel'bedde wri]?an )7ohte, 
965 )79et he for mund-gri-pe minum scolde 

licgean lif-bysig, butan his lie swice ; 

ic hine ne mihte, )?a Metod nolde, 

ganges getw^man ; no ic him ]?8es georne astfealh, 

feorh-geniSlan ; wses to fore-mihtig 
970 feond on fepe. Hw8e)?ere he his folme forlet 

to lif-wra)7e last weardian, 

earm ond eaxle ; no ]>^r i'enige swa )?eah 

fea-sceaft guma frofre gebohte ; 

no ]>y leng leofaS la3-geteona 
975 synnum geswenced ; ac hyne sar hafaS 

in Tz^d-gripe nearwe befongen, 

balwon bendum ; S^r abidan sceal 

maga mane fah miclan domes, 

954. Kemble's emendation. No gap in MS. 
963. MS. 'him.' 

965. MS. 'hand gripe.' Kemble's emendation is required for the 
sake of the alliteration. 

976. MS. 'mid gripe'; Thorpe ' mtS-gripe ' ; Bugge 'nyd-gripe.' 



BEOWULF. 41 

hu him scir Metod scrifan wille." 
980 Da wses swigra secg sunu Ec[g]lafes 

on gylp-spr^ce guS-geweorca, 

si)75an sej^elingas eorles crsefte 

ofer heanne hrof hand sceawedon, 

feondes fingras, foran ^ghwylc ; 
985 W3es steda nsegla gehwylc style gelicost, 

h8e)7enes hand-sporu, *hilde-rinces Fol. 15P. 

egl unheoru ; seghwylc gecwgeS, 

)78et him heardra nan hrinan wolde 

iren ser-g5d, 'pset Sses ahl^can 
990 blodge beadu-folme onberan wolde. 



XV. 

E)a wses haten hrej^e Heort innan-weard 
folmum gefrgetwod ; fela |7t'era wses 
wera ond wifa, "pe pset win-reced, 
gest-sele, gyredon. Gold-fag scinon 
995 web sefter wagum, w^undor-slona fela 

secga gehwylcum, ]?ara }>e on swylc staraS. 
Waes J78et beorhte bold tobrocen swiSe, 
eal inne-weard iren-bendum fsest, 

984 — 5. Suggestions too numerous to mention have been made for 
the emendation of these lines. Heyne adopts a fresh one with each new 
edition. Sievers considers the second half of 1. 984 metrically deficient, 
and proposes: 

feondes fingras : foran ^ghwylc waes 
stI'Sra naegla style gelicost. 
986. MS. 'hilde hilde rinces,' the first hilde being the last word on 
the page, the second the first word overleaf. In such cases italics in 
'the text seem needless. For hand-sporu see Sievers § 279. 



42 BEOWULF. 

heorras tohlidene ; hrof ana genses 

1000 ealles ansund, ]>d se aglseca 

fyren-dsedum fag on fleam gewand, 
aldres orwena. No }>8et ySe byS 
to befleonne, fremme se ]>e wille ; 
ac gesacan sceal sawl-berendra, 

1005 nyde genydde, ni)7Sa bearna, 
grund-biiendra, gearwe stowe, 
|7."er his lic-homa leger-bedde fsest 
swefe)? sefter symle. pa wses s^l ond msel, 
]78et to healle *gang Healfdenes sunu ; Fol. 152^ 

1010 wolde self cyning symbel f>icgan. 

Ne gefrsegen ic )7a m^gpe maran weorode 
ymb hyra sinc-gyfan sel geb^ran. 
Bugon ]7a to bence bl^d-agende, 
fylle gefsegon ; fegere gep^gon 

1015 medo-ful manig magas )?ara, 



1000. MS. 'J>e.' 

1002 — 5. These lines, as given in Holder's edition, show the principal 
emendations that have been suggested : 

No >8et y'Se by'5 
to befleonne (fremme se J?e wille!), 
ac gesecan sceal sawl-berendra [gehwa], 
n}'de genydgd ni)>'Sa bearna. 
1013. Thorkelin A 'bleed agande,' B ' blaedagande.' The MS. now 
has only bleed left, and de on the next line. 

1014 — 5. Bugge proposed to put these two lines in parentheses, be- 
cause of "the difficulty of finding an antecedent for }>t7ra." Heyne (5th 
edition) and Earle adopt the suggestion. This can only be on the 
principle — of two difficulties choose the greater. What a master of 
the parenthesis- style the "scop" must have been, to keep his hearers 
waiting for the subject of hiigoii, past two other finite verbs with a diffe- 
rent subject, until four lines lower down! And what is to hinder the 
antecedent of ]?dra being implied in blad-cigende, in speaking of a court 



BEOWULF. 48 

swiS-hicgende, on sele J>am hean, 

HroSgar ond HroJ^ulf. Heorot innan wses 
' freondum afylled ; nalles lacen-stafas 

peod-Scyldingas )7enden fremedon. 
1020 Forgeaf )?a Beowulfe hearn Healfdenes 

segen gyldenne sigores to leane, 

hroden hilte-cumbor, helm ond byrnan ; 

m^re maS)7um-svveord manige gesawon 

beforan beorn beran. Beowulf gej^ah 
1025 ful on flette. No he )7^re feoh-gyfte 

for scotenum scamigan Sorfte ; 

ne gefraegn ic freondlicor feower madmas 

golde gegyrede gum -manna fela 

in ealo-bence oSium gesellan. 
1030 Ymb ]>SBS helmes hrof heafod-beorge 

wirum bewunden wala utan heold, 

]>3dt him fela *laf^ frecne ne meahton Fol. 152'>. 

where everyone was doubtless related to everyone else, as in a Scotch 
clan? 

1020. MS. 'brand.' 

1026. MS. 'scotenum'; Grein 2 ' scoterum ' ; Wlilcker ' sceotendum,' 
for which cf. 11. 703, 1154. Heyne quotes oxenum, nefenxim, as examples 
of similar weak dat. pis. 

1030 — 1. The MS. has 'heafod beorge wirum be wunden walan utan 
heold.' Ettmuller 'wala,' adopted by Grein. If we leave the MS. read- 
ing unaltered, there is a choice of difficulties. Either we must take icalan 
as subject and heafod-beorge as object, with a striking violation of gram- 
matical concord in the verb heold; or we must (with Heyne and Socin) 
take heafod-beorge as a weak fem. noun in the nom. and walan as object, 
with considerable loss to the sense. The nom. pi. scur-beorge ("Euin" 
5) also tells against the latter view, which has no support from analogy. 

1082. Thorkelin 'laf (now gone in the MS.). On account of this 
reading, Bugge ("Beitrage" xii. 92) supports Thorpe's emendation 
meahte, confirming it by the form scur-heard in the next line, and by a 
reference to Sievers: "der erste halbvers ist nach den untersuchungen 



44 BEOWULF. 

sciir-heard sce)7San, )7onne scyld-freca 
ongean gramum gangan scolde. 

1035 Heht 3a eorla hle6 eahta mearas 
fgeted-hleore on flet teon, 
in under eoderas; j^ara anum stod 
sadol searwum fah, since gewur)?ad ; 
}78et wses hilde-setl heah-cyninges, 

1040 Sonne sweorda gelac sunu Healfdenes 
efnan wolde ; n^fre on ore Iseg 
wid-cu)7es wig, Sonne walu feollon. 
Ond (5a Beowulfe bega gehw8e)7res 
eodor Ingwina onweald geteah, 

1045 wicga ond w^pna; het hine wel brucan. 
Swa manlice mgere )?eoden, 
hord-weard hselej^a, hea}7o-r^sas geald 
mearum ond madmum, swa hy naefre man lyhS, 
se J7e secgan wile soS setter rihte. 



XVI. 

1050 Da gyt ^ghwylcum eorla drihten, 

]7ara J^e mid Beowulfe brim-lade teah, 
on ]78ere medu-bence maJ^Sum gesealde, 
yr*fe-lafe ; ond )?one ^nne heht Fol. 153». 

golde forgyldan, J?one Se Grendel ^r 

1055 mane acwealde, swa he hyra ma wolde, 

Sievers' ("Beitrage" x. 455) metrisch unrichtig." It is a curious com- 
mentary on this last reason, that Sievers himself quotes the line, with 
the form lafe, among the examples of his type A ("Beit." x. 273). 
1051. MS. 'leade.' 



BEOWULF. 45 

nefne him witig God wyrd forstode, 
ond Sges mannes mod. Metod eallum weold 
gumena cjnines, swa he nu git deS ; 
for]7an biS andgit ^ghwger selest, 

1060 ferhSes fore-)7anc. Fela sceal gebidan 
leofes ond la]7es, se ]>e longe her 
on Syssum win-dagum worolde bruceS. 
p^r wses sang ond sweg samod getgsedere 
fore Healfdenes hilde-wisan, 

1065 gomen-wudu greted, gid oft wrecen, 
Sonne heal-gamen Hro)7gares scop 
sefter medo-bence m^nan scolde : 
" Finnes eaferum, Sa hie se f^r begeat, 
hseleS Healf-Dena, Hnsef Scyldinga, 

1070 in Fres-wsele feallan scolde. 

Ne huru Hildeburh herian J^orfte 
Eotena treowe; unsynnum wearS 

1068 — 9. There are one or two difficulties here. (1) Heyne, followed 
by Earle, makes the episode begin with 1. 1069. I agree with Wiilcker 
and Bugge in regarding 1. 1068 as the commencement, partly because this 
helps to get rid of the difficulty of (2) the government of eaferum. Kemble 
'[be] Finnes eaferum'; Heyne and Socin 'Finnes eaferum [fram].' I 
follow Grein in regarding eaferum as an instr. pL, with reference to feallan 
scolde. (3) Bugge ("Beitrage" xii. 29) has shown that the emendation 
Healfdenes for Healf-Dena is misleading, the latter being a tribal name, 
such as we find in 11. 1, 116, 383, 392. (4) I cannot follow Bugge, when be 
goes on to explain hcele"^ as ace. pi,, anticipated by hw in the previous line. 
This is to force hie from its natural and obvious meaning, as referring to 
eaferum. He quotes as a parallel the hit of 1. 1705 ; but the cases are 
not analogous, in that hit cannot possibly refer to anything gone before. 
I therefore take hcele'^, with Heyne and Earle, as nom. sing., Hncef 
Scyldinga being a parallel expression to hale'^ Healf-Dena. 

1070. MS. 'infr es waele': "r altered from some other letter, after it 
a letter erased, then es on an erasure: that fres is all that the scribe 
intended to write, is shown by a line connecting r and e." — Zupitza. 



46 BEOWULF. 

beloren leofum set )?am ^md-plegan, 
bearnum ond bro9rum; hie on gebyrd hruron 

1075 gare *wunde ; f^aet wses geomuru ides. Fol. 153''. 
Nalles holinga Hoces dohtor 
meotod-sceaft bemearn, sy]7San morgen coin, 
5a heo under swegle geseon meahte 
mor)7or-bealo maga, ]>^v he[o] i^r ni^ste heold 

1080 worolde wMine. Wig ealle fornam 
Finnes J>egnas, nemne feaum anum, 
)78et he ne mehte on ]}^m meSel-stede 
wig Hengeste wiht gefeohtan, 
ne )7a wea-lafe wige for)7ringan 

1085 )?eodnes Segne ; ac hig him gepingo budon, 
]>8st hie him oSer flet eal gerymdon, 
healle ond heah-setl, )78et hie healfie geweald 
wis Eotena beam agan moston, 
ond set feoh-gyftum Folcwaldan sunu 

1090 dogi-a gehwylce Dene weor)7ode, 
Hengestes heap hringum wenede, 
efne swa swi9e sinc-gestreonum 
fsettan goldes, swa he Fresena cyn 
on beor-sele byldan wolde. 

1095 Da hie getmwedon on twa healfa 
fseste frioSu-Wt^re ; Fin Hengeste 
elne unflitme aSum *benemde, Fol. 154». 

J^aet he j^a wea-lafe weotena dome 
arum heolde, J^set S^er senig mon 

1100 wordum ne worcum wsere ne brsepe, 
ne )7urh inwit-searo ^fre gemi'enden, 
6eah hie hira beag-gyfan banan folgedon 

1073. MS. 'hild'; emended for the alliteration. 
1079. MS. 'he.' 



BEOWULF. 47 

Seoden-lease, l^a him swa geJ>earfod waes. 

Gyf )?onne Frysna hwylc frecnan spruce 
1105 Sees morj^or-hetes myndgiend wiere, 

)7onne hit sweordes ecg sySSan scolde. 

As wses gesefned, ond icge gold 

ahsefen of horde. Here-Scyldinga 

betst beado-rinca waes on bi^l gearu : 
1110 set y^m. ade waes e)7-gesyne 

swat-fah syrce, swyn eal-gylden, 

eofer iren-heard, 3e)7eling manig 

wundum awyrded ; sume on wsele crungon. 

Het 5a Hildeburh set Hnsefes ade 
1115 hire selfre sunu sweoloSe befaestan, 

ban-fatu baernan ond on b^l don ; 

earme on eaxle ides gnornode, 

geomrode giddum. Gu5-rinc astah. 

Wand *t6 wolcnum wsel-fyra mgest, Fol. 154''. 

1120 hlynode for hlawe ; hafelan multon, 

ben-geato burston ; Sonne blod setspranc 

laS-bite lices. Lig ealle forswealg, 

gc^sta gifrost, )7ara Se ]>^r guS fornam 

bega folces ; waes hira blsed scacen. 



XVII. 

1125 Gewiton him Sa wigend wica neosian 
freondum befeallen, Frysland geseon, 

1104. Zupitza's transliteration 'frecnen spraece'; Wiilcker 'frec- 
nensprgece. ' 

1118. Grundtvig 'gii^-rec' (but he read Hue for rinc in the MS.). 
Skeat supports this reading by 1. 3144, and Elene 795: "rec astigan," 
and compares gfcS-rtc with the compound locel-fyr in the next line. 



48 BEOWULF. 

hamas ond hea-burh. Hengest Sa gyt 
wael-fagne winter wuiiode mid Finn 
el[ne] un/litme ; eard gemunde, 

1130 ]?eah ])e he [ne] meahte on mere drifan 
hringed-stefnan ; holm storme weol, 
won wis winde ; winter j]>e beleac 
is-gebinde, op Sset oj^er com 
gear in geardas, swa nu gyt deS, 

1135 ]7a Se syn gales sele bewitiaS, 

wuldor-torhtan weder. Da wses winter scacen, 

fseger foldan bearm ; fundode wrecca, 

gist of geardum ; he to gyrn-wraece 

swiSor *]7ohte, ]7onne to sse-lade, Fol. 155*. 

1140 gif he torn-gemot ]7urhteon mihte, 
]78et he Eotena beam inne gemunde. 
Swa he ne forwyrnde worold-rsedenne, 
]7onne him Hunlafing hilde-leoman, 
billa selest, on bearm dyde ; 

1128 — 9. MS. 'mid finnel unhlitme'; Heyne *mid Finne [ealles] 
unhlitme' ; Kieger suggested the emendation in the text from 1. 1097, and 
has been followed by Grein and Wiileker. 

1130. Grundtvig's emendation; Grein read ne in place of /je. Cf. 1. 
648. 

1142 — 4. In this difficult passage I have preserved the MS. reading. 
In 1. 1143, it has 'hun lafing,' which Zupitza transliterates 'hun-lafing.' 
We constantly find proper names divided into two parts in the MS., e.g. 
'hro^ gar,' 1. 339; 'hun lafing,' therefore, may stand equally well for 
Hunlafing or for Hun Lafing. There is much in this whole episode which 
is still obscure and uncertain, and until more light is thrown upon it, I 
adhere to the MS. and to Grein's explanation of the text. While accept- 
ing generally Moller's reconstruction of the Finn saga (for which see his 
"Das altenglische Volksepos"), I cannot adopt his emendation ivorod- 
rcedenne, which is accepted by Bugge (who, however, assigns to it a 
signification different from Moller's), Heyne and Socin, and Earle. For 
one thing, the form loorod is unknown to O.E. poetry. With regard to this 



BEOWULF. 49 

1145 ]?3es w^ron mid Eotenum ecge cuSe. 
Swylce ferhS-frecan Fin eft begeat 
sweord-bealo sliSen set his selfes ham, 
sij^San grimne gripe GuSlaf ond Oslaf 
sefter s?e-siSe sorge m^ndon, 

1150 setwiton weana d^l ; ne meahte w^fre mod 
forhabban in hrej^re. 5)a waes heal hroden 
feonda feorum, swilce Fin slaegen, 
cyning on corj^re, ond seo cwen numen. 
Sceotend Scyldinga to scypon feredon 

1155 eal in-gesteald eorS-cyninges, 

swylce hie set Finnes ham findan meahton 

sigla, searo-gimma. Hie on sfe-lade 

drihtlice wif to Denum feredon, 

l^ddon *to leodum." LeoS wses asungen, Fol. ISo''. 

1160 gleo-mannes gyd. Gamen eft astah, 
beorhtode benc-sweg ; byi-elas sealdon 
win of wunder-fatum. pa cwom WealhJ?eo forS 
gan under gyldnum beage, ]}^r )7a godan twegen 
s^ton suhter-gefsederan ; )?a gyt wses hiera sib 
setgsedere, 

1165 ieghwylc oSrum try we. Swylce J>^r Unfer]} )?yle 

particular emendation and to the whole of Bugge's ingenious argumenta- 
tion (for which see "Beitrage" xii. 32 — 37) — wherein he surmises that 
Hun is identical with the Hiln of "Widsith" 33, and that Lufing is the 
name of a sword which Hun laid upon Hengest's breast when the latter, 
the better to compass his revenge, "did not refuse to declare himself 
Finn's liegeman" (an interpretation which involves a material depar- 
ture from Holler's reconstruction of the saga) — my opinion of all this is 
simply "not proven." And if not proven, it is much more complicated 
than Grein's explanation, and not a whit more consistent, as I think, 
with the accepted reconstructions of the whole saga. 

1151. Bugge 'roden' ( = reddened). 

1165. MS. 'hun fei>,' 

W. B. 4 



50 BEOWULF. 

set fotum saet frean Scyldinga ; gehwylc hiora his 

ferh)7e treowde, 
Ipset he haefde mod micel, )7eah ]>e he his magum 

n^re 
ar-fsest set ecga gelacum. Sprsec Sa ides Scyldinga: 
" Onfoh j^issum fulle, freo-drihten min, 

1170 sinces brytta; ]>Zi on s^lum wes, 

gold-wine gumena, ond to Geatum spree 
mildum wordum, swa sceal man don. 
Beo wis Geatas glsed, geofena gemyndig; 
nean ond feorran ])u nu [freoSo] hafast. 

1175 Me man saegde, ]>set *]>u Se for sunu wolde Fol. 156». 
here-ri[n]c habban. Heorot is gefselsod, 
beah-sele beorhta; bruc J^enden ]>n mote 
manigra meda, ond )?mum magum l^f 
folc ond rice, )7onne Su forS scyle 

1180 metod-sceaft seon. Ic minne can 

glsedne Hro)7ulf, ]>set he )7a geogoSe wile 
arum healdan, gyf )7u £er j^onne he, 
wine Scildinga, worold ofl^test ; 
wene ic, )78et he mid gode gyldan wille 

1185 uncran eaferan, gif he J^set eal gemon, 

hwaet wit to willan ond to wor9-myndum 
umbor-wesendum ser arna gefremedon." 
Hwearf ]>h bi bence, ]>ser hyre byre w^ron, 
HreSric ond HroSmund, ond hselej^a beam, 

1190 giogoS aetgsedere ; j^ser se goda s^et, 

Beowulf Geata, be y^m gebroSrum tw^m. 

1171. MS. 'spraec' 

1174. No gap in MS. Ettmiiller ' [fri^u],' which I have spelt as in 
1. 188. 

1176. MS. 'hereric' 

1178. MS. defective at edge ; AB 'medo.' 



BEOWULF. 51 

XVIII. 

Him wses ful boren, ond freond-la]?u 
wordum bewsegned, ond wunden gold 
estum geeawed, earm-[h]reade twa, 

1195 hrcjegl ond hrin*gas, heals-beaga nicest, Fol. 156^. 
]?ara 'pe ic on foldan gefr^egen haebbe. 
NSnigne ic under swegle selran hyrde 
hord-madmum h£ele]7a, syj>5an Hama aetwaeg 
to ])ceYe byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene, 

1200 sigle ond sinc-fset, searo-niSas fleah 
Eormenrices, geceas ecne ried. 
pone bring hsefde Higelac Geata, 
nefa Swertinges, nyhstan siSe, 
si5]7an he under segne sine ealgode, 

1205 W9el-reaf werede; hyne wyrd fornam, 

1194. MS. 'earm reade'; Grein ' earm-[h]reade.' 

1199. MS. 'here ' ; Ettmiiller ' hare. ' 

1200. MS. 'fealli';Leo, Grundtvig, Cosijn, Bugge 'fleah.' Bugge's 
argument is conclusive ("Beitrage" xii. 69 ff.). Feolan never governs an 
accus., SiSjieo7i does. ''Fleah is confirmed by the fact, that according to 
the saga Hama in reality 'fled from the enmity of Eormenric'." [Earle's 
note on 1. 1201 is somewhat misleading. He says that Bugge "finds that 
Hama entered religious life, and that this is the proper sense of geceas 
ecne rad.'' Bugge's own words are: "Ich verstehe geceas ecne rad so: 
'er wurde ein frommer mann, so dass er, als er starb, zur seligkeit ein- 
gieng'." The cloister, to which Hama retired after he had fled from 
Eormenric, Bugge thinks is referred to in \>^re byrhtan hyrig (1. 1199), 
for the Thidrekssaga says that Hama brought much gold and silver to 
the cloister. See "Beitrage" xii. 70, 71.] 

1205. Wiilcker 'Wyrd,' with a capital, here and in 1. 477, but nowhere 
else, not even in 2814 (cf. with 477). Heyne uses a capital initial in 11. 
455, 477, 2420, 2526, 2574, 2814, but not in this line. Neither of these 
editors ever uses a capital for the names of the Christian Deity. A fair 
record of inconsistencies. 

4—2 



52 BEOWULF. 

sy)7San he for wlenco wean ahsode, 

f^hSe to Fiysum. He )?a frsetwe wseg, 

eorclan-stanas, ofer ySa ful, 

rice )7eoden; he under rande gecranc. 
1210 Gehwearf |?a in Francna faej^m feorh cpiinges, 

breost-gew^du ond se beah somod; 

wyrsan wig-frecan wsel reafedon 

sefter gu5-sceare ; Geata leode 

hrea-wic heoldon. Heal swege onfeng. 
1215 WealhSeo ma]7elode, heo fore ]>^m. werede sprsec : 

" Bruc Sisses beages, Beowulf leofa, 

hyse, mid h^le, *ond J^isses hrsegles neot, Fol. 157». 

)7eo[d]-gestreona, ond gel7eoh tela ; 

cen ]?ec mid craefte, ond )?yssum cnyhtum wes 
1220 lara liSe ; ic 'pe )78es lean geman. 

Hafast )7u gefered, )?3et 5e feor ond neah 

ealne wide-ferhj? weras ehtigaS, 

efne swa side swa sae bebugeS 

windge [e]ard-weallas. Wes, )?enden ]?ii lifige, 
1225 se)7eling eadig ; ic ]>e an tela 

sinc-gestreona. Beo )7u suna minum 

d^dum gedefe, dream healdende. 

Her is peghwylc eorl o)?rum getrywe, 

modes milde, man-drihtne hol[d] ; 
1230 )?egnas syndon gepwseve, ]?eod eal gearo. 

1212. MS. 'reafeden.' 
1218. MS. ']peo ge streona.' 

1224. MS. 'wind geard weallas'; Ettmiiller 'windige weallas,' cf. 1. 
572. The emendation in the text is Kemble's. 

1225. Wiilcker puts a comma after a\>eling, making it a vocative. It 
seems to me that such breaks in the half-line are to be avoided wherever 
possible. Cf. 11. 130, 2188, 2342. 

1229. MS. 'hoi.' 



BEOWULF. 53 

Druncne dryht-guman, doS swa ic bidde." 
Eode J?a to setle. pSr waes symbla cyst, 
druncon win weras ; wyrd ne cu)?on, 
geo-sceaft grimme, swa hit agangen wearS 

1235 eorla manegum. SyJ>3an iSfen cwom, 

ond him Hrof»gar gewat to hofe sinum, 
rice t5 rseste, reced weardode 
unrim eorla, swa hie oft ^r dydon. 
Benc-]7elu beredon ; hit geond-br^ded wearS 

1240 beddum ond bolstrum. Beor-scealca sum 

fus ond f^ge flet-raeste ge*beag. Fol. 157^. 

Setton him to heafdon hilde-randas, 
bord-wudu beorhtan ; ]>^y on bence waes 
ofer 8e]?elinge y)7-gesene 

1245 hea)7o-steapa hehu, hringed byi'ne, 
)7rec-wudu )?rymlic. W«s )7eaw hyra, 
|?8et hie oft wieron an wig gearwe 
ge set ham ge on herge, ge gehwsej^er )7ara 
efne swylce miSla, swylce hira man-dryhtne 

1250 ]?earf ges^lde ; wses seo ]7eod tiki. 



XIX. 

Sigon )7a to shepe. Sum sare angeald 
gefen-rseste, swa him ful oft gelamp, 
si)?San gold-sele Grendel warode, 

1234. MS. 'grimne'; Ettmiiller 'grimme.' 

1247. MS. 'anwig gearwe'; Ettmiiller (adopted by Grein) 'anwig- 
gearwe,' ready for single combat. 

1253. Zupitza : *^icarode MS. as well as AB ; the parchment under wa 
is rather thin, and besides there is a blot on the two letters." Hence the 
word has several times been misread farode. 



54 BEOWULF. 

unriht sefnde, o]> J)8et ende becwom, 
1255 swylt sefter synnum. pset gesyne wear)?, 

wid-cuj? werum, j^sette wrecend )?a gyt 

lifde sefter laj^um, lange ]7rage 

sefter gu5-ceare ; Grendles modor, 

ides, agl^c-wif, yrm]?e gemunde, 
1260 se ]}& wseter-egesan wunian scolde, 

cealde streamas, si)?San Cai/i wearS 

to ecg-banan angan bre)?er, 

fsederen-m^ge ; he )7a fag gewat, 

mor]?re gemearcod, *man-dream fleon, Fol. 158». 
1265 westen warode. panon woe fela 

geo-sceaft-gasta ; wges )?^ra Grendel sum, 

heoro-wearh hetelic, se set Heorote fand 

wseccendne wer wiges bidan. 

p?er him agl^ca setgr^pe wearS ; 
1270 hw8e)7re he gemunde msegenes strenge, 

gim-fseste gife, t5e him God sealde, 

ond him to Anwaldan are gelyfde, 

frofre ond fultum ; Sy he )?one feond ofercwom, 

gehn^gde helle gast. pa he hean gewat, 
1275 dreame bedded, dea)7-wic seon, 

man-cynnes feond. Ond his modor J^a gyt 

gifre ond galg-mod gegan wolde 

sorh-fulne si5, suna dea^ wrecan ; 

com )7a to Heorote, S^r Hring-Dene 
1280 geond J^set sseld sw^fun. pa Sser sona wearS 

ed-hwyrft eorkim, si]?tSan inne fealh 

1261. MS. *camp.' 

1271. Thorpe, Grein, Sweet *gin-faeste.' For the change of n to m 
before labials, cf. hlim-bed, 1. 3034, and see Sievers, § 187, N. 
1278. MS. *sunu>eod.' Ettmiiller's emendation. 



BEOWULF. 55 

Grendles modor. Waes se gryre l^ssa 
efne swa micle, swa biS msegpa. crseft, 
wig-gryre wifes, be w^pned-men, 

1285 )?onne heoru bunden, hamere gepuren, 
sweord swate fah swiii ofer helme, 
ecgum *dyhtig andweard scireS. Fol. iss'^. 

Da wees on healle heard-ecg togen 
sweord ofer setlum, sid-rand manig 

1290 hafen handa fsest ; helm ne gemunde, 
byrnan side, )7a hine se broga angeat. 
Heo wsbs on ofste, wolde ut )7anon 
feore beorgan, )?a heo onfunden waes ; 
hraSe heo 8e)?elinga anne hsefde 

1295 fseste befangen; )7a heo to fenne gang. 
Se wees Hr6)?gare hselej^a leofost 
on gesiSes had be s^m tweonum, 
rice rand-wiga, )7one Se heo on raeste abreat, 
bl^d-fsestne beorn. Naes Beowulf Sger, 

1300 ac waes oj^er in ger geteohhod 

gefter ma)75um-gife mgerum Geate. 

Hream wearS in Heorote ; heo under heolfre genam 

cuj^e folme ; cearu waes geniwod, 

geworden in wicun. Ne waes f»3et gewrixle til, 

1305 )?8et hie on ba healfa bicgan scoldon 
freonda feorum. pa waes frod cyning, 
har hilde-rinc, on hreon *mode, Fol. 159^ 

sy?5)?an he aldor-]?egn unlyfigendne, 
)7one deorestan deadne wisse. 

1310 Hra)7e waes to biire Beowulf fetod, 
sigor-eadig secg; samod ^r-daege 

1291. Heyne, Sweet, and others emend '\>e hine,' whom — at once 
ingenious, logical, pedantic, and unnecessary. 



5Q BEOWULF. 

eode eorla sum, 9e)7ele cempa 

self mid gesiSum, ]>sdr se snotera bad, 

hw8e)7re him AZ-walda ^fre wille 

1315 sefter wea-spelle w^Tpe gefremman. 
Gang 5a aefter flore fyrd-wyrSe man 
mid his hand-scole (heal-wudu dynede), 
)?3et he }>one wisan wordum n^gde 
frean Ingwina, frsegn gif him w^re 

1320 aefter neod-laSu niht get^se. 



XX. 

HroSgar ma)7elode, helm Scyldinga: 
" Ne frin )7u sefter s^lum ; sorh is geniwod 
Denigea leodum. Dead is ^schere, 
Yrmenlafes yldra broj^or, 

1325 min mn-wita ond min r^d-bora, 
eaxl-gestealla, Sonne we on orlege 
hafelan weredon, J^onne hniton fe]?an, 
eoferas cnysedan. *Swy[lc] scolde eorl Fol. 159^. 

wesan, 
[9e}>eling] ^r-god, swylc JEschere wses. 

1330 Wears him on Heorote to hand-banan 
W3el-g3est w^fre ; ic ne wat hwadder 

1314. MS. 'alf walda.' Cf. 11. 316, 955. 

1317. MS. 'hand scale.' Cf. 1. 1963. There seems absolutely no 
authority or support for the form scale, which is retained by most editors. 

1318. AB ' hnaegde '; now de gone. The /j is prosthetic. "Wordum 
nffigan (negan)" occurs Elene 287, 559, Exodus 23, etc' 

1320. Sweet 'neod-la«e'; but see Sievers § 253, N. 2. 

1328. MS. defective at corner; AB 'swy scolde.' 

1329. No gap in MS. 

1331. MS. 'hwajjer.' Toller gives three instances of hwceder=hwider. 



BEOWULF. 57 

atol Sse wlanc eft-siSas teah, 

fylle gefr^gnod. Heo ]7a fiehSe wr«c, 

j?e ]7u gystran niht Grendel cwealdest 

1385 )?urh h^stne had heardum clammum, 
forl7an he to lange leode mine 
w anode ond wyrde. He aet wige gecrang 
ealdres scyldig, ond nu 6]>er cwom 
mihtig man-scaSa, wolde hyre m&eg wrecan, 

1340 ge feor hafaS fiehSe gestieled, 

)7aes ]>e ]?incean mseg ]>egne monegum, 
se )7e aefter sinc-gyfan on sefan greote)?, 
hre)?er-bealo hearde ; nu seo hand ligeS, 
se 'pe eow wel-hwylcra wilna dohte. 

1345 Ic )78et lond-buend, leode mine, 
sele-riedende, secgan hyrde, 
)79et hie gesawon swylce twegen 
micle mearc-stapan moras healdan, 
ellor-gc'estas ; 3^ra o5er waes, 

1350 J78es )?e hie gewislicost gewitan meahton, 
idese onlicnes; 65er earm-sceapen 
on weres wsestmum wraec-lastas *tr8ed, Fol. 160*. 
nsefne he waes mara )7onne ^nig man oSer, 
]7one on gear-dagum Grendel nemdo?z 

1355 fold-buende ; no hie feeder cunnon, 
hw8e|7er him ^nig wses ^r acenned 
dyrnra gasta. Hie dygel lond 
warigeaS, wulf-hleo]7u, windige ^aessas, 
frecne fen-gelad, S^r fyrgen-stream 

1360 under ngessa genipu nij^er gewiteS, 

1344. Sweet 'seo >e'; but cf. 11. 1887, 2685. 

1351. MS. 'onlic naes'; Zupitza 'onlic-nass'; Sweet 'onlic, wses.' 

1354. MS. defective at edge; AB 'nemdod'; Zupitza 'neindo[n].' 



58 BEOWULF. 

flod under foldan. Nis )7get feor heonon 
mil-gemearces, J^set se mere stanrfeS, 
ofer ]>eem hongiaS hri7?i^e bearwas, 
wudu wyrtum fsest, wseter oferhelmaS. 

1365 p^r mseg nihta gehw^m niS-wundor seon, 
fyr on flode. No J^ses frod leofaS 
gumena beama, J^get j^one grund wite. 
Deah )?e hivS-stapa himdum geswenced, 
heorot hornum trum, holt-wudu sece, 

1370 feorran geflymed, ^r he feorh seleS, 
aldor on ofre, ?er he in wille 
hafelan [hydan]. Nis ]78et heoru stow; 
J>onon yS-geblond up astigetS 
won to wolcnum, )?onne wind styref» 

1375 laS gewidru, oS Sset lyft drysma)?, 
roderas reotaS. Nu is se r^d gelang 
eft set *]>e anum. Eard git ne const, Fol. l60^ 
frecne stowe, ^'^er ]>\i findan miht 
fela-sinnigne secg; sec gif )?u dyrre. 

1380 Ic fe ]7a f^hSe feo leanige, 

eald-gestreonum, swa ic ^r dyde, 
wundnum golde, gyf ]?u onweg cymest." 

1362. MS. 'stan«e«.' 

1363. MS. 'hrinde.' The emendation is based on the discovery by 
Dr Morris of the phrase hrlmige hearioas in the Blickling Homilies (see 
the Preface vi, vii). 

1372. No gap in MS. Thorpe's emendation. 

1382. MS. 'wun' at end of line, 'dini' or 'dmi' on next line, 
"certainly not duw"; A 'dmi'; B *dini'; Zupitza 'dini.' 



BEOWULF. 59 



XXI. 



Beowulf maj^elode, beam EcgJ^eowes : 

"Ne sorga, snotor guma; selre bi3 ^ghw^m, 

1385 )7set he his freond wrece, )7onne he fela murne. 
Ure ^ghwylc sceal ende gebidan 
worolde lifes ; wyrce se ])e mote 
domes Sr deaj^e ; ]?9et bi3 driht-guman 
unlifgendum SBfter selest. 

1390 Aris, rices weard ; uton hraj^e feran, 
Grendles magan gang sceawigan. 
Ic hit ]>e gehate : no he on hehn losa)?, 
ne on foldan fsej^m, ne on fyrgen-holt, 
ne on gyfenes grund, ga ]>8er he wille. 

1395 Dys dogor ]7ii ge]?yld hafa 

weana gehwylces, swa ic ]>e wene to." 
Ahleop t5a se gomela, Gode j^ancode, 
mihtigan Drihtne, }>3es se man ge*spra3C. Fol. 161 \ 
pa wses HrdSgare hors geb^ted, 

1400 wicg wunden-feax ; wisa fengel 
geatolic gen[g]de ; gum-fe]?a stop 
lind-hsebbendra. Lastas w^ron 
sefter wald-swa]7um wide gesyne, 
gang ofer grundas ; gegnum for 

1405 ofer myrcan mor, mago-J>egna bser 

1390. Sweet 'ra)>e,' for the sake of the aUiteration; but see Sievers 
§ 217, N. 1. 

1395. Heyne "Sys dogor,' accus. of duration ; but the form %s lacks 
authority, and see Sievers § 289, and "Beitrage" x. 312. 

1401. MS. 'gende.' 

1404. Heyne adopts the emendation of Sievers, who considers the 
line metrically deficient : ' [>ier heo] gegnum for. ' 



60 BEOWULF. 

)?one selestan sawol-leasne, 

)7ara J^e mid HroSgare ham eahtode. 

Ofereode )7a 8e)7elinga beam 

steap stan-hliSo, stige nearwe, 
1410 enge an-pa5as, uncu3 gelad, 

neowle nsessas, nicor-husa fela ; 

he feara sum beforan gengde 

wisra monna wong sceawian, 

o]7 )79et he f^ringa fyrgen-beamas 
1415 ofer harne stan hleonian fimde, 

wyn-leasne wudu ; waeter under stod 

dreorig ond gedrefed. Demmi eallum waes, 

winum Scyldinga, weorce on mode 

to ge]7olianne, Segne monegum, 
1420 oncyS eorla gehw^m, syS]?an ^scheres 

on ]7am holm-clife hafelan metton. 

Flod blode weol (folc to ssegon), 

*hatan heolfre. Horn stundum song Fol. 161^ 

fuslic f[yrd]-leoS. FeJ^a eal gesset ; 
1425 gesawon 5a sefter wsetere wyrm-cynnes fela, 

sellice s^-dracan, sund cunnian, 

swylce on nses-hleoSum nicras licgean, 

Sa on undern-m^l oft bewitigaS 

sorh-fulne siS on segl-rade, 
1430 wyrmas ond wil-deor; hie onweg hruron 

bitere ond gebolgne, bearhtm ongeaton, 

guS-horn galan. Sumne Geata leod 

of flan-bogan feores getwSfde, 

yS-gewinnes, J^aet him on aldre stod 
1435 here-strsel hearda; he on hohne wses 

1424. MS. defective at edge; B 'f...'; Zupitza 'f[yrd]-,' adopting 
the emendation of Bouterwek (1859). 



BEOWULF. 61 

sundes ]>e sienra, 5e hyne swylt fornam. 

Hraej^e wearS on ySum mid eofer-spreotum 

heoro-hocyhtum hearde genearwod, 

niSa gen?eged ond on nses togen, 
1440 wundorlic wi^g-bora ; weras sceawedon 

gryrelicne gist. Gyrede hine Beowulf 

eorl-gew?edum, nalles for ealdre mearn ; 

scolde here-byrne hondum gebrdden, 

sid ond searo-fah, sund cunnian, 
1445 seo Se ban-cofan beorgan cu)?e, 

]>8dt him hilde-grap hre)7re ne mihte, 

eorres inwit-feng aldre gescej^San ; 

ac se hwita helm *hafelan werede, Fol. 162». 

se ]?e mere-grundas mengan scolde, 
1450 secan sund-gebland since geweorSad, 

befongen frea-wrasnum, swa hine fyrn-dagum 

worhte w^pna smiS, wundrum teode, 

besette swin-licum, )78et hine sySj^an no 

brond ne beado-mecas bitan ne meahton. 
1455 Nses ]>set ]?onne m^tost msegen-fultuma, 

)79et him on Searfe lah Syle HroSgares; 

wses l^^m hseft-mece Hrunting nama ; 

)?9et wses an foran eald-gestreona ; 

ecg wses iren, ater-tanum fah, 
1460 ahyrded hea)7o-swate ; niefre hit set hilde ne swac 

manna ^ngum, |?ara ]?e hit mid mundum bewand, 

se Se gryre-siSas gegan dorste, 

folc-stede fara ; nses f>set forma siS, 

1439. Sweet 'ge[h]nffiged.' But see 1. 2206, where Toller (after 
Grein) wrongly gives the MS. reading as gelmagdan. 

1459. Heyne and Socin adopt Cosijn's emendation, dter-tmrum, 
"with poison drops," which is supported by Sievers. 



62 BEOWULF. 

)78et hit ellen-weorc sefnan scolde. 
1465 Huru ne gemunde mago Ecglafes 

eafo)7es crseftig, )73et he ^r gesprsec 

wine druncen, ]>a, he j^aes wyepnes onlah 

seh^an sweord-frecan ; selfa ne dorste 

under ySa gewin aldre genej^an, 
1470 driht-scype dreogan ; )?8er he dome forleas, 

ellen-*m^r5uni. Ne wses J^sem oSrum swa, Fol. 162''. 

syS)7an he hine to gu5e gegyred haefde. 



XXII. 

Beowulf ma]7elode, beam Ecg)7eowes : 

" Ge)7enc nil, se miera maga Healfdenes, 
1475 snottra fengel, nu ic eom siSes fus, 

gold-wine gumena, hwset wit geo spr^econ: 

gif ic aet )7earfe j^inre scolde 

aldre linnan, j^set '5u me a w^re 

forS-gewitenum on faeder st^le. 
1480 Wes ]7U mund-bora minum mago-j^egnum, 

hond-gesellum, gif mec hild nime ; 

swylce ]7U 5a madmas, ])e ])\i me sealdest, 

HroSgar leofa, Higelace onsend. 

Maeg )?onne on 'p^m golde ongitan Geata dryhten, 
1485 geseon sunu Hrec^les, )7onne he on J^aet sine staraS, 

]?aet ic gum-cystum godne funde 

beaga bryttan, breac ]?onne mdste. 

1471. AB •mffirdam'; Thorpe 'maer'Sum'; Zupitza 'maer^um': " mw 
at the end of the word is still distinct, and before um I think I see a 
considerable part of r'S.'" 

1480- Heyne divides this line wrongly, after minum. 

1485. MS. 'hrffidles.' 



BEOWULF. 63 

Ond )7u Unhr^ l^t ealde lafe, 
wrsetlic w^g-sweord, wid-cuSne man 

1490 heard-ecg habban ; ic me mid Hrimtinge 

dom gewyrce, *o)?Se mec deaS nimeS." Fol. 163». 
Miter ]>^m wordum Weder-Geata leod 
efste mid elne, nalas ondsware 
bldan wolde ; brim-wylm onfeng 

1495 hilde-rince. Da wses hwil dseges, 

^r he ]7one grund-wong ongytan mehte. 
Sona ]>set onfunde, se Se floda begong 
heoro-gifre beheold hund missera, 
glim ond grSdig, J>a3t )?a^r gumena sum 

1500 ael-wihta eard ufan cunnode. 

Grap \>a, togeanes, guS-rinc gefeng 
atolan clommum ; no ]>y ^r in gescod 
halan lice ; bring utan ymbbearh, 
)79et heo )7one fyrd-hom Surhfon ne mihte, 

1505 locene leotSo-syrcan, laj^an fingrum. 

Bser )?a seo brim-wyl[f], j^a heo to botme com, 
hringa J^engel to hofe sinum, 
swa he ne mihte no (he ]>eah modig wses) 
w^pna gewealdan; ac bine wundra Iffses fela 

1510 swe[n]cte on sunde, s^-deor monig 
hilde-tuxum here-syrcan brsec, 
ehton agl^can. Da se eorl ongeat, 

1488. MS. 'himferS.' 

1506. MS. ' brim wyl.' 

1508. MS. 'ijaem'; Grundtvig (adopted by Heyne) 'J>£es'; Grein 
'>eah.' Grein's emendation makes admirable sense. I would retain the 
MS. reading in preference to ]>(Bs, which Heyne supports by parallel 
passages. It is undeniable that \>cbs is common enough with the meaning 
"so" (see 1. 1509); but what can be feebler than to be told, half way 
through the poem, that Beowulf is brave enough to wield his weapons? 

1510. MS. 'swecte.' 



64 BEOWULF. 

J78et he [in] niS-sele nat-hwylcum wses, 
)?^r him nienig wseter wihte ne sce)?ede, 

1515 ne him for hrof-sele hrinan ne mehte 

fler-gripe flodes ; *fyr-leoht geseah, Fol. 163*^. 

blacne leoman beorhte scinan. 
Ongeat ]>a. se goda grimd-wyrgenne, 
mere-wif mihtig ; msegen-r^s forgeaf 

1520 hilde-bille, ho?id swenge ne ofteah, 
}>3et hire on hafelan hring-m^l agol 
gr^dig gu3-leoS. Da se gist onfand, 
J>8et se beado-leoma bitan nolde, 
aldre sceJ^San, ac seo ecg geswac 

1525 Seodne eet j^earfe ; Solode ^r fela 
hond-gemota, helm oft gescser, 
f^ges fyrd-hrsegl ; Sa wyes forma siS 
deorum madme, ]?aet his dom ala^g. 
Eft wses an-rged, nalas ehies Iset, 

1530 m^rSa gemyndig, m^g Hy[ge] laces. 

Wearp 6a wunde?i-m^l wr^ttum gebunden 
yrre oretta, )?8et hit on eorSan Iseg, 
stiS ond styl-ecg; strenge getruwode, 
mund-gripe msegenes. Swa sceal man don, 

1535 l?onne he set giiSe gegan ]7ence3 

longsumne lof, na ymb his lif cearaS. 
Gefeng ]7a be eaxle (nalas for f^hSe mearn) 

1513. Thorpe '[in].' Grein (followed by Heyne) 'ni'S-sele,' aula in 
profundis; Sweet 'nrS-sele,' hostile hall. The line is of the same type as 
482, and a long syllable is required for the scansion {see "Beitrage " x. 297). 

1520. MS. 'hord swenge'; Sweet 'swenge hond,' without explanation. 

1530. MS. 'hylaces.' 1531. MS. 'wundel msel.' 

1537. Sweet adopts Eieger's emendation ' feaxe,' apparently for the 
sake of the alliteration — a wanton change, for gefeng alliterates normally 
with fceh^e. 



BEOWULF. 65 

Gu(5-Geata leod Grendles modor, 

brsegd )?a beadwe heard, )?a he gebolgen waes, 

1540 feorh-geniSlan, ])Sdt heo on flet gebeah. 
Heo him eft hraSe hand-lean forgeald 
grim^man grapum, ond him togeanes feng; Fol. 
oferwearp ]>si werig-mod wigena strengest, 
fe]7e-cempa, )?get he on fylle wearS. 

1545 Ofsset ]>a. J?one sele-gyst, ond hyre sea^ geteah 
brad, brun-ecg, wolde hire beam wrecan, 
angan eaferan. Him on eaxle la^g 
breost-net broden ; ]?3et gebearh feore, 
wis ord ond wiS ecge ingang forstod. 

1550 Hsefde Sa forsiSod sunu Ecg]?eowes 
under gynne grund, Geata cempa, 
nemne him heaSo-byrne helpe gefremede, 
here-net hearde, ond halig God 
geweold wig-sigor, witig Drihten, 

1555 rodera R^dend hit on ryht gesced 
ySelice ; syj^San he eft astod. 

1541. Heyne and Sweet (who however glosses hand-lean alone) adopt 
Kieger's emendation and-lean, alliterating with eft. So, in 1. 2094, Heyne 
reads ond-lean for hond-lean, "mit Eiicksicht auf die Allitteration. " On 
the other hand, it is unfortunate that the alliteration is not decisive in the 
case of either line. Moreover, the phrase and-lean forgieldan, "to repay 
reward," is distinctly over-redundant, containing as it does the re- notion 
in both and- and /or-, as well as in the word lean itself (here, also, in eft 
in the first half-line). Cf. 11. 114, 1584. Thus no case is made out for 
setting aside the clear readings of the MS. 

1545. MS. 'seaxe'; Ettmiiller (followed by Sweet) ' seax.' Geteon 
always takes an accus. ; cf. 1. 2610 and hrdd, brUn-ecg, 1546. 

1546. Heyne 'brad [ond] brun-ecg,' on metrical and syntactical 
grounds. 

1555. Wiilcker has a colon after gesced and no stop after y^ellce. 



W. B. 



66 BEOWULF. 



XXIII. 



Geseah Sa on searwum sige-eadig bil, 
eald sweord eotenisc, ecgum l?yhtig, 
wigena weorS-mynd ; ]>set [wees] w^pna cyst, 

1560 buton hit waes mare Sonne ^nig mon oSer 
to beadu-lace setberan meahte, 
god ond geatolic, giganta geweorc. 
He gefeng )7a fetel-hilt, freca Scyldinga 
hreoh ond heoro-grim hring-m^l gebrsegd, 

1565 aldres orwena yrringa *sloh, Fol. iQi^ 

|78et hire wi3 halse heard grapode, 
ban-hringas brsec ; bil eal Surhwod 
f^gne fl^sc-homan ; heo on flet gecrong. 
Sweord waes swatig; secg weorce gefeh. 

1570 Lixte se leoma, leoht inne stod, 
efne swa of hefene hadre scineS 
rodores candel. He sefter recede wlat, 
hwearf ]7a be wealle ; Wc'epen hafenade 
heard be hiltum Higelaces Segn 

1575 yrre ond an-r^d. Nses seo ecg fracod 
hilde-rince, ac he hra]7e wolde 
Grendle f orgy Man guS-r^sa fela, 
Sara )?e he geworhte to West-Denum 
oftor micle Sonne on ^nne siS, 

1580 )7onne he HroSgares heorS-geneatas 
sloh on sweofote, sk'epende frset 
folces Denigea fyf-tyne men, 
ond oSer swylc ut offerede, 
laSlicu lac. He him )78es lean forgeald, 

1559. Kemble's emendation. 



BEOWULF. 67 

1585 re)?e cempa, to Sees ]7e he on raeste geseah 
guS-werigne Grendel licgan, 
aldor-leasne, swa him fer gescod 
hild set Heorote. Hra wide sprong, 
sy]?San he sefter deaSe drepe ]?rowade, 

1590 heoro-sweng heardne ; oiid hine )7a heafde becearf. 
Sona ]?get gesawon snottre *ceorlas, Fol. 165*. 

)7a 3e mid HroSgare on hohii wliton, 
}>9et waes yS-geblond eal gemenged, 
brim blode fah. Blonden-feaxe 

1595 gomele ymb godne on geador spr^con, 
l78et hig ]?8es oeSelinges eft ne wendon, 
}>a8t he sige-hreSig secean come 
mserne J^eoden, ]?a Sees monige gewearS, 
f»8et hine seo brim-wylf abroten hsefde. 

1600 J)a com non daeges; nses ofgeafon 

hwate Scyldingas ; gewat him ham j7onon 

gold-wine gumena. Gistas setan 

modes seoce, ond on mere staredon ; 

wiston ond ne wendon, j^aet hie heora wine-drihten 

1605 selfne gesawon. Da )?9et sweord ongan 
a^fter hea)7o-swate hilde-gicelum, 
wig-bil wanian; ]78et wees wundra sum, 
)79et hit eal gemealt ise gelicost, 

1599. MS. ' abreoten.' 

1602. MS. ' secan.' 

1604. Kemble ' wiscton ' ; Sweet ' wyscton ' ; Cosijn (followed by 
Heyne and Socin) ' wiston '=: wiscton, ivished. This last hypothesis lacks 
authority. Probably it is merely a case of the blending of two construc- 
tions ; wiston, "knew," would require ne gesdivon; ne loendon, "did not 
expect," requires gesawon only; the latter construction prevails. It is 
possible, however, that ne has dropped out after the -ne of selfne ; in that 
case the meaning would be : " they knew, and did not merely expect, that 
they should not see their lord himself again." 

5—2 



68 BEOWULF. 

Sonne forstes bend Feeder onU'eteS, 

1610 onwindeS w^l-rapas, se geweald hafaS 

s^la ond mcpla ; ]>set is soS Metod. 

Ne nom he in |?Sm wicum, Weder-Geata leod, 

maSm-Shta ma, J>eh he ])iev monige geseah, 

buton ]7one hafelan ond )7a hilt somod, 

1615 since fage ; sweord ^r gemealt, 

forbarn broden m^l ; wses l>a?t blod *to )?a?s -Pol 

^ 165". 

hat, 

^ttren ellor-g^st, se J>^r inne swealt. 

Sona W8es on sunde, se )?e ^r set saecce gebad 

wig-hryre wraSra, wseter up )?urhdeaf; 

1620 w?eron yS-gebland eal gef^lsod, 
eacne eardas, }>a se ellor-gast 
oflet lif-dagas ond ]7as h^enan gesceaft. 
Com )?a to lande lid-manna helm 
swiS-mod swymman, s^e-lace gefeah, 

1625 msegen-byrj^enne )?ara ]>e he him mid haefde. 
Eodon him J^a togeanes, Gode j^ancodon, 
SrySlic )7egna heap, )?eodnes gefegon, 
|?8es )7e hi hyne gesundne geseon moston. 

1610. Sweet adopts Kemble's emendation, wceg-rdpas. Hej^ne has 
iccel-rd'pas, and in his glossary: "cf. wgell, wel, wyll, Quelle, Flut; — leax 
sceal on wffile mid sceote scri^an, Gnom. Cott. 39." Sweet gives the same 
passage, in his " A.S. Eeader " xxviii. 39, marked ic^le, and there is no 
doubt he is right (more's the pity he departs from the MS. reading here). 
Heyne identifies wal with icell, "a well" (more common as a weak noun). 
It is clear that he has confounded two words. In the Wright-Wiilcker 
Glossaries we find: ''Fons, well, 178. 8; Gurges, wael, 178. 13." The 
vowel of the latter word is long, as shown by the common Lancashire 
weel, noted by Somner in 1659, and still in use; so also in all the cognate 
languages, e.g. in modern Plattdeutsch Weel, and Heyne himself, in the 
glossary to his Kleinere and. Denkmdler (1867) has: "uuiil (A.S. Vfsel, 
gurges), Abgrund,'' 



BEOWULF. 69 

Da wses of f't'em hroran helm ond byrne 
1630 limgre alysed. Lagu dnisade, 

woeter under wolcnum, wsel-dreore fag. 

Ferdon forS ]?onon fe]?e-lastum 

ferh)7um faegne, fold-weg mc'eton, 

ciipe striete, cyning-balde men ; 
1635 from J>^m holm-clife hafelan bi'eron 

earfoSlice heora ^ghw9e)?rum 

fela-modigra ; feower scoldon 

on )7c^m wsel-stenge weorcum geferian 

to ]7fem gold-sele Grendles heafod, 
1640 o]? Saet *semninga to sele comon Fol. 166^ 

frome, fyi'd-hwate, feower-tyne 

Geata gongan ; gum-dryhten mid, 

modig on gemonge, meodo-wongas traed. 

Da com in gan ealdor Segna, 
1645 d^d-cene mon dome gewur)7ad, 

hsele hilde-deor, HroSgar gretan. 

pa wses be feaxe on flet boren 

Grendles heafod, ]>2eY guman druncon, 

egeslic for eorlum ond J7^re idese mid; 
1650 wlite-seon wraetlic weras onsawon. 



XXIV. 

Beowulf ma)7elode, beam Ecgj/eowes : 
" Hwaet ! we j^e ]7as sie-lac, sunu Healfdenes 
leod Scyldinga, lustum brohton 
tires to tacne, )7e J>u her to locast. 
1655 Ic )78et unsofte ealdre gedigde, 

wigge under wsetere weorc gene]?de 
earfoSlice ; ."^trihte wses 



70 BEOWULF. 

guS getw^fed, nymSe mec God scylde. 
Ne meahte ic set hilde mid Hrimtmge 

1660 wiht gewyrcan, )?eah j^set w^pen duge; 
ac me geuSe ylda Waldend, 
)79et ic on wage geseah wlitig *hangian Fol. 166'\ 
eald sweord eacen (oftost wisode 
winigea leasiim), ]>8et ic Sy w^pne gebr^d. 

1665 Ofsloh Sa set J7^re ssecce, )?a me siel ageald, 
buses hyrdas. pa ]?set hilde-bil 
forbarn, brogden m^l, swa ]?set blod gesprang, 
hatost hea]?o-swata. Ic ]?set hilt |?anan 
feondum setferede, fyren-di'eda wra?c, 

1670 deaS-cwealm Denigea, swa hit gedefe wses. 

Ic hit l^e J?onne gehate, )7set )7u on Heorote most 
sorh-leas swefan mid )?mra secga gedryht, 
ond |7egna gehwylc j^inra leoda, 
duguSe ond iogoj^e ; ]7set J>u him ondr^dan ne J7earft, 

1675 )7eoden Scyldinga, on J>a healfe 

aldor-bealu eorliim, swa ]7n ^r dydest." 
Da wses gylden hilt gamelum rince, 
harum hild-fruman, on hand gyfen, 
enta ^r-geweorc; hit on ^ht gehwearf, 

1680 sefter deoHa hryre, Denigea frean, 

wundor-smi)?a geweorc; ond ]?a ]?as worold ofgeaf 
grom-heort guma, Godes ondsaca, 
morSres scyldig, ond his modor eac, 
on geweald gehwearf worold-cyninga 

1685 S^m selestan be *s^m tweonum, Fol. 167\ 



1681. Miillenhoff and Bugge reject ond as superfluous. It is certainly 
very unusual at the beginning of a sentence which is only a parallel ex- 
pansion of what precedes. 



BEOWULF. 71 

Sara ]>e on Sceden-igge sceattas d^lde. 

HroSgar maSelode, hylt sceawode, 

ealde lafe, on S^m wses or writen 

fyrn-gewinnes, sySJ^an flod ofsldh, 
1690 gifen geotende, giganta cyn; 

frecne geferdon ; )?8et wiES fremde ]?eod 

ecean Dryhtne ; him ]?8es ende-lean 

)7urh wseteres wylm Waldend sealde. 

Swa W9es on S^m scennum sciran goldes 
1695 ]?urh run-stafas rihte gemearcod, 

geseted ond ges^d, hwam l?8et sweord geworht, 

irena cyst, ^rest w^re, 

\vreo)7en-hilt ond wyrm-fah. Da se wisa sprsec 

snnu Healfdenes ; swigedon ealle : 
1700 " pset, la! mseg secgan, se ]>e s63 ond riht 

fremeS on folce, feor eal gemon, 

eald eSel-weard, ]?8et 5es eorl w^re 

geboren betera. Bl^d is ar^red 

geond wid-wegas, wine min Beowulf, 
1705 Sin ofer |?eoda gehwylce. Eal )7ii hit ge}>yldum 
healdest, 

msegen mid modes snyttrum. Ic j^e sceal mine 
gelsestan 

freoSe, swa wit furSum spn^con ; Su scealt to 
frofre weorj^an 

eal lang-twidig leodum )?iniim, 

*hseleSum to helpe. Ne wearS Heremod swa ^gii, 

1686. MS. ' scedenigge,' in one word. 

1702. Bugge suggests '^aet 'Se eorl nseie.' 

1707. Wiilcker and Heyne 'freode,' taking that to be the reading of 
the MS. Zupitza : "I think the MS. has/reoS*?, not freode; although the 
left half of the cross stroke in "S has entirely faded, yet the place where it 
was is discernible, and the right half of it is left." 



72 BEOWULF. 

1710 eaforum Ecgwelan, Ar-Scyldingum ; 

ne geweox he him to willan, ac to wgel-fealle 
ond t5 deaS-cwalum Deniga leodum ; 
breat bolgen-mod beod-geneatas, 
eaxl-gesteallan, o]> ]>?et he ana hwearf, 

1715 mSre )7eoden, mon-dreamum from. 

Deah J^e hine mihtig God mgegenes wynnum, 
esifepnm, stepte ofer ealle men, 
forS gefremede, hwsej^ere him on ferhj^e greow 
breost-hord blod-reow ; nallas beagas geaf 

1720 Denum sefter dome; dream-leas gebad, 
])?et he ]78es gewinnes weorc ]?rowade, 
leod-bealo longsum. Du ]7e her be J>on, 
gum-cyste ongit ; ic j^is gid be J^e 
awrfec wintrum frod. Wundor is to secganne, 

1725 hu mihtig God manna cynne 

)7urh sidne sefan snyttrii bryttaS, 
eard ond eorl-scipe ; he ah eab^a geweald. 
Hwilum he on lufan l^teS hworfan 
monnes mod-geJ?onc m^ran cynnes, 

1730 seleS him on e]?le eorj^an wynne, 
to healdanne hleo-burh wera, 
*gedeS him swa gewealdene worolde d«las, Fol. 168*. 
side rice, J^aet he his selfa ne ma^g 
his unsnyttrum ende ge)7encean. 

1735 WmiaS he on wiste ; n5 hine wiht dweleS 
adl ne yldo, ne him inwit-sorh 
on sefa[n] sweorceS, ne gesacu ohw^r, 

1734. With admirable and shameless audacity Heyne and Wiilcker 
foist in for at the beginning of this line without a word of comment. Cf. 
1. 942. 

1737. MS. defective at edge; Zupitza 'sefa[n].' 



BEOWULF. 78 

ecg-hete, eoweS, ac him eal worold 
wendeS on willan. He )wt wyrse ne con, 



XXV. 

1740 oS |7iet him on innan ofer-hygda d^l 

weaxeS ond wridaS, )7onne se weard swefeS, 
sawele hyrde ; biS se sl^p to fsest, 
bisgum gebunden, bona swiSe neah, 
se ]7e of flan-bogan fyreniim sceoteS. 

1745 ponne biS on hrej^re under hehn drepen 
biteran str^le ; him bebeorgan ne con 
wom wundor-bebodum wergan gastes ; 
)?inceS him to lytel, ])d?t he lange heold; 
gytsaS grom-hydig, nallas on gylp seleS 

1750 f^^^e beagas, ond he ]?a forS-gesceaft 

forgyteS ond forgymeS, J^aes J^e him ^r God sealde, 
wuldres *Waldend, weorS-mynda d^l. Fol. 168''. 
Hit on ende-staef eft gelimpeS, 
l^set se lic-homa l?ene gedreoseS, 

Grein 'ne gesaca (adversary) ohwar eeg-hete eowe'S (sJioios).^ On the 
whole I prefer to abide by the MS. reading, although examples are wanting 
of eotcan used intransitively, as its compound ff^eowan frequently is. 

1739. The MS. has a stop after con, the usual space with the number 
XXV, and then a large capital 0. But it seems impossible to begin a 
fresh sentence with o'S \>(et "until," as Earle does. Grein makes the 
break in the middle of 1. 1739, Heyne after 1. 1744. 

1747. Heyne 'wom'; cf. 11. 1758 and 3073. But loUm (Sievers § 295, 
N. 1) scans better and makes better sense. Bebeorgan takes ace. rei in 
1758; but that passage alone is iusuflficient to settle its usual construction, 
and no other instance of its occurrence is known. 

■ 1748. Zupitza: "fo imperfectly erased between he and lange.'' It is 
inserted in the text of all the editions. 

1750. MS. 'fffidde.' 




74 BEOWULF. 

1755 f'^ge gefealleS; fehS o)7er to, 

se ])e unmurnlice madmas d^le)?, 
eorles ^r-gestreon, egesan ne gymeS. 
Bebeorh ]>e Sone bealo-niS, Beowulf leofa, 
secg betsta, ond ]>e )?8et selre geceos, 

1760 ece r^das; oferhyda ne gym, 

m^re cempa. Nu is ]7ines msegnes blied 
ane hwile ; eft sona biS, 
]78et 'pec adl oSSe ecg eafoj^es getwi^feS, 
oSSe fyres feng, oSSe flodes wylm, 

1765 oSSe gripe meces, o5Se gares fliht, 
o53e atol yldo ; oS3e eagena bearhtm 
forsiteS ond forsvvorceS; semninga biS, 
)78et Sec, dryht-guma, deaS oferswySeS. 
Swa ic Hring-Dena hund missera 

1770 weold under wolcnum, ond hig wigge beleac 
manigum m^gpa, geond f>ysne middan-geard 
sescum ond ecgum, pset ic me ^nigne 
under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde. 
Hwaet ! me j^ses on e]?le edwenden cwom, 

1775 gyrn sefber gomene, seo]7San Grendel wearS, 
eald gewinna, ingenga min ; 
*ic )?8ere s5cne singales wseg Fol. 169*. 

mod-ceare micle. pses sig Metode j^anc, 
ecean Dryhtne, pses Se ic on aldre gebad, 

1780 ]>aet ic on )7one hafelan heoro-dreorigne 
ofer eald gewin eagum starige. 

1757. Grein 'egesan' (oivner). 

1774. MS. 'ed wendan.' Cf. 11. 280, 2188. 

1776. Most editors 'eald-gewinna.' I have avoided such compounds, 
except where clearly indicated by the absence of inflection in the adj. 
Cf. 11. 373, 945, 1781 (where no editor makes a compound of eald geivin), 
with 853, 1381, 2778. 



BEOWULF. 75 

Ga nu to setle, symbel-wynne dreoh, 

wigge weorj^ad ; unc sceal worn fela 

ma]7ma gemtviira, si]?3an morgen biS." 
1785 Geat wa3S glaed-mod, geong sona to, 

setles neosan, swa se snottra heht. 

pa wees eft swa '^t ellen-rofiim 

flet-sittendum fsegere gereorded 

niowan stefne. Niht-helm geswearc 
1790 deorc ofer dryht-gumum. DuguS eal aras; 

wolde blonden-feax beddes neosan, 

gamela Scylding. Geat un^/emetes wel, 

rofne rand-wigan, restan lyste ; 

sona him sele-]?egn siSes wergum, 
1795 feorran-cimdum, forS wisade, 

se for andrysnum ealle beweotec?e 

]7egnes J^earfe, swylce 'py dogore 

heaJ>o-li5ende habban scoldon. 

Reste hine ]?a riim-heort ; reced hliuade 
1800 geap ond gold-fah; gsest inne swsef, 

o]7 ]78et hrefn blaca heofones wynne 

bli(5-heort bodode ; *(5a com beorht scacan Fol. 169''. 

[sunne ofer grundas]. ScaJ^an onetton, 

1783. Wiilcker 'wlg-geweor^ad' ; Heyne (following Cosiju, who com- 
pares "Elene" 150) 'wigge-[ge]weorJ?ad.' I have followed the MS., for 
which cf. "Elene" 1196. 
1792. MS. unig/metes. 
1796. MS. 'beweotene.' 

1799. Heyne 'hllvade'; other editors 'hllfade.' Sievers § 194. 
1803. No gap in MS. Wiilcker has : 

'Sa com beorht [leoma] 
scacan [ofer scadu]. 
Heyne : 'Sa com beorht [sunne] 

scacan [ofer grundas]. 
There is the same objection to both these emendations, that they sup- 



76 BEOWULF. 

w^ron 8eJ>elingas eft to leodum 
1805 fuse to fsLYemie; wolde feor )7anon 
cuma collen-ferhS ceoles neosan. 
Heht ]7a se hearda Hrunting beran 
sunu Ecglafes, heht his sweord niman, 
leoflic iren ; ssegde him j^^es l?^nes J>anc, 
1810 cwieS, he |?one giiS-wine godne tealde, 
wig-craeftigne ; nales wordiim log 
meces ecge. pset wses modig secg. 
Ond J?a siS-frome, searwum gearwe, 
wigend Wc'eron, eode weorS Denum 
1815 ?e]?eling to yppan, )?^r se o)?er waes, 
hcele hilde-deor HroSgar grette. 



XXVI. 

Beowulf ma)7elode, beam Ecg)?eowes : 
" Nu we sS-liSend secgan wyllaS 
feorran-cumene, ]78et we fundia]? 
1820 Higelac secan ; wt"eron her tela 

willum bewenede ; ]?u us wel dohtest. 

pose two lacnnae instead of one. To avoid this, I have interchanged sunne 
and scacan in Heyne's reading; of the consequent separation of adj. and 
noun there are frequent examples in the poem (cf. .1. 255). 

1805. MS, 'farene ne.' [In reality, far is now gone ; but there is no 
doubt, from Thorkelin's transcript, what the MS. reading was. In all 
such cases, in order to avoid needless detail, I give the indubitable reading 
as that of the extant MS.] 

1809. MS. ' leanes ' ; Miillenhoff ' Irenes.' It is possible that the passage 
means that Unferth gave his sword to Beowulf. Grein takes this view, 
for he glosses suitu (1808) as nom. ; and so apparently do Heyne and Socin 
(though they gloss sunu as accus.!). But se hearda applies to Beowulf 
much better than to Unferth; cf. 11. 401, 1963. 

1816. MS. 'helle.' 



BEOWULF. 77 

Gif ic )?onne on eor]:'an owihte masg 
]7inre mod-lufan maran tilian, 
guraena diyhten, Sonne ic gyt dyde, 

1825 guS-geweorca ic beo gearo sona. 

Gif ic ]yset ge*fricge ofer floda begang, Fol. 170*. 
fset ]7ec ymb-sittend egesan }>ywaS, 
swa ]?ec hetende hwilum dydon, 
ic Se ]?usencla J^egna bringe, 

1830 hselej^a to helpe. Ic on Higelace wat, 
Geata dry lit en, J^eah Se he geong sy, 
folces hyrde, j^aet he mec fremman wile 
wordum ond weorcum, ]?set ic j^e wel herige, 
ond ])e to geoce gar-holt here, 

1835 msegenes fultum, )7^r Se biS manna J^earf. 
Gif him j^onne Hrej^ric to hofum Geata 
ge]?ingec^, J^eodnes beam, he mseg ]?i^r fela 
freonda findan; feor-cy]?Se beoS 
selran gesohte, J>^m )?e him selfa deah." 

1840 HroSgar maj^elode him on ondsware : 
"pe )?a word-cwydas wi^tig Drihten 
on sefan sende ; ne hyrde ic snotorlicor 
on swa geongum feore guman Jnngian ; 
)?u eart ma^genes Strang ond on mode frod, 

1845 wis word-cwida. Wen ic talige, 

gif ])set gegangeS, )?9et Se gar nymeS, 
hild heoru-grimme, HreJ^les eaferan, 
adl o)?i5e iren ealdor Sinne, 
folces hyrde, ond ])\i ]nn feorh hafast, 

1833. MS. 'weordum yworcum,' probably a slip of the scribe. 

1836. MS. 'hre>rinc.' Cf. 1. 1189. 

1837. MS. 'ge)>inged.' 
1841. MS. 'wigtig.' 



78 BEOWULF. 

1850 ]>8et )7e *S^-Geatas selran nsebben Fol. 170^ 

to geceosenne cyning ienigne, 

hord-weard h8ele]7a, gyf )7ii healdan wylt 

maga rice. Me ]>m mod-sefa 

licaS leng swa Avel, leofa Beowulf. 
1855 Hafast ]>i\ gefered, ]>sdt J^am folcum sceal, 

Geata leodum ond Gar-Denum, 

sib gem^ne, ond sacii restan, 

inwit-ni)7as, ]>e hie ^r drugon; 

wesan, )7enden ic wealde widan rices, 
1860 ma)7mas gem^ne; manig oj^erne 

godum gegrettan ofer ganotes ba?5 ; 

sceall hring-naca ofer hea]7u bringan 

lac ond luf-tacen. Ic )?a leode wat 

ge wis feond ge wiS freond fgeste geworhte, 
1865 ^ghwses untile ealde wisan." 

Da git him eorla hleo inne gesealde, 

mago Healfdenes, maj^mas twelfe, 

1854. Bugge and Heyne 5: 'leng swa sel' {the longer the better) — a 
tempting emendation. But if one finds gross anomalies in accidence in 
the "Beowulf," why should one look for a flawless syntax? 

1857. MS. 'ge maenum.' 

1862. Kluge 'heafu'; of. 1. 2477. Sievers supports this emendation 
on metrical grounds ("Beit." x. 245). A certain amount of deference is 
to be paid to metrical conclusions, but they should hardly suffice of them- 
selves to set aside an otherwise unexceptionable MS. reading. But Sievers 
also calls hea\>u "unverstandlich" ("Beit." x. 235). None the less the 
evidence of its existence and meaning is not contemptible. The compound 
he(vSo-lVSend occurs in 11. 1798 and 2955 (in the latter case parallel to ««- 
manmim), andin "Andreas" 426; hea'^o-sigel in "Riddles" 72. 16. Sievers 
makes the first syllable short in "Beowulf" 1798 and 2955 ("Beit." x. 300) ; 
if this means that he regards healSu, "war," as the first part of these com- 
pounds, his supposition goes far towards making the four above-cited 
passages "unverstandlich." 

1867. MS. *.xii.'. 



BEOWULF. 79 

het [h]ine mid ]}sem lacum leode swsese 
secean on gesyntum, snude eft cuman. 

1870 Gecyste )?a cyning sej^elum god, 
]7eoden Scyldinga, Segn betstan, 
ond be healse genam ; hruron him tearas 
blonden-feaxum. Him wses bega wen, 
ealdum, in-*fr5dum, ofres swiSor, Fol. 171^ 

1875 ]78et h[i]e seoSSan geseon mdston, 

modige on mej>le. Waes him se man to ]7on leof, 
]>8dt he )7one breost-wyhn forberan ne mehte, 
ac him on hre]?re hyge-bendum fsest 
«fter deorum men dyrne langaS 

1880 beam wiS blode. Him Beowulf J^anan, 
guS-rinc gold-wlanc, grses-moldan traed 
since hremig; s^-genga bad 
age[n]d-frean, se ]?e on ancre rad. 
pa W9es on gange gifu HroSgares 

1885 oft gesehted. pset wses an cyning 

^ghwses orleahtre, o]> )?8et hine yldo benam 
msegenes wynnum, se )?e oft manegum scod. 

1868. MS. 'inne.' 

1875. MS. 'he.' 

1879—80. MS. 'beorn'; Grein 'beam.' Heyne takes dyrne langa'S 
heorn to mean "the hero secretly longeth" (he makes heorn nom., whereas 
langian is an impers. verb and takes an accus. of the person). Thorpe 
and Grein render : "a secret longing burnt." Neither rendering is free 
from objection. Beorn is an unexampled form of the pret. of heornan 
(Sievers § 386, N. 2). But on the other hand, I can find no example 
of dyrne used as an adv. ; fast agrees with langcv^ much better than with 
heorn, even if the latter could be nom. ; the rare occurrence of a pres. 
tense amid a succession of preterites : these considerations seem decisive 
against Heyne's interpretation. 

1883. MS. 'agedfrean.' 

1885. A colon is usually placed after gecehted, and Earle remarks that 



80 BEOWULF. 

XXVII. 

Cvvom )7a to flode fela modigra 
haeg-stealdra ; hring-net bt^ron, 

1890 locene leoSo-syrcan. Land-weard onfand 
eft-siS eorla, swa he a^r dyde ; 
no he mid hearme of hliSes nosan 
*g3es[tas] grette, ac him tdgeanes rad, Fol. 171^. 
cwseS J?8et wilcuman Wedera leodum 

1895 sca)7an scir-hame to scipe foron. 
pa wges on sande siB-geap naca 
hladen here-w^dum, hringed-stefna 
mearum ond maSmum ; moest hlifade 
ofer HroSgares hord-gestreonum. 

1900 He ]?Sm bat-wearde bunden golde 
swurd gesealde, ])set he sySj^an wses 
on meodu-bence ma]7me 'py weor)?ra, 
yrfe-lafe. Gewat him on nacan 
drefan deop wreter, Dena land ofgeaf. 

what follows is "the gist of their talk as they went." I take it to be a 
reflection of the scop. How could the Geats say : "until old age deprived 
him, &c."? 

1888 — 9. Wiilcker and Heyne ' fela-modigra/haeg-stealdra [heap]'; of. 
1. 1637. 

1893. MS. defective at corner. A 'g£es' (followed by a blank space) ; 
Grundtvig 'gaes[tas].' 

1895. MS. defective at edge. A 'sea wan' (so Heyne); B 'sca}?an' (so 
Zupitza and Wiilcker). The first syllable sea- is still perfectly distinct ; 
but the second syllable is missing at the beginning of the next line. The 
word scaiva is not found elsewhere; sca]pan occurs with the same meaning 
as here in 1. 1803. 

1902. MS. 'majjma j^y weor>re,' which Thorpe emended. 

1903. Grein '[yS-]nacan,' for the alliteration. Sievers is contented 
to let on alliterate. 



BEOWULF. 81 

1905 pa wses be mseste mere-hr^egla sum, 
segl sale fsest; sund-wudu )?unede; 
no Y^eY weg-flotan wind ofer ySum 
siSes getwc^fde; sse-genga for, 
fleat famig-heals forS ofer ySe, 

1910 bunden-stefna ofer brim-streamas, 

]?8et hie Geata clifu ongitan meahton, 

cupe nsessas; ceol up ge)?rang 

lyft-geswenced, on lande stod. 

Hra)?e wses set * holme hyS-weard gearu, Fol. 172^ 

1915 se f>e ^r lange tid leofra manna 
fus set faroSe feor wlatode; 
s^lde to sande sid-fsej^me scip 
oncer-bendum fsest, J^y l^s hym y]7a Srym 
wudu wynsuman forwrecan meahte. 

1920 Het )7a up beran 8e)7elinga gestreon, 

fraetwe ond ftet-gold ; uses him feor j^anon 
to gesecanne sinces bryttan, 
Higelac HreJ^ling, ]?ger set ham wunaS 
selfa mid gesiSum s^-wealle neah. 

1925 Bold wses betlic, brego rof cyning, 
hea healle, Hygd swiSe geong, 
wis, wel f>ungen, )?eah Se wintra lyt 
under burh-locan gebiden hsebbe 
Hsere)7es dohtor; uses hio hnah swa J^eah, 

1930 ne to gneaS gifa Geata leodum, 
ma)7m-gestreona. M5d DrySo wseg, 

1914. MS. 'geara.' 
1918. MS. ' oncear bendum.' 

1923. Wiilcker ' wunade.' Sievers regards this and the next hne ,as 
oratio recta. But cf. the present tenses in 11, 1314, 1928. 
1925. Grundtvig 'brego-rof ' (so Heyne). 

W. B. 6 



82 BEOWULF. 

fremu folces cwen, firen ondrysne ; 

n^nig ]?8et dorste deor gene)7an 

swgesra gesiSa, nefne sin frea, 
1935 )73et hire an dseges eagum starede ; 

ac him wsel-bende *\veotode tealde Fol. 172'^. 

hand-gewri)7ene ; hra]?e seoJ?San waes 

sefter mund-gripe mece gej^inged, 

]7get hit sceaden-m^l scyran moste, 
1940 cwealm-bealu cySan. Ne biS swylc cwenlic j^eaw 

idese to efnanne, J7eah Se hio ^nlicu sy, 

]?8ette freoSu-webbe feores ons^ce 

aefter lige-torne leofne mannan. 

Huru )7set onhohsnod[e] Hemminges mseg. 
1945 Ealo-drincende oSer s^dan, 

)?8et hio leod-bealewa \ms gefremede, 

inmt-niSa, sySSan ^rest wearS 

gyfen gold-hroden geongum cempan, 

seSelum diore, sySSan hio Oifan flet 
1950 ofer fealone flod be fseder lare 

1932. Suchier ' firen-ondrysne.' "We have elision of final e before a 
vowel in 11. 338 and 442. But perhaps the true explanation of the forms 
frofor in 1. 698 and^rew here will be found in Sievers § 251, N. 

1934. Heyne ' sin-frea. ' Zupitza transliterates ' sinfrea ' — presumably 
a misprint for 'sin-frea'; cf. sin-nihte, 1. 161, etc. There is a distinct 
space between the n and/ in the MS. 

1935. Zupitza 'an-dffiges,' apparently supporting Leo's Cm-dceges, 
"the whole day." Suchier '&ndseges' = andeges, "eye to eye." 

1939. A most difficult line. Bugge ' sceaden msel ' (so Suchier and 
Zupitza). Suchier translates ("Beit." iv. 500 ff.) : " damit die Klinge 
offenbaren mochte, es sei entschieden " ; Bugge : " nachdem die Sache 
entschieden war," both making sceaden qualify hit. Sievers ("Beit." 
X. 313) supports the reading in the text. Heyne 'scea'Sen-mal scyran,' 
hostile sxoord decide. The second hand in the MS. begins with inoste. 

1942. Rieger 'onsece' (so Suchier). 

1944. MS. 'on hohsnod hem ninges.' See "Beitrage" x. 501. 



BEOWULF. 83 

si6e gesohte ; S^r hio sySSan well 

in gum-stole, gode m^re, 

lif-gesceafta lifigende breac, 

hiold heah-lufan wiS h9ele]?a brego, 
1955 ealles mon-cynnes, mine gefr^ge, 

])one selestan bi s^m tweonum, 

eormen-cynnes. ForSam Offa *w8es, Fol. 173^. 

geofum ond guSum gar-cene man, 

wide geweorSod; wisdome heold 
1960 eSel sinne. ponon EomZ^r woe 

haeleSum t5 helpe, Hem[m]inges mseg, 

nefa Garmundes, niSa crseftig. 



XXVIII. 

Gewat him 8a se hearda mid his hond-scole 
sylf aefter sande s^-wong tredan, 

1965 wide waroSas; woruld-candel scan, 
sigel suSan fus; hi siS drugon, 
elne geeodon, to Sses ]>e eorla hleo, 
bonan OngenJ^eoes burgum in innan, 
geongne g€iS-cyning godne gefmnon 

1970 hringas d^lan. Higelace waes 
si3 Beowulfes snude gecySed, 
]78et S^r on worSig wigendra hleo, 
lind-gestealla, lifigende cwom, 
heaSo-laces hal t5 hofe gongan. 

1975 HraSe wses gerymed, swa se rica bebead, 
feSe-gestum flet innan-weard. 
Gesaet )?a wis sylfne, se Sa ssecce genses, 

1956. MS. 'J>«s.' 

1960. MS. 'geomor'; Bachlechner 'Eomier'; Grein 'Eomor.' 

6—2 



84 BEOWULF. 

raseg wiS m^ge, *syS3an man-diyhten Fol. ns^. 
J>urh hleoSor-cwyde holdne gegrette 

1980 meaglum wordum. Meodu-scencum hwearf 
geond )73et A^a^-reced HsereSes dohtor, 
lufode Sa leode, liS-w^ge bser 
hse^um to handa. Higelac ongan 
sinne geseldan in sele }>am hean 

1985 fsegre fricgcean, hyne fyrwet brsec, 
hwylce Si'e-Geata siSas w^ron : 
"Hu lomp eow on lade, leofa Biowulf, 
)7a Su f^ringa feorr gehogodest 
sa3cce secean ofer sealt wgeter, 

1990 hilde to Hiorote? Ac t5u HroSgare 
wic^-cuSne wean wihte gebettest, 
m^rum Seodne ? Ic Sges mod-ceare 
sorh-wylmum seats, siSe ne trnwode 
leofes mannes. Ic Se lange bsed, 

1995 J>8et Su )7one wsel-gsest wihte ne grette, 
lete Su5-Dene sylfe geweorSan 
guSe wis Grendel. Gode ic }>anc secge, 
]?8es Se ic Se gesundne geseon moste." 
Biowulf ma?5elode, beam EcgSioes : 

2000* "pset is undyrne, dryhten Higelac, Fol. 174". 

1981. MS. 'hffit^'^.^ reced.' Zupitza: ''side added over the line in the 
same hand I think, but with another ink," Kemble : 'heal- reced.' 

1983. MS. 'h£e nu.' Zupitza :" between « and 7i a letter (I think "S) 
erased." Grein 'haslum.' Bugge defends 'H^num' (so Heyne and Socin), 
which he regards as a contracted form meaning "dwellers on the heath" 
(of Jutland). But the fact that he identifies the "Geatas" with the Jutes 
inevitably discounts his opinion. 

1985. Wiilcker ' (hyne fyrwet br»c) ' ; but 11. 232, 2784, show that 
these words have an interrogative force, and are therefore a true parallel 
to what precedes. 

1991. MS. 'wi«'; Thorpe *wid-.' 



BEOWULF. 85 

[m^re] gemeting, monegum fira, 
hwylc [orleg-]hwil uncer Grendles 
wearS on Sam wange, ])ser he worna fela 
Sige-Scyldingum sorge gefremede, 

2005 yrmSe to aldre ; ic Saet eall gewrsec, 
swa [ne] gylpan J^earf Grendeles maga 
[^nig] ofer eorSan uht-hlem ]?one, 
se J?e lengest leofaS laSan cynnes 
f[enne] bifongen. Ic S^r furSum cwom 

2010 to Sam hring-sele Hr5Sgar gretan; 
sona me se m^ra mago Healfdenes, 
sySSan he m5d-sefan minne cuSe, 
wis his sylfes sunu setl get^hte. 
Weorod wses on wynne; ne seah ic widan feorh 

2015 under heofones hwealf heal-sittendra 

medu -dream maran. Hwilum m^ru cwen, 
friSu-sibb folca, flet eall geond-hwearf, 
bgedde byre geonge ; oft hio beah-wriSan 
secge *[sealde], ^r hio to setle geong. Fol. lU^. 

2020 Hwilum for [dJuguSe dohtor HroSgares 
eorlum on ende ealu-wsege bser, 
)?a ic Freaware flet-sittende 

2001. MS. defective at corner, and in 1. 2002. Grein '[msere].' 

2002. Thorpe ' [orleg-].' 

2006. MS. defective at edge, and in 11. 2007, 2009. Grein ' begylpan 
[ne].' In favour of this reading, A has 'swabe,' B 'swal,' and I can find 
no other instance of gielpan with an accus. ; against it, hegielimn is found 
in no other edited text, and it supposes an omission where there is no gap 
in the MS. 

2007. Kemble '[ffinig].' 

2009. A 'fee' and a blank; B 'fer..'; Kemble * fsr-bifongen ' (so 
Wiilcker); Grundtvig 'fenne bifongen' (so Heyne). 

2019. MS. defective at corner. MS. 'hie.' 

2020. MS. defective at edge, and in 11. 2023, 2024, 2026. 



86 BEOWULF. 

nemnan hyrde, ]>^r hio [nsejgled sine 
hseleSum sealde. Sio gehaten [wses], 

2025 geong, gold-hroden, gladum suna Frodan ; 
[h]afaS ]78es geworden wine Scyldinga, 
rices hyi'de, ond J^set r^d talaS, 
)78et he mid Sy wife wsel-f^hSa dsel, 
ssecca, gesette. Oft, [no] seldan, hwSr 

2030 seffcer leod-hryre lytle hwile 

bon-gar bugeS, ]7eah seo bryd duge. 

Mseg )79es )?onne of)7yncan Seoden HeaSobeardna 

ond )?egna gehwam )7ara leoda, 

]?onne he mid fsemnan on flett g^5, 

2035 dryht-bearn Dena duguSa biwenede ; 

2023. Grein's emendation. 

2029. Heyne's emendation ; of. 1. 3019, and Ps. Ixxiv. 4. Oft ends a 
line in the MS., which is defective at the beginning of the next Hne, the 
s oi seldan being gone. "I do not think there was before seldan room 
enough for wo." — Zupitza. Kolbing and Wiilcker think there was. 

2032. Kemble "Seodne.' In his favour, o/l)?/?ica7i always takes a dat. 
pers., and "Seoden is not a defensible dat. form; against, 'Seoden is the 
clear reading of the MS., and he would be a bold man who should correct 
all its grammatical anomalies. 

2035. This is the MS. reading of this difficult line. Grein emended 
biiverede, "among the company," making drijlit-hearn explanatory of he 
in the previous line. But it is natural to take he, as Heyne does, to refer 
to the "Seoden of 1. 2032. He retains the MS. reading and renders: " [while] 
a noble scion of the Danes attended upon the knights." It is much 
more satisfactory to assume the omission of the conjunction \>(St at the 
beginning of 1. 2035, correlative with )>(bs in 2032, to take dxigu^Sa as 
nom. to bilvenede, and to regard this as one of the frequent instances in 
O.E. poetry of a plural subject with a singular verb in a subordinate 
clause. Cf. 11. 2164, 1051, 2130, 2251, &c. The gain to the sense is 
immense: "It displeased the prince of the Heathobards, [that] his 
doughty warriors should attend on a noble scion of the Danes." For the 
omission of }pat cf. 1. 801, and see the note on 1. 2206, a parallel passage; 
the explanation there suggested applies with equal force here, where 
]ponne (2032) is correlative with \)07ine (2034). 



BEOWULF. 87 

on him gladiaS gomelra lafe 

heard ond hring-m^l, HeaSobear[d]na gestreon, 

)7enden hie Sam w^pniim wealdan moston, 

[XXIX.] 

oS Sset hie forlc'eddan to Sam lind-plegan 

2040 swc'ese gesiSas ond hyra sylfra feorh. 

ponne cwiS aet beore, se Se beah *gesyhS, Fol. 175*. 
eald sesc-wiga, se Se eall gem [an], 
gar-cwealm gumena (him biS grim sefa), 
onginneS geomor-mod geong[um] cempan 

2045 f>urh hreSra gehygd higes cunnian, 

wig-bealu weccean, ond J^aet word acwyS : 
'Meaht Sa, min wine, mece gecnawan, 
]7one )?in feeder to gefeohte bser 
under here-griman hindeman siSe, 

2050 dyre iren, ])8er hyne Dene slogon, 

weoldon woel-stowe, sySSan WiSergyld Iseg, 
sefter hselej^a hryre, hwate Scyldungas ? 
Nu her ]7ara banena byre nat-hwylces 
frsetwum hremig on flet g^S, 

2055 morSres gylpe[S], ond ]7one ma5|?um byreS, 
]?one ]7e Sli mid rihte r^dan sceoldest.' 
ManaS swa ond myndgaS mc'ela gehwylce 

2037. MS. 'hea^abearna.' 

2039. The MS. has a large capital at the beginning of this Hne, 
such as one finds elsewhere only at the beginning of a new fit. (Cf. 
1. 1740.) But the number xxix is wanting, and the next break is at 
1. 2144, where the number is xxxi. Wiilcker makes the 29th fit begin with 
1. 2014, and the 30th with 1. 2067. Heyne makes one break instead of 
two, and that after 1. 2031. 

2042. MS. defective at corner and edge, here and in 11. 2044, 2055. 

2051. MS. 'wi-Ser gyld.' Heyne 5 '{syS^an wi^er-gyld laeg),' when 
vengeance failed. But cf. Widsi^ 124. 



88 BEOWULF. 

sarum wordum, oS Sset s^l cymeS, 

)78et se f^mnan )?egn fore fseder d^dum 

2060 seffcer billes bite blod-fag swefeS, 
ealdres scyldig ; him se oSer )7onan 
losa3 *[li]figende, con him land geare. Fol. ITS'', 
ponne bioS brocene on ba healfe 
aS-sweord eorla, [syS]San Ingelde 

2065 weallaS wsel-niSas, ond him wif-lufan 
sefter cear-wselmum colran weorSaS. 
py ic HeaSobear[d]na hyldo ne telge, 
dryht-sibbe d^l, Denum unf^cne, 
freond-scipe fsestne. Ic sceal forS sprecan 

2070 gen ymbe Grendel, J^set Su geare cunne, 
sinces brytta, to hwan sySSan wearS 
hond-r^s hsele'Sa. SySSan heofones gim 
glad ofer grundas, gsest yrre cwom, 
eatol ^fen-grom, user neosan, 

2075 Seer we gesunde ssel weardodon. 
peer wses Hondscio hilcZ onssege, 
feorh-bealu f^gum ; he fyi^mest Iseg, 
gyrded cempa; him Grendel wearS, 
m^erum magii-]?egne, to mu5-bonan, 

2080 leofes mannes lie call forswealg. 

2062. MS. defective at corner and edge here and in two following lines. 
A 'figende'; Thorkelin 'wigende' (so most editors); Heyne 'lifigende' 
(so Zupitza). 

2063. AB 'orocene' (B with a stop before it); Kemble *[a]brocene' 
(so Zupitza) ; other editors as text. 

2064. Zupitza 'a'S- swear's.' His foot-note runs : " There is a stroke 
through d in sioeord, but without the usual head, nor is it quite distinct." 

2067. MS. 'hea«o bearna.' 

2076. MS. 'hilde.' In support of Eieger's emendation cf. 1. 2483. 

2079. MS. 'mffiru magu (i.e. magum) >egne.' But see 11. 293, 408, etc. 
The mistake is due to "repetition." In 1. 158 we have the opposite error 
of "anticipation." 



BEOWULF. 89 

No 3y ser ut Sa gen idel-hende 

bona bl6dig-to5, bealewa gemyndig, 

of Sam gold-sele gongan wolde ; 

ac he msegnes rof min costode, 
2085*grapode gearo-folm. Glof hangode Fol. 176^ 

Sid ond syllic, searo-bendum faest; 

sio wses orSoncum eall gegyrwed 

deofles crseftum ond dracan fellum. 

He mec J?^r on innan unsynnigne, 
2090 dior d^d-fruma, gedon wolde 

manigra sumne ; hyt ne mihte swa, 

sySSan ic on jriTe upp-riht astod. 

To lang ys to reccenne, hu i[c S]am leod-sceaSan 

yfla gehwylces hond-lean forgeald; 
2095 )?^r ic, J^eoden min, J>ine leode 

weorSode weorcum. He onweg losade, 

lytle hwile lif-wynna br[ea]c ; 

hwsej^re him sio swiSre swaSe weardade 

hand on Hiorte, ond he hean Sonan, 
2100 mddes geomor, mere-grund gefeoU. 

Me )7one wael-r^s wine Scildunga 

fgettan golde fela leanode, 

manegum maSmum, sySSan mergen com, 

ond we to symble geseten ha^fdon. 
2105 p^r waes gidd ond gleo. Gome*la Scilding, Fol. 

fela fricgende, feorran rehte ; 176^. 

hwilum hilde-deor hearpan wynne, 

gome?i-wudu grette, hwilum gyd awrsec 

soS ond sarlic ; hwilum syllic spell 

2085. MS. 'geareo.' 

2093. MS. defective at edge here and in line 2097. A 'huiedam.' 

2108. MS. 'gomel.' 



90 BEOWULF. 

2110 rehte aefter rihte rum-heort cyniiig; 

hwilum eft ongan eldo gebunden, 

gomel gu5-wiga gioguSe cwiSau 

hilde-strengo ; hreSer inne weoll, 

]7onne he wintrum frod worn gemunde. 
2115 Swa we ]>^v iiine ondlangne dseg 

mode naman, o5 Sset niht becwom 

o'Ser to yldum. pa wses eft hraSe 

gearo gyrn-wrsece Grendeles modor, 

siSode sorh-full ; sunu deaS fornam, 
2120 wig-hete Wedra. Wif unhyre 

hyre beam gewrsec, beorn acwealde 

ellenlice; ]7^r wses ^schere, 

frodan fyrn-witan, feorh iiS-genge. 

NoSer hy hine ne moston, sySSan mergen cwom, 
2125 deaS-w6rigne Denia leode, 

bronde forbaernan, ne on h^\ hladan 

leofne mannan ; * hio ]?8et lie setbaer Fol. 177-'. 

feondes f8eS[mum unjder firgen-stream. 

pset waes HroSgare hreowa tornost, 
2130 )?ara ]?e leod-fruman lange begeate. 

pa se Seoden mec Sine life 

healsode hreoh-mod, ]>8dt ic on holma ge)?ring 

eorl-scipe efnde, ealdre geneSde, 

m^rSo fremede ; he me mede gehet. 
2135 Ic Sa Saes waelmes, J^e is wide ciiS, 

grim7ie, gryrelicne gnmd-hyrde fond. 

2126. MS. *b^r ( = bfel). 

2128. Grein's emendation. Zupitza 'ffelSrunga [un]der,' and in a 

foot-note: "fadr with unga written over the dots with another ink 

B ; now nothing preserved but /ce'S and part of a letter which may have 
been r, m, or 7i; the word has been torn asunder.'' 

2136. MS. 'grimme.' . 



BEOWULF. 91 

peer unc hwile wses hand-gem^ne ; 
holm heolfre weoll, ond ic heafde becearf 
in Sam [grund-Jsele Grendeles modor 
2140 eacnum ecgum ; unsofte f»onan 

feorh oSferede ; n^es ic fsege )7a gyt ; 
ac me eorla hleo eft gesealde 
maSma menigeo, maga Healfdenes. 

XXXI. 

Swa se Seod-kyning ]:»eawum lyfde ; 
2145 nealles ic Sam leanum forloren hsefde, 

msegnes mede, ac he me *[maSma]s geaf, Fol. 

sunu Healfdenes, on [minjne sylfes dom, l^?*^. 

Sa ic Se, beorn-cyning, bringan wylle, 

estum gey wan. Gen is eall set Se 
2150 lissa gelong; ic lyt hafo 

heafod-maga nefne, Hygelac, Sec." 

Het Sa in beran eafor, heafod-segn, 

heaSo-steapne helm, hare byrnan, 

guS-sweord geatolic, gyd aefter wraec : 
2155 " Me Sis hilde-sceorp HroSgar sealde, 

snotra fengel ; sume worde het, 

)?9et ic his ^rest Se est ges^gde ; 

cwaeS J>3et hyt hsefde Hiorogar cyning, 

leod Scyldimga, lange hwile ; 

2137. Wiilcker and Heyne 'hand gemane,' but cf. Ger. handgemein. 

2139. No gap in MS. Grundtvig's emendation. 

2146. MS. defective at corner here and in next line. 

2147. Grundtvig '[sinjne.' 

2152. Zupitza and most editors 'eafor-heafod-segn.' But, as com- 
pounds of three words are as rare in O.E. poetry as compounds of two 
words are common, it seems better to make two parallels. 

2157. This line has constantly been mangled (see Heyne or Wiilcker) 
through misreading the 'est' of the MS. as eft. Cf. 1. 2165. 



92 BEOWULF. 

2160 no Sy ^r suna sinum syllan wolde, 

hwatum Heorowearde, )?eah he him hold Wt'ere, 

breost-gewc'edu. Briic ealles well." 

Hyrde ic, J^^t }>am frsetwum feower mearas 

lungre gelice last weardode, 
2165 aeppel-fealuwe ; he him est geteah 

meara ond maSma. Swa sceal *m^g don, Fol. 178». 

nealles inwit-net 53rum bregdon, 

dyrnum craefte deaS ren[ian] 

hond-gesteallan. Hygelace wses 
2170 niSa heardum nefa swySe hold, 

ond gehwseSer oSrum hrof>ra gemyndig. 

Hyrde ic, ]78et he Sone heals-beah Hygde gesealde, 

wrsetlicne wundur-maSSum, Sone ])e him Wealh- 
Seo geaf, 

Seod[nes] dohtor, ]7rio wicg somod 
2175 swancor ond sadol-beorht ; hyre sySSan wges, 

aefter beah-Sege, br[e]ost geweorSod. 

Swa bealdode beam EcgSeowes, 

guma guSum cuS, godum d^dum, 

dreah sefter dome, nealles druncne slog 
2180 heorS-geneatas ; nses him hreoh sefa, 

ac he man-cynnes mi'este cr^efte 

gin-faestan gife, }>e him God sealde, 

heold hilde-deor. Hean wses lange, 

swa hyne Geata beam godne ne tealdon, 
2185 ne hyne on medo-bence micles wyrSne 

*drihten wereda gedon wolde ; Fol. ITS*^. 

swySe [wenjdon, ]?8et he sleac w^re, 

aeSeling unfrom. Edwenden cwom 

2168. MS. defective at edge here and in 1. 2174. 

2187. MS. defective at edge. Grein's emendation; see "Crist" 309. 



BEOWULF. 93 

tir-eadigum menn torna gehwylces. 
2190 Het 5a eorla hleo in gefetian, 

heaSo-rof cyning, HreSles lafe 

golde gegyrede ; nses mid Geatum Sa 

sinc-maS)7um selra on sweordes had ; 

]?8et he on Biowulfes bearm alegde, 
2195 ond him gesealde seofan )?usendo, 

bold ond brego-stol. Him wses bam samod 

on Sam leod-scipe lond gecynde, 

eard, eSel-riht, oSrum swiSor 

side rice, ]?am 5^r seba wses. 
2200 Eft )78et geiode ufaran dogrum 

hilde-hlsemmum, sySSan Hygelac laeg, 

ond Hear[dr]ede hilde-meceas 

under bord-hreoSan to bonan wurdon, 

Sa hyne gesohtan on sige-]?eode 
2205 hearde hilde-frecan, HeaSo-Scilfingas, 

niSa gen^gdan nefan Hererices — 

sySSan * Beowulfe brade rice Fol. 179^ 

2202. MS. 'hearede.' But see 1. 2375. 

2206. All editors put a full stop at the close of this line, leaving the 
sense of ")j8et geiode etc." very lame or very obscure. I take the con- 
struction of the passage to be as follows: );>cst (1. 2200), as in many other 
passages in the poem (cf. 11. 1846, 1591), has a forward reference like mod. 
"this," and is anticipatory of a substantive clause, which usually begins 
with a correlative \>cet ; this substantive clause is contained in 11. 
2207 — 8 (first half), but the conjunction is omitted here, as in 1. 2035, 
perhaps because sy'^'San (2207) is correlative with sy'^'&an (2201). 

2207. The foHo that begins here (179^) with the word "beowulfe" 
takes rank with the last folio of all (198^) as the most defective and illegible 
portions of the MS. Zupitza says : "All that is distinct in the facsimile 
in fol. 179 has been freshened up by a later hand in the MS." Sometimes 
the later hand has altered the original reading, and not for the better ; 
e.g. in 1. 2209, wintra has been changed to lointru. Zupitza transliterates 
the readings of the later hand. 



94 BEOWULF. 

on hand gehwearf. He geheold tela 
fiftig wintra (waes 5a frod cyning, 

2210 eald e)7el-weard), oS Sset an ongan 
deorcum nihtum draca rics[i]an, 
se Se on hea[iim] hl^we hord beweotode, 
stan-beorh steapne ; stig under Iseg 
eldum uncuS. p^r on innan 'giong 

2215 niSa nat-hwylc ::::::: gefeng 
h^Snum horde hond :::::::: 

2210. Later hand ' on.' Cf. 1. 100. 

2211. AB 'ricsan,' now gone. 

2212. MS. very indistinct ; nothing in AB between hea and hord. 
Zupitza 'hea['5o]-hl8ewe,' and in a foot-note: "what is left of the two 
letters after hea justifies us in reading them 'So." As I can assign no 
satisfactory meaning to hea'So-hlceice, I have emended as in the text. 
Grein suggested 'heare hffi^e' (so Heyne). 

2213. Later hand ' stearne.' 

2215 — 2231. Here I have closely followed Zupitza's transliteration, 
except in one particular. Much is very doubtful — readings, punctuation, 
division into lines. Zupitza gives only the lines of the MS., without 
division into verse lines, except that he marks with an asterisk and 
numbers every fifth line of the poem. In illegible passages he employs 
" as many colons as letters seem to have been lost." I differ from Zupitza, 
as well as from Grein and Heyne, in the division and numbering of 
these lines, and with good reason. Between /a/i ne and Wofes they make 
two lines and a half, 2217 (2) — 2219 ; I make it one line and a half, as in 
the text. Zupitza's arrangement of these two and a half lines (using 
exactly the number of letter spaces he gives in his transliteration) would 
be this : 

2217 ne he >ffit syS-San 

2218 : : : : : t>[eah] «[e he] 

2219 slgepende be syre : : : : de 

Compare this with the text and it will be seen that the material, which 
comfortably fills a line and a half, is hopelessly inadequate for two and a 
half. On the other hand, in 11. 2229 and 2230 they make the first sceapen 
conclude the first half of 2229 and the second sceapen come in the first 
half of 2230. But, besides the improbability of the same word being re- 



BEOWULF. 95 

: : : : : since fah ne he 'pset sySSan : : : : : 
J>[eah] 3[e he] sl^pende be syi*e : : : : de 
}>eofes crsefte )?8et sie Siod : : : : : 
2220 : : : : folc beorna ]79et he gebolge[n] wses. 



peated in two following lines, Zupitza puts forty dots between sceapen and 
sceapen, and this is certainly below rather than above the number of 
missing letters, for the first seeapen comes at the beginning (all but a 
space for four letters) of the last line of fol. 179"^ in the MS., and the second 
sceapen closes the first line of fol. 179*^ (cf. 11, 2295 — 7, where scire and 
utan- stand in exactly the same relative positions in two following folios). 
Hence the arrangement of 11. 2228 — 30 in the text, which makes my line- 
numbers again correspond with those of Grein. In this rearrangement I 
have been anticipated by Bugge (see below), although I arrived at the 
same conclusion quite independently. 

Innumerable emendations of this passage have been suggested (see 
Wiilcker), of which I give only a very few. I have punctuated only where 
the connected sense is tolerably certain. 

2217. Zupitza : ''fah originally fac, but h written over c." Heyne 5 
'facne'; Wiilcker 'fahne.' 

2218. Zupitza: "The traces left between J? and slcepende I think 
justify us in reading \>eaTi "Se he." The letters within square brackets 
here and in 11. 2225, 2227, 2228, 2230, he omits, however, in his trans- 
literation, although suggesting them in foot-notes. 

"■syre—1 do not see any trace of the first letter having ever been /." — Z. 

2219. Zupitza puts nine colons between "SiocZ and folc, but it is im- 
possible to say how they are to be divided between this and the next line. 

2220. "ri in bolgen faded." — Z. 

Grein's reconstruction of 11. 2214 ff. is as follows : 
p£er on innan giong 
2215 ni'Sa nat-hwylc, se neodu gefeng 

has'Snum horde : hond-bollan hwylcne 
since fahne he ]psev sy'S'San genam 
readan goldes, J?ffit bereafod wear's 
slffipende be fyre sinces hyrde 
(2220) jpeofes crasfte : >Eet siSSan )jeoden onfand, 
2220 bealu-leas folc-biorn, >aet he gebolgen waes. 
This may be compared with the text. In some respects it is preferable to 
Bugge' s more recent reconstruction, which I append : 



BEOWULF. 



XXXII. 

Nealles mid gewealdum wyi-m-horda crseft 
[sohte], sylfes willum, se 3e him sare gesceod ; 
ac for )7rea-nedlan )?[eow] nat-hwylces 
hseleSa bearna hete-swengeas fleah, 
2225 [semes] j^earfa, ond 5^r inne fealh, 
secg syn-bysig. Sona ^etid[d]e, 
)?8et : : : : : Sam gyst[e gryre-]broga stod ; 

pffir on innan giong 
2215 ni'S'Sa nat-hwylc, neode to gefeng 

hse'Snum horde ; hond aetgenam 

sele-ful since fah; ne he j^ast syS'San ageaf, 

jjeah 'Se he sliepende besyrede hyrde 

Jjeofes craefte : t>aet se ^ioden onfand, 
2220 by-folc beorna, baet he gebolgen waes. 

2221. '^weoldum the later hand instead of loealdum, the a being still 
recognisable. Nothing after liorda [i.e. between it and crcefty — Zupitza. 

2222. Grein's emendation. No gap in MS. 

2223. Zupitza ' t)[egn],' and in a foot-note : "the traces of three letters 
between \> and nat justify us in reading egn {\>egn K.)." So Grein. On 
the other hand, Thorpe, who made a careful collation of the MS. in 1830, 
three years before Kemble's first edition, leaves a blank. As ))egn seems 
from the whole context to be an impossible name for the " fea-sceaftum 
men " (1. 2285), I read ]peoio with Wiilcker and Heyne 5. 

2224. Later hand ' fleoh.' 

2225. " To judge from what is left, the second word of this line was 
oernesJ" — Z. 

AB *weall.' "Now only loeal left, but w stands on an original/, 
which is still recognisable ; and what seemed to be another I in Thorkelin's 
time may have been the remnant of an original /i." — Z. 

2226. Grein ' [Waes] s5na in \>a. tide. ' Thorpe ' inwlatode ' (so Heyne 5). 
Zupitza ^'imoatide, no doubt, the second hand." What did the second 
hand mean? My own conjecture is given in the text. 

2227. " The indistinct letter after gyst seems to have been e. The 
traces of the third word allow us to read gi'yre." — Z. 



BEOWULF. 97 

hwseSre [earm-]sceapen 

* Fol. 179'\ 

2230 .... sceapen [)7a hyne] se f^r begeat 

sinc-fset [geseah]. p^r wses swylcra fela 
in Sam eor3-[hu]se ^r-gestreona, 
swa hy on gear-dagum gumena nat-hwylc, 
eormen-lafe sej^elan cynnes, 

2235 )?anc-hycgende ]?c^r gehydde, 

deore maSmas. Ealle hie deaS fornam 
^rran m^lum, ond se sua. Sa gen 
leoda duguSe, se S^r lengest hwearf, 
wears wine-geomor, wende ]?ses yldan, 

2240 ]78et he lytel fsec long-gestreona 
brucan moste. Beorh eall gearo 
wunode on wonge waeter-ySum neah, 
niwe be naesse, nearo-crseftum fsest; 
pser on innan bser eorl-gestreona 

2245 hringa hyrde hard-fyrc^ne d^l, 

2228. "According to the traces left, the first word [i.e. in the MS. 
line] may have been mrw." — Z. 

2230. " \>a hine before se ? "— Z. 

Wiilcker 'fies.' Zupitza : "fas freshened up, but s seems to stand on 
an original r. " 

2231. After the first line of the new folio, the illegibility is confined 
to the edges of the next three lines. Heyne's emendation. Wiilcker 
' scir ' or ' seah,' thinking there is not room for geseah. I think there is. 
Zupitza has six dots. 

2237. " Si the later hand, but i seems to stand on an original e." — Z. 

2239. B 'weard' (so Wiilcker and Heyne); Zupitza 'wearlS' (almost 
the only instance in which he transliterates the reading of the first hand). 
" The last letter of the first word was originally ^, although the later 
hand has not freshened up the stroke through the d."— Z. 

"n'/ide the later hand, but ivende the first." — Z. Wiilcker 'wiscte.' 

2244. 'Hnnon the later hand, but o stands on an original a." — Z. 

2245. Zupitza 'hard-wyr'Sne,' and in a foot-note : "xo (or/?) and the 

W. B. 7 



98 BEOWULF. 

fgettan goldes, fea worda cwseS : 

" Heald f>u nu, hmse, nu hseleS ne mostan, 

eorla ^hte. Hwset ! hyt ^r on Se 

gode begeaton ; guS-deaS fomam, 
2250 feorh-bealo frecne, ijra gehwylcne, 

leoda minra, ]7ara Se ]?is [lif] ofgeaf; 

gesawon sele-dream. * Nah hwa sweord wege, Fol. 

oSSe fe[o]r[mie] fseted w^ge, 180». 

drync-fget deore; dug[u5] ellor scoc. 
2255 Sceal se hearda helm [hyr]sted golde 

f^tum befeallen; feormend swefaS, 

)7a Se beado-griman bywan sceoldon ; 

ge swylce seo here-pad, sio 9st hilde gebad 

ofer borda gebrsec bite irena, 
2260 brosnaS aefter beorne; ne maeg byrnan bring 

sefter wig-fruman wide feran 

hseleSum be healfe. Nis hearpan wyn, 

stroke through d in wyrSne not freshened up." Though adopting its 
reading, I am suspicious of the later hand. The form hard occurs 
nowhere else in "Beowulf." 

2246. "/ec later hand, but originally /ert." — Z. 

2247. "mcestan later hand, but I think I see an original o under the 
ce; a also seems to stand on another vowel (w or o?)." — Z. 

2250. "reorh bealc later hand, but the first r stands on an original 
/, and c on an original o." — Z. 

MS. 'fyrena.' 

2251. "]pa7ia later hand, no doubt ; nor do I see any sign of the third 
letter having originally been r."— Z. 

2252. Zupitza 'sele-dream : : ' 

2253. MS. defective at corner and edge here and in 11. 2254, 2255, and 
2268. Grein's emendation, supported by Zupitza, who says that the re- 
maining traces of the word in the MS. make fetige impossible. Cf. 1. 2256. 

2254. MS. 'seoc' 

2256. MS. 'feormynd.' Cf. 1. 2761. 

2262. MS. 'n^s' (so Heyne). Cf. 11. 1923, 2486, where I have kept 
the MS. reading. But here the change of tense is too harsh. 



BEOWULF. 99 

gomen gleo-beames, ne god hafoc 

geond sael swingeS, ne se swifta mearh 
2265 burh-stede beateS. Bealo-cwealm hafaS 

fela feorh-cynna forS onsended." 

Swa giomor-mod giohSo m^nde 

an aefter eallum, unbliSe hwe[op] 

daeges ond nihtes, oS Sset deaSes wylm 
2270 hran set heortan. Hord-wynne fond 

eald uht-sceaSa opene standan, 

se Se byrnende biorgas seceS, 

nacod niS-draca, nihtes fleogeS 

fyre befangen; hyne fold-buend 
2275*[swiSe ondn"e]da[S]. He gesecean sceall Fol. 180'^. 

[ho]r[d on] hmsan, ]?^r he h^Sen gold 

waraS wintrum frod; ne byS him wihte 3y sel. 

Swa se 5eod-scea5a ]?reo hund wintra 

heold on hmsan hord-aerna sum 
2280 eacen-crgeftig, o5 5get hyne an abeal/i 

mon on mode ; man-dryhtne bser 

fitted w^ge, frioSo-w^re bsed 

hlaford sinne. Da wses hord rasod, 

onboren beaga hord; bene getiSad 
2285 fea-sceaftum men. Frea sceawode 

fira fyrn-geweorc forman siSe. 

2266. A B 'feor^S'; Zupitza 'for'5.' He says: "There is a dot under 
e, which is besides very indistinct." Underdotting is equivalent to erasure. 
Heyne considers 1. 808 conclusive in favour of his reading ' feorr.' 

2275 — 6. MS. defective and illegible at top and corner. Zupitza's 
emendations. 

2279. MS. 'hrusam.' 

2280. MS. 'abealch.' 

2284. Bugge suggests 'beaga dM' on the ground that the repetition 
of hord is a mistake of the scribe. 

7—2 



100 BEOWULF. 

pa se wyrm on woe, wroht wses geniwad ; 
stone Sa seffcer stane, steare-heort onfand 
feondes fot-last; he to forS gestop 

2290 dyrnan crsefte dracan heafde neah. 
Swa mseg unfgege eaSe gedigan 
wean ond wrgee-siS, se Se Waldendes 
hyldo gehealde]?. Hord-weard sohte 
georne sefter grunde, wolde guman findan, 

2295 J>one ]?e him on sweofote sare geteode ; 

hat ond hreoh-mod *h\dew oft ymbehwearf Fol. 
ealne utan-weardne ; ne S^r fenig mon 1^1*- 

on )?^m westenne. HwseSre hilde gefeh, 
bea[du]-weorces ; hwilum on beorh sethwearf, 

2300 sine-fset sohte ; he f'aet sona onfand, 

Saet hsefde gumena sum goldes gefandod, 
heah-gestreona. Hord-weard onbad 
earfoSlice, o5 Sset ^fen cwom ; 
wses Sa gebolgen beorges hyrde, 

2305 wolde se laSa lige forgyldan 

drinc-fBet dyre. pa wses dseg sceacen 
wyrme on willan; no on wealle \eng 
bidan wolde, ac mid bgele for, 
fyre gefysed. Waes se fruma egeslie 

2310 leodum on lande, swa hyt lungre wearS 
on hyra sinc-gifan sare geendod. 

2296. MS. 'hlsewu'; Grundtvig 'hl»w nu' (so Wiilcker and Heyne). 

2298. B * >aere ' ; A a blank ; Grein ' hs^e,' for the alliteration ; " now 
nothing but the lower part of the perpendicular stroke of \> left" (Z.). 
Heyne '[wses] on J>Sre westenne.' Grein inserts loces after iie in the 
previous line. 

2299. MS. defective at edge. 

2305. MS. ' fela «a ' ; Bugge 'se la«a.' 
2307. MS. ' Iseg ' ; Thorpe ' leng. ' 



BEOWULF. 101 



XXXIII. 



Da se gsest ongan gledum spiwan, 
beorht hofu bsernan ; bryne-leoma stod 
eldum on andan ; no S^r aht cwices 

2315 laS lyft-floga leefan *wolde. Fol. 181^ 

Wses ]?8es wyrmes wig wide gesyne, 
nearo-fages niS nean ond feorran, 
hii se gii3-sceaSa Geata leode 
hatode ond hynde. Hord eft gesceat, 

2320 dryht-sele dyrnne, ^r dseges hwile ; 
hsefde land-wara lige befangen, 
bt'ele ond bronde ; beorges getmwode, 
wiges ond wealles; him seo wen geleah. 
pa wses Biowulfe broga gecySed 

2325 sniide to s5Se, )?9et his sylfes ham, 
bolda selest, bryne-wyhnum mealt, 
gif-stol Geata. pset Sam godan wges 
hreow on hreSre, hyge-sorga m^st; 
wende se wisa, J?3et he Wealdende 

2330 ofer ealde riht, ecean Dryhtne, 
bitre gebulge ; breost innan weoll 
|?eostrum ge]?oncum, swa him ge]?ywe ne wses. 
Haefde lig-draca leoda fsesten, 
ea-lond iitan, eorS-weard Sone, 

2335 gledum forgrunden; him Saes gOS-kyning, 
Wedera J^ioden, wrsece leornode. 
Heht him )?a gewyrcean wigendra hleo 
eall-irenne, eorla dryhten, 
wig-bord wrsetlic ; *wisse he gearwe, Fol. 182'^. 

2325. MS. 'him' (so Wiilcker) ; Conybeare 'ham.' 



102 BEOWULF. 

2340 )?set him holt-wiidu he[lpan] ne meahte, 
lind wis lige. Sceolde Icen-ds^ga. 
sej^eling ^r-god ende gebidan, 
worulde lifes, ond se wyrm somod, 
)7eah ?Se hord-welan heolde lange. 

2345 Oferhogode Sa hringa fengel, 

]>set he ]7one wid-flogan weorode gesohte, 
sidan herge ; no he him J?^ ssecce ondred, 
ne him ];8es wyrmes wig for wiht dyde, 
eafoS ond ellen, forSon he i^r fela, 

2350 nearo ne?5ende, niSa gedigde, 

hilde-hlemma, sySSan he HroSgares, 
sigor-eadig secg, sele f^lsode, 
ond set guSe forgrap Grendeles m^gum 
laSan cynnes. No pset l^sest wses 

2355 hond-gemot, ]}ser mon Hygelac sloh, 
sySSan Geata cyning guSe r^sum, 
frea-wine folca Fres-londum on, 
HreSles eafora, hioro-dryncum swealt 
bille gebeaten; J^onan Biownlf com 

2360 sylfes crajfte, sund-nytte dreah ; 

hsefde him on earme *[ana] ]7rittig FoL 182^ 

hilde-geatwa, ]7a he to hohne [st]ag. 
Nealles Hetware hremge l7orf[t]on 

2340. MS. defective at corner. 

2341. MS. '>end'; Kemble 'ISn.' Cf. 1. 2591. 

2347. MS. '>a' ( = >am). Wulcker retains the MS. reading and defends 
it in a note, which one can only suppose to be a misprint: "Da on mit 
dat. ebenso wie mit accus. verbunden wird." Scbcc is fern. (Sievers 
§ 258. 1). 

2356. Zupitza 'gu^e-raesum.' Not one of the sixty odd compounds 
of gil^ is formed in this way. 

2361. MS. defective at corner, here and in two following hnes. 
Zupitza ' . . . XXX.' Grein's emendation. 



BEOWULF. 103 

feSe-wiges, ]>e him foran ongean 

2365 linde bi^ron ; lyt eft becwom 

fram ]7am hild-frecan hames niosan. 
Oferswam Sa sioleSa bigong sunu EcgSeowes, 
earm an-haga, eft to leodum, 
)7^r him Hygd gebead hord ond rice, 

2370 beagas ond brego-stol ; bearne ne tmwode, 
)78et he wis aol-fylcum e)7el-stolas 
heal dan cuSe, Sa waes Hygelac dead. 
No Sy ^r fea-sceafte findan meahton 
set Sam seSelinge senige Singa, 

2375 )?9et he Heardrede hlaford wgere, 
oSSe f»one cynedom ciosan wolde ; 
hwaeSre he hi^ie; on folce freond-larum heold, 
estum mid are, oS Saet he yldra wearS, 
Weder-Geatum weold. Hyne wraec-msecgas 

2380 ofer s^ sohtan, suna Ohteres ; 

hsefdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, 

)?one selestan s^-cyninga, 

)7ara Se in Swio-rice sine brytnade, 

m^rne *]7eoden. Him ]>set to mearce wearS; FoI. 

2385 he ]?£er orfeorme feorh-wunde hieat ISo". 

sweordes swengum, sunu Hygelaces. 
Ond him eft gewat OngenSioes beam 
hames niosan, sySSan Heardred Iseg, 
let Sone brego-stol Biowulf healdan, 

2390 Geatum wealdan ; ]78et wses god cyning. 

2377. MS. ' hi ' ( = him) ; Thorpe ' hme.' 

2383. MS. "5e «e,' the first at the end of a line, the second at the be- 
ginning of the next. 

2385. Grein 'on feorme'; Moller 'for feorme' (so Heyne 5). 



104 BEOWULF. 



XXXIV. 



Se Sges leod-hryres lean gemunde 

uferan dogrum ; Eadgilse wearS 

fea-sceaftum freond, folce gestepte 

ofer s^ side sunu Oh teres, 
2395 wigum ond w^pnum ; he gewryec sySSan 

cealdum cear-siSum, cyning ealdre bineat. 

Swa he niSa gehwane genesen hgefde, 

sliSra geslyhta, sunu EcgSiowes, 

ellen-weorca, o3 Sone anne dseg, 
2400 ]>e he wi9 |7am wyrme gewegan sceolde. 

Gewat )?a twelfa sum, torne gebolgen, 

dryhten Geata dracan sceawian ; 

hsefde J?a gefmnen, hwanan sio f^hS aras, 

bealo-ni3 biorna ; him to bearme *cwom Fol. 183^. 
2405 ma3)7um-f8et m^re )?urh Sges meldan hond. 

Se wges on Sam Sreate )?reotteoJ>a secg, 

se Saes orleges or onstealde ; 

hseft hyge-giomor sceolde hean Sonon 

wong wisian. He ofer willan giong, 
2410 to Sees Se he eorS-sele anne wisse, 

hl^w under hrusan holm-wylme neh, 

yS-gewinne, se wees innan full 

wrgetta ond wira. Weard unhiore, 

2393. Heyne 'feond, folce gestepte,' with a different interpretation of 
the whole passage: sunu (2394) nom., cyning (2396) = Eadgils. With the 
MS. reading, retained in the text, sunu is accus., and cyning = Onel&. 
By supporting the exiled Eadgils against Onela, Beowulf obtains his 
revenge on the Swedes. See Bugge, "Beit." xii. 11 ff., and Eadgils in 
Index of Persons and Places. 

2401. MS. '.xn.' 



BEOWULF. 105 

gearo guS-freca, gold-maSmas heold, 

2415 eald under eorSan; na^s )?8et ySe ceap 
to gegangenne gumena genigum. 
Gesset Sa on nsesse niS-heard cyning, 
)7enden htelo ahead heorS-geneatum, 
gold-wine Geata. Him wses geomor sefa, 

2420 wgefre ond wsel-fus, wyrd ungemete neah, 
se Sone gomelan gretan sceolde, 
secean sawle hord, sundur ged^lan 
lif wis lice ; no )7on lange wees 
feorh 8e]7elinges fl^sce bewunden. 

2425 Biowulf ma)?elade, beam EcgSeowes : 
"Fela ic on giogoSe guS-rsesa genses, 
orleg-hwila; ic )?8et eall gemon. 
*Ic wses syfan-wintre, }>a mec sinca baldor, Fol. 
frea-wine folca, aet minum feeder genam ; 184*. 

2430 heold mec ond hsefde HreSel cyning, 

geaf me sine ond symbel, sibbe gemunde ; 
nses ic him to life laSra owihte 
beorn in burgum )?onne his bearna hwylc, 
Herebeald ond HgeScyn, oSSe Hygelac min. 

2435 Wses )?am yldestan ungedefelice 
m^ges dgedum mor)7or-bed stred, 
sy35an hyne HseScyn of horn-bogan, 
his frea-wine, flane geswencte, 
miste mercelses ond his mieg ofscet, 

2440 broSor oSerne, blodigan gare. 

p8et waes feoh-leas gefeoht, fyrenum gesyngad, 
hreSre hyge-meSe ; sceolde hwaeSre swa ]7eah 
geSeling unwrecen ealdres linnan. 

2421. Wiilcker ' seo.' Wyrd is fern, elsewhere in the poem; but cf. 
11. 1344, 2685. 



106 BEOWULF. 

Swa bis geomorlic gomelum ceorle 

2445 to gebidanne, )?set his byre ride 

giong on galgan; ]7onne he gyd wrece, 
sarigne sang, ]7onne his sunu hangaS 
hrefne to hroSre, ond he him helpan ne maeg, 
eald ond in-frod, ^nige gefremman. 

2450 Symble biS gemyndgad morna gehwylce 

*eaforan ellor-siS ; oSres ne gymeS Fol. 184^ 

to gebidanne burgum in innan 
yrfe-weardas, fonne se an hafaS 
)7urh deaSes nyd d^da gefondad. 

2455 GesyhS sorh-cearig on his suna bure 
win-sele westne, wind-gereste, 
reote berofene; ridend swefaS, 
hseleS in hoSman ; nis J7c'er hearpan sweg, 
gomen in geardum, swylce 5^r iu wgeron. 



XXXV. 

2460 GewitetS ]?onne on sealman, sorh-leoS gseleS 
an sefter anum ; )?iihte him eall to rum, 
wongas ond wic-stede. Swa Wedra hehn 
aefter Herebealde heortan sorge 
weallinde wseg; wihte ne meahte 

2465 on Sam feorh-bonan f^ghSe gebetan; 

no Sy e'er he )?one heaSorinc hatian ne meahte 
laSum deedum, )?eah him leof ne wses. 
He Sa mid f'c'ere sorhge, ]>e him sio sar belamp, 
gum-dream ofgeaf, Godes leoht geceas; 

2448. Kemble ' helpe.' There is no other certain instance of the weak 
form than this. Possibly the scribe was thinking of the infinitive. 

2453. For gen. sing, in -as see Sievers § 237, N. 1. Cf. 11. 63, 2921. 



BEOWULF. 107 

2470 eaferum l^fde, swa deS eadig mon, 

lond ond leod-byrig, )?a he of life gewat. 
pa *w3es synn ond sacu Sweona ond Geata, Fol. 
ofer [w]id waeter wroht gem^ne, l^^^- 

here-niS hearda, sytSSan HreSel swealt ; 

2475 oS5e him OngenSeowes eaferan Wc'eran 
frome, fyrd-hwate, freode ne woldon 
ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hreosnabeorh 
eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon. 
paet mjeg-wine mine gewrgecan, 

2480 f^hSe ond fyrene, swa hyt gefr^ge wees, 
]?eah Se oSer his ealdre gebohte, 
heardan ceape ; H^eScynne wearS, 
Geata dryhtne, gutJ ons^ge. 
pa ic on morgne gefrsegn m^g oSerne 

2485 billes ecgum on bonan st^lan, 
]7^r Ongen)?eow Eofores niosaS ; 
guS-helm toglad, gomela Scylfing 
hreas [heoro-]blac ; bond gemunde 
f^hSo genoge, feorh-sweng ne ofteah. 

2490 Ic him l7a maSmas, ]?e he me sealde, 
geald set giiSe, swa me gifeSe w£es, 
leohtan sweorde ; he me lond forgeaf, 
eard, eSel-wyn. Nses him ^enig J>earf, 
]?8et he t5 GifSum, oSSe to Gar-Denum, 

2495 oSSe in Swio-rice, secean ]7urfe 

*wyrsan wig-frecan, weorSe gecypan ; Fol. 185^. 

symle ic him on feSan beforan wolde, 

2473. MS. defective at corner. 

2478. MS. 'ge ge fremedon.' Cf. 11. 986 (see note), 2383. 

2486. Grein 'niosade'; but cf. 11. 1923, 1928, etc. 

2488. No gap in MS. Grein's emendation. 



108 BEOWULF. 

ana on orde, ond swa to aldre sceall 
ssecce fremman, )?enden J>is sweord ]?olaS, 

2500 ]73et mec ^r ond siS oft geh'este, 

sySSan ic for dugeSum Dseghrefne wearS 
to hand-bonan, Huga cempan. 
Nalles he Sa frsetwe Fres-cyning[e], 
breost-weorSunge, bringan moste, 

2505 ac in campe gecrong cumbles hyrde, 
sej^eling on elne; ne wses ecg bona, 
ac him hilde-grap heortan wylmas, 
ban-hus gebraec. Nil sceall billes ecg, 
hond ond heard sweord, ymb hord wigan." 

2510 Beowulf maSelode, beot-wordum spraec, 
niehstan siSe : " Ic geneSde fela 
guSa on geogoSe ; gyt ic wylle, 
frod folces weard, f^hSe secan, 
m^rSum fremman, gif mec se man-sceaSa 

2515 of eorS-sele ut geseceS." 

Gegrette Sa gumena gehwylcne, 
hwate helm-berend, hindeman siSe, 
sw^se gesiSas : " Nolde ic sweord beran, 
wsepen to wyrme, *gif ic wiste hu Fol. l86^ 

2520 wis Sam agl^cean elles meahte 

gylpe wiSgripan, swa ic gio wiS Grendle dyde ; 
ac ic Sier heaSu-fyres hates wene, 
[oJreSes ond attres; forSon ic me on hafu 

2503. MS. ' frescyning.' 

2505. MS. 'cempan.' 

2514. Kemble 'mffirt5o,' supported by Bugge on the analogy of 11. 2134, 
2645. But the argument from analogy may be pushed too far, and it is 
even possible ih&t fremman is intrans., as in 1. 1003. 

2523. MS. 'ret5es yhattres'; Heyne 're'Ses and-hattres,' ^erce heat 
coming against one. Grein's emendation in text. Cf. 1. 2557. 



BEOWULF. 109 

bord ond byrnan. Nelle ic beorges weard 
2525 oferfleon fotes trem, 

ac line sceal weorSan set wealle, swa uiic wyrd 
geteoS, 

Me tod manna gehwses. Ic eom on m5de from, 

l^aet ic wis ]7one gnS-flogan gylp ofersitte. 

Gebide ge on beorge byrnum werede, 
2530 secgas on searwum, hwseSer sel msege 

gefter wael-r^se wunde gedygan 

uncer twega. Nis )78et eower siS, 

ne gemot mannes nefn[e] min anes, 

pcet he wis agl^cean eofoSo d^lej 
2535 eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall 

gold gegangan, oSSe guS nimeS, 

feorh-bealu frecne, frean eowerne." 

Aras Sa bi ronde rof oretta, 

heard under helme, hioro-sercean bser 
2540 under stan-cleofu, strengo getruwode 

anes mannes; ne biS swylc earges siS. 

Geseah 5a be wealle, *se Se worna fela, Fol. 186". 

gum-cystum god, guSa gedigde, 

hilde-hlemma, )?onne hnitan feSan, 
2545 sto[n]dan stan-bogan, stream ut j7onan 

brecan of beorge ; wses )?^re human wselm 

heaSo-fyrum hat ; ne meahte horde neah 

unbyrnende ^nige hwile 

deep gedygan for dracan lege. 

2525. This line is metrically deficient. Ettmiiller '[feond] oferfleon' 
(so Grein), but this still leaves the second half-line defective. Heyne 
considers that the second half- line is wanting, and supplies /ea?jrf unhyre. 

2533. MS. defective at edge. 

2584. MS. ' wat.' 

2545. MS. 'stodan.' 



110 BEOWULF. 

2550 Let Sa of breostum, Sa he gebolgen wses, 
Weder-Geata leod word ut faran, 
stearc-heort styrmde ; stefn in becom 
heaSo-torht hljmnan under harne stan; 
hete waes onhrered, hord-weard oncniow 

2555 mannes reorde ; nses Sier mara fyrst 
freode to friclan. From merest cwom 
oruS agl^cean ut of stane, 
hat hilde-swat; hruse dynede. 
Biorn under beorge bord-rand onswaf 

2560 wis (5am gryre-gieste, Geata dryhten; 
5a waes hring-bogan heorte gefysed 
soecce to seceanne. Sweord e'er gebr^d 
god guS-cyning, gomele lafe, 
ecgum unslaw; ieghwaeSrum wses 

2565 bealo-hycgendra *broga fram oSrum. Fol. 187^. 
StiS-mod gestod wiS steapne rond 
winia bealdor, Sa se wyrm gebeah 
snude tosomne ; he on searwum bad. 
Gewat Sa byrnende gebogen scriSan, 

2570 to gescipe scyndan. Scyld wel gebearg 
life ond lice l^ssan hwile 
mserum )7eodne, )7onne his myne sohte, 
S^r he )?y fyrste forman dogore 
wealdan moste, swa him wyrd ne gescraf 

2575 hreS let hilde. Hond up abr^d 

2564. MS. 'un/glaw.' "A letter erased between I and a in glaio: 
that it was e is not quite certain." — Z. As there is all the appearance of 
an uncompleted alteration, I have adopted Bugge's emendation. 

2570. MS. ' g scipe. ' Heyue adopts Miillenhoff's emendation, ' scri^an 
to,/gescife scyndan,' shoving himself, advancing, which the latter' bases 
on a gloss, "per praeceps, ni^erscife [?], marg. ni'^ersceoteucle" (Haupt 
ix. 468 b). 



BEOWULF. Ill 

Geata dryhten, gryre-fahne sloh 

incge lafe, ]?a3t sio ecg gewac 

brun on bane, bat unswiSor, 

]7onne his Siod-cyning )?earfe hsefde, 
2580 bysigum gebfeded. pa wses beorges weard 

sefter heaSu-swenge on hreoum mode, 

wearp wael-fyre ; wide sprungon 

hilde-leoman. HreS-sigora ne gealp 

gold-wine Geata; gii5-bill geswac 
2585 nacod set niSe, swa hyt no sceolde, 

iren ser-god. Ne waes J^aet eSe siS, 
)7set se m^ra maga EcgSeowes 

grund-wong j7one ofgyfan wolde ; 
sceolde [ofer] willan wic eardian 
2590 elles hwergen, swa *sceal ^ghwylc mon Fol. 187''. 
al^tan Ic'en-dagas. Nses Sa long to Son, 
]?8et Sa agl^cean hy eft gemetton. 
Hyrte hyne hord-weard, hreSer c"eSme weoll, 
niwan stefne ; nearo Srowode 
2595 fyre befongen, se 5e ^r folce weold. 
Nealles him on heape hand-gesteallan, 
seSelinga beam, ymbe gestodon 
hilde-cystum, ac hy on holt bugon 
ealdre burgan. Hiora in anum weoll 
2600 sefa wiS sorgum; sibb ^fre ne maeg 
wiht onwendan, ]?am Se wel j^enceS. 

2577. MS. 'incgelafe.' Thorpe 'Incges'; cf. "Ing," King of the 
East-Danes {Rujie-poem 67), and "Ing-wine" in this poem. 

2589. No gap in MS. Kieger 'ofer willan' (cf. 1. 2409); Grain 
♦wyrmes willan' (cf. 1. 3077). 

2596. MS. 'heand.' 



112 BEOWULF. 

XXXVI. 

Wiglaf W8es haten, Weoxstanes sunu, 

leoflic lind-wiga, leod Scylfinga, 

m^g iElfheres; geseah his mon-diyhten 

2605 under here-griman hat J^rowian; 

gemunde Sa Sa are, )?e he him ivr forgeaf, 
wic-stede weligne Wt'egmundinga, 
folc-rihta gehwylc, swa his fseder ahte; 
ne mihte Sa forhabban, hond rond gefeng, 

2610 geolwe linde, gomel swyrd geteah. 

p9et waes mid eldum Eanmundes laf, 
*suna Ohtere[s], ]?am get ssecce wearS, Fol. 188^ 
wr8ecca[n] wine-leasum, Weohsta?i bana 
meces ecgum, ond his magum setbser 

2615 brun-fagne helm, hringde byrnan, 

eald sweord etonisc, }>8et him Onela forgeaf, 
his gaedelinges guS-gew^du, 
fyrd-searo fCislic ; no ymbe Sa f^hSe spraec, 
l^eah Se he his broSor beam abredwade. 

2620 He frsetwe geheold fela missera, 

bill ond byrnan, o3 Saet his byre mihte 
eorl-scipe efnan swa his ^r-fseder; 
geaf him Sa mid Geatum guS-gew^da 
geghwses unrim, J?a he of ealdre gewat 

2625 frod on forS-weg. pa wses forma siS 
geongan cempan, J^get he guSe r^s 
mid his freo-dryhtne fremman sceolde ; 
ne gemealt him se mod-sefa, ne his m^ges laf 

2612. MS. 'ohtere.' 

2613. MS. defective at corner. 
MS. ' weohstanes. ' 

2628. MS. 'mffigenes'; Ettmtiller 'mieges.' 



BEOWULF. 113 

gewac set wige ; ]>cet se wyrm onfand, 

2630 sySSan hie togsedre gegan hsefdon. 
Wiglaf maSelode word-rihta fela, 
ssegde gesiSum (him wses sefa geomor) : 
" Ic Sset *miSl geman, ]>sev we medii }>eguii, Fol. 
];onne we geheton ussum hlaforde 1^^^* 

2635 in bior-sele, tSe us Sas beagas geaf, 

]79et we him Sa gfiS-getawa gyldaii woldon, 

gif him )7yslicu )?earf gelumpe, 

helmas ond heard sweord. De he usic on herge 

geceas 
to Syssum siS-fate sylfes wiUum, 

2640 onmunde usic m^erSa, ond me )?as matSmas geaf, 
)7e he usic gar-wigend gode tealde, 
hwate helm-berend, }>eah Se hlaford us 
)7is ellen-weorc ana a35hte 
to gefremmanne, folces hyrde, 

2645 forSam he manna m^st m^rSa gefremede, 
d^da dollicra. NCi is se dseg cumen, 
)79et ure man-dryhten msegenes behofaS 
godra guS-rinca; wutun gongan to, 
helpan hild-fruman, ]?enden hyt sy, 

2650 gled-egesa grim. God wat on mec, 

]78et me is micle leofre, ]>aet minne lic-haman 

mid minne gold-gyfan gled faeSmie. 

Ne ]?ynce5 me gerysne, )?set we rondas beren 

2629. MS. ' >a ' ; Thorpe ' J>8et. ' 

2645. MS. 'for«a'; Zupitza ♦for'San.' So also 1. 2741. 

2652. MS. and Zupitza 'fae'Smi^'; hence Wiilcker 'fse^miae' (cf. 
1. 2126, and Sievers § 361). In "reced" (1. 1981) Zupitza is not sure that 
the mark under the e is not a mere flourish. It is used to convert e 
into (B in "b§l" (1. 2126), but it also occurs under the (e of "ssecce" 
(1. 1989). 

W. B. 8 



114 BEOWULF. 

eft to earde, nemne we ffiror msegen 
2655 fane gefyllan, *feorh ealgian Fol. 197*. 

Wedra Seodnes. Ic wat geare, 

)78et nseron eald gewyrht, }>9et he ana scyle 

Geata duguSe gnom J^rowian, 

gesigan set saecce ; urum sceal sweord ond helm, 
2660 byrne ond byrdu-scrud, bam gemsene." 

Wod J?a |?urh ]?one wael-rec, wig-heafolan bser 

frean on fultum, fea worda cwseS : 

" Leofa Biowulf, l^st eall tela, 

swa Su on geoguS-feore geara gecw^de, 
2665 l78et Su ne alsete be 3e lifigendum 

dom gedreosan; scealt nu dgedum rof, 

aeSeling an-hydig, ealle msegene 

feorh ealgian; ic 3e ful-fetu." 

^fter Sam wordum wyrm yrre cwom, 
2670 atol inwit-gsest, oSre siSe 

fyr-wylmum fah fionda nios[i]an, 

laSra manna. Lig-y5um forborn 

bord wis rond ; byrne ne meahte 

geongum gar-vvigan geoce gefremman; 
2675 ac se maga geonga under his m^ges scyld 

2655. The numbers of the folios are given as they stand in the MS. 
Fol. 131 follows fol. 146. " The old number of this leaf is 197 ; but now 
it stands between 188 and 189, and the old number has been changed 
to 189 in pencil."— Z. 

2659. MS. ' uru : '; Zupitza 'urum sceal,' and in a foot-note : 

> 

" sceal within dots and with a '5 before it added in the left margin, whereas 
a '5 over a colon with a comma under it marks the place in the line where 
it is to be inserted." From a misunderstanding of this device have arisen 
the frequent misreadings of this line. 

2671. MS. defective at edge, here and in 11. 2676, 2678. 



BEOWULF. 115 

elne geeode, )?a his agen w[aes] 
glediim forgrunden. pa gen guS-cyning 
in[^rSa] gemunde, msegen-strengo sloh 
hilde-bille, )7aet hyt on heafolan stod 

2680 ni)7e genyded ; Nsegling forba3rst, 
geswac set ssecce sweord Biowulfes, 
*gomol ond gneg-mc^l. Him )7set gifeSe ne wses, Fol. 
)?a3t him irenna ecge mihton IQ?''. 

helpan set hilde ; w£es sio hond to strong, 

2685 se Se meca gehwane, mine gefn'ege, 

swenge ofersohte, )7onne he to ssecce bser 
w^pen wund[r]um heard ; nses him wihte Se sel. 
pa wges ]7eod-sceaSa J^riddan sISe, 
frecne fyr-draca, f^hSa gemjmdig, 

2690 n'fcsde on Sone rofan, J^a him rum ageald, 
hat ond heaSo-grim, heals eahie ymbefeng 
biteran banum; he geblodegod wearS 
sawul-driore ; swat ySum weoll. 



XXXVII. 

Da ic a3t )7earfe [gefrsegn] |7eod-cyninges 
26.95 andlongne eorl ellen cySan, 

crseft ond cenSu, swa him gecynde wees; 

ne hedde he }>8es heafolan (ac sio hand gebarn 

modiges mannes, J^ier he his nidges healp), 

2678. Kemble's emendation. 

2687. MS. 'wundu'; Wiilcker 'wundum.' Thorpe 'wundrum' — a 
•convincing emendation; cf. loundrum lorcetllce "Phoenix" 63, lounclrum 
heah "Wanderer" 98. 

2694. No gap in MS. Kemble's emendation. See 11. 2484, 2752, etc. 

2698. MS. 'mffigenes' (so Wiilcker); cf. 1. 2628 and foot-note. See 
also 1. 2879. 

8—2 



116 BEOWULF. 

)79et he |7one niS-ggest nioSor hwene si oh, 

2700 secg on searwum, )?8et Sset sweord gedeaf 
fah ond i^ted, f>9et Sset fyr ongon 
sweSrian sySSan. pa gen sylf cyning 
geweold his gewitte, wsell-seaxe gebrSd 
biter ond beadu-scearp, ]78et he on byrnan waeg; 

2705 forwrat Wedra *helm wyrm on middan. Fol. 189^. 
Feond gefyldan, ferh ellen wrsec, 
ond hi hyne )7a begen abroten hsefdon, 
sib-se3elingas ; swylc sceolde secg wesan, 
]>egn set Searfe. paet Sam )?eodne wses 

2710 siSas[t] sige-hwile sylfes di'edum, 

worlde geweorces. Da sio wund ongon, 
]?e him se eorS-draca ?er geworhte, 
swelan ond swellan; he )78et sona onfand, 
l^set him on breostum bealo-niS weoll, 

2715 attor on innan. Da se seSeling giong, 
]?8et he bi wealle wis-hycgende 
gesset on sesse, seah on enta geweorc, 
hu Sa stan-bogan stapulum fseste 
ece eorS-reced innan healde. 

2720 Hyne )7a mid handa heoro-dreorigne, 
)?eoden mierne, ]?egn ungemete till, 
wine-dryhten his, wsetere gelafede 
hilde-saedne, ond his hel[m] onspeon. 
Biowulf ma)7elode : he ofer benne sprsec, 

2725 wunde wsel-bleate ; wisse he gearwe, 

2710. Grundtvig's emendation. Kemble * srSes sige-hwil ' ; Grein 
'si'Sast sige-hwila.' 

2719. Heyne 'heoldon.' For the tense of. 11. 1923, 1928, 2486; and 
for the sing, verb with pi. subject in a subordinate clause cf. 1. 2164, and 
see the note on 1. 2035. 

2723. MS. defective at edge, here and in 1. 2727. 



BEOWULF. 117 

)78et he dseg-hwila gedrogen haefde 
eorSan wynn[e] ; Sa wses eall sceacen 
dogor-gerimes, deatS ungemete neah : 
"Nu ic suna minum syllan wolde 

2730 giiS-gew^du, ]?8er me gifeSe swa 

i^nig yrfe-*\veard «fter wurde Fol. 189^. 

lice gelenge. Ic Sas leode heold 
fiftig wintra; naes se folc-cyning 
ymbe-sittendra t'enig Sara, 

2735 fe mec guS-winum gretan dorste, 
egesan Seon. Ic on earde bad 
miel-gesceafta, heold miii tela, 
ne sohte searo-niSas, ne me swor fela 
aSa on unriht. Ic Sses ealles maeg 

2740 feorh-bennum seoc gefean habban; 

forSam me witan ne Searf Waldend fira 
morSor-bealo maga, )7onne min sceaceS 
lif of lice. Nu 5u lungre geong 
hord sceawian under harne stan, 

2745 Wiglaf leofa, nil se wyrm ligeS, 
swefeS sare wund, since bereafod. 
Bio nu on ofoste, ]>ddt ic ^r-welan, 
gold-yeht ongite, gearo sceawige 
swegle searo-gimmas, ]?8et ic Sy seft maege 

2750 sefter maSSum-welan min aUetan 

lif ond leod-scipe, |7one ic longe heold." 



XXXVIII. 

©a ic snude gefrasgn sunu Wihstanes 
sefter word-cwydum wundum dryhtne 
hyran heaSo-siocum, hring-net beran, 



118 BEOWULF. 

2755 brogdne beadu-sercean, u?zder beorges hrof. 

Geseah 3a sige-hreSig, J>a he bi sesse geong, 

mago-]?egn *modig maSSum-sigla fealo, Fol. IW. 

gold glitinian grunde getenge, 

wundur on wealle, ond J^aes wyrmes denn, 
2760 ealdes tiht-flogan; orcas stondan, 

fyrn-manna fatu, feormend-lease, 

hyrstum behrorene. pier wses helm monig 

eald ond omig, earm-beaga fela 

searwum ges^led. Sine eaSe mseg, 
2765 gold on gTund[e], gum-cynnes gehwone 

oferhigian, hyde se Se wylle. 

Swylce he siomian geseah segn eall-gylden 

heah ofer horde, hond-wundra m^st, 

gelocen leo?5o-crseftum ; of Sam leoma stod, 
2770 J>9et he pone grund-wong ongitan meahte, 

wrsete giondwlitan. Nses Sees wyrmes ]>^v 

onsyn ^nig, ac hyne ecg fornam. 

Da ic on hl^we gefrsegn hord reafian, 

eald enta geweorc, anne mannan, 
2775 him on bearm hladon biman ond discas 

sylfes dome ; segn eac genom, 

beacna beorhtost. Bill ier gescod 

2755. MS. 'urder.' 

2757. Most editors normalise to 'fela' or 'feola.' But see Sievers 
§§ 275 and 150, 3). 

2765. MS. defective at edge. 

2766. Grein '[hord] oferhigian' (surpass). No gap in MS. 
2769. MS. 'leoman.' 

2771. MS. ' wraece,' here and in 1. 3060. Thorpe ' wraete ' in both 



2775. MS. 'hlodon.' For infin. in -on cf. 11. 308, etc., and see 
Sievers § 363, 1). 

2777. MS. 'serge scod.' Kemble '^r-gescod,' brass-shod , sheathed in 



BEOWULF. 119 

(ecg wses iren) eald-hlafordes 

]7am Sara maSma mund-bora wses 
2780 longe hwile, lig-egesan wseg 

hatne for horde, hioro-weallende 

middel-nihtum, *o3 }>a3t he morSre swealt. FoL 

Ar W8es on ofoste, eft-siSes georn, l^O"^. 

frsetwum gefyrSred; hyne fyrwet brsec, 
2785 hwseSer collen-ferS cwicne gemette 

in Sam wong-stede Wedra )?eoden, 

ellen-siocne, ])^r he hine a^r forlet. 

He Sa mid l^am maSmum m^rne |?ioden, 

dryhten sinne, driorigne fand 
2790 ealdres set ende ; he hine eft ongon 

wseteres weorpan, oS f>set wordes ord 

breost-hord )7urhbr8ec. [Beowulf maSelode,] 

gomel on gio/^Se gold sceawode : 

"Ic Sara frsetwa Frean ealles Sane, 
2795 Wuldur-cyninge, wordum secge, 

ecum Dryhtne, )?e ic her on starie, 

)?3es Se ic moste minum leodum 

bi-ass. This has the support of Thorpe and Grein, but lacks analogy; 
for the reading in the text cf. 1. 1587, and 11. 1615, 2562, and 2973. 

2778. Eieger ' eald-hlaforde ' ( = the dragon), supported by Earle. 
The MS. reading, * eald-hlafordes, ' is understood by Bugge and Heyne of 
Beowulf, by Miillenhoff and Wiilcker of the former possessor of the hoard. 
The reading of the latter is : 

"segn eac genom, 

beacna beorhtost, bill aergescod 

(ecg waBS iren) ealdhlafordes, 

J>am etc." 
That 11. 2780 — 82 refer to the dragon, and are inconsistent with what 
we are told of the former owner, will be seen by a comparison with 
11. 2231—70. 

2792. No gap in MS. 

2793. MS. *giogo«e'; Thorpe 'gioh«e. 



120 BEOWULF. 

^r swylt-dapge swylc gestiynan. 

Nu ic on maSma hord mine bebohte 

2800 frode feorh-lege, fremmaS gena 

leoda J?earfe ; ne mseg ic her leng wesan. 
HataS heaSo-miere hl^w gevvyrcean 
beorhtne sefber biele aet brimes nosan ; 
se seel to gemyndum minum leodum 

2805 heah hlifian on Hrones n^esse, 
)7ast hit s^-liSend sySSan hatan 
Biowulfes biorh, Sa Se brentingas 
ofer *floda genipu feorran drifaS." Fol. 191». 

Dyde him of healse bring gyldenne 

2810 ]?ioden j^rist-hydig ; pegne gesealde, 
geongum gar-wigan, gold-:^hne hehn, 
beah ond byrnan, het hyne briican well. 
" pu eart ende-laf usses cynnes, 
W^gmundinga; ealle wyrd {orsweo2} 

2815 mine magas to metod-sceafte, 

eorlas on elne; ic him aefter sceal." 
paet w£es J^am gomelan ging^ste word 
breost-gehygdum, cier he bSl cure, 
hate heaSo-wylmas ; him of h?'eSre gewat 

2820 sawol secean soS-fsestra dom. 

2799. MS. 'minne,' 

2800. Thorpe 'ge nii'; so Grein and Heyne. Why? 

2814. MS. 'for/speof.' Kemble 'forsweof (so Grem and Heyne). 
But when the MS. reading is certainly wrong, it is surely better, by a 
change of two letters, to obtain the pret. of a verb already used in this 
poem (1. 477), and found in the past part, in " Genesis" 391, than, by a 
change of one letter only, to set up a verb, of whose existence there is no 
other evidence. 

2819. MS. 'hwse'Sre.' Kemble's emendation. 

2820. No number in the MS. after this hne, but there is a space, and 
1. 2821 begins with a large capital. 



BEOWULF. 121 



[XXXIX.] 



f)a w«s gegongen guraaii unfrodum 

earfoSlice, ]>9dt he on eorSan geseah 

]7one leofestan lifes set ende 

bleate geb^ran. Bona swylce Iseg, 
2825 egeslic eorS-draca ealdre bereafod, 

bealwe gebi^ded. Beah-hordum leng 

wyrm woh-bogen wealdan ne moste, 

ac hine irenna ecga fornamon, 

hearde, heaSo-scearde homera lafe, 
2830 ]>set se wid-floga wundum stille 

hreas on hriisan hord-serne neah ; 

nalles *8efter lyfte lacende hwearf Fol. 191^ 

middel-nihtum, maSm-^hta wlonc 

ansyn ywde, ac he eorSan gefeoll 
2885 for Sses hild-fruman hond-geweorce. 

Hum l?8et on lande lyt manna Sah 

maegen-agendra, mine gefrSge, 

]?eah 5e he d^da gehwses dyrstig w^re, 

]78et he wis attor-sceaSan orebe geraesde, 
2840 oSSe hring-sele hondum styrede, 

gif he wseccende weard onfunde 

buon on beorge. Biowulfe wearS 

dryht-maSma diel deaSe forgolden; 

hsefde c'eghwseSer ende gefered 

2821. MS. 'gumu unfrodu,' doubtless another instance of "anticipa- 
tion"; in 1. 158 the MS. has 'banu folmu,' 

2828. MS. 'him'; so Heyne and Wiilcker. In all other instances 
forniman governs the accus. 

2844. MS. ' aBghw£e"Sre ' ; Kemble 'aeghwseSer.' Grein 'seghwse'Sre 
(aec. pi.) ende (worn.).' But cf. 1. 3063; besides, aghivcelSer is found no- 
where else in the pi. 



122 BEOWULF. 

2845 l^nan lifes. Nges Sa lang to Son, 

]?8et 5a hild-latan holt ofgefan, 

tydre treow-logan tyne a^tsomne, 

Sa ne dorston i^r dareSum lacan 

on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan J>earfe ; 
2850 ac hy scamiende scyldas b^ran, 

gu5-gew^du, ])mr se gomela Iseg; 

wlitan on Wi[g]laf. He gewergad sset, 

feSe-cempa, frean eaxlum neah, 

wehte hyne wsetre ; him wiht ne speo^(;. 
2855 Ne meahte he on eorSan, Seah he uSe wel, 

on Sam frum-gare feorh gehealdan, 

ne Sses Wealdendes [willan] wiht oncirran. 

Wolde dom *Godes d^dum r^dan Fol. 192». 

gumena gehwylcum, swa he nu gen deS. 
2860 pa W9es set Sam geongum grim ondswaru 

eS-begete, )?am Se ^r his elne forleas. 

Wiglaf maSelode, Weohstanes sunu, 

sec[g] sarig-ferS seah on unleofe : 

" peet la ! mseg secgan, se Se wyle soS specan, 
2865 J78et se mon-dryhten, se eow Sa maSmas geaf, 

eored-geatwe, ]?e ge ]>ser on standaS, 

J>onne he on ealu-bence oft gesealde 

heal-sittendum helm ond byrnan, 

]?eoden his )?egnum, swylce he J^ryc^licost 
2870 ower feor oSSe neah findan meahte, 

2852. MS. 'wilaf.' 

2854. MS. 'speop.' 

2857. Thorpe reads ' willan ' for ' wiht ' (so Wiilcker). Heyne's emenda- 
tion in text. It is easier to believe that the scribe omitted a word, than 
that he wrote 2viht for willan. 

2863. MS. 'sec' 

2869. MS. 'kydlicost.' 



BEOWULF. 123 

J?9e^ he genunga guS-gewt"edu 

wraSe forwurpe, Sa hyne wig beget. 

Nealles folc-cyning fyrd-gesteallum 

gylpan ]?orfte ; hwseSre him God uSe, 
2875 sigora Waldend, 'pset he hyne sylfne gewrsec 

ana mid ecge, )7a him wses ehies )?earf. 

Ic him lif-wraSe lytle meahte 

setgifan set guSe, ond ongan swa j^eah 

ofer min gemet m^ges helpan. 
2880 Symle wses ]>y siemra, |7onne ic sweorde drep 

ferhG-geniSlan ; fyr unswiSor 

weoU of gewitte. TFergendra to lyt 

frong ymbe J^eoden, ]>a, hyne sio *]?rag FoL 

becwom. 192^ 

Nu sceal sinc-)7ego ond swyrd-gifu, 
2885 eall eSel-wyn, eowrum cynne, 

lufen alicgean; lond-rihtes mot 

'p^re mjeg-burge monna feghwylc 

idel hweorfan, sy3San seSelingas 

feorran gefricgean fleam eowerne, 
2890 dom-leasan d^ed. DeaS biS sella 

eorla gehwylcum j^onne edwit-lif." 



XL. 

Heht Sa J>8et heaSo-weorc to hagan biodan 

2881. MS. 'fyrun {"u altered from a") swi^or.' Grein 'fyr ran 
swrSor.' This makes Beowulf, instead of the dragon, the subject of 7vas 
(2880), and spoils the passage. For "unswrSor," cf. I. 2578. 

2882. MS. 'fergendra.' 
2884 MS. 'hu.' 



124 BEOWULF. 

up ofer e^-clif, )?^r ]>eet eorl-weorod 

morgen-longne dseg mod-giomor sset, 
2895 bord-hsRbbende, bega on wenum, 

ende-dogores ond eft-cymes 

leofes monnes. Lyt swigode 

niwra spella, se Se naes gerad, 

ac he soSlice ssegde ofer ealle: 
2900 " Nu is wil-geofa Wedra leoda, 

dryhten Geata, deaS-bedde foest, 

wunaS wael^reste wyrmes dsedum. 

Him on efn ligeS ealdor-gewinna 

siex-bennum seoc; sweorde ne meahte 
2905 on Sam agl^cean ^nige J>inga 

wunde gewyrcean. Wiglaf siteS 

ofer Biowulfe, byre Wihstanes, 

eorl ofer oSrum unlifigendum, 

healdeS hige-m^Sum *heafod-wearde Fol. 193^ 
2910 leofes ond laSes. Nu ys leodum wen 

orleg-hwile, sySSan under[ne] 

Froncum ond Frysum fyll cyninges 

wide weorSeS. Wses sio wroht scepen 

heard wiS Hiigas, sySSan Higelac cwom 
2915 faran flot-herge on Fresna land, 

]>^Y hyne Hetware hilde gehn«gdon, 

elne geeodon, mid ofer-msegene, 

]78et se byrn-wiga bugan sceolde, 

feoll on feSan ; nalles fraetwe geaf 
2920 ealdor dugoSe. Us woes a sySSan 

2893. MS. 'ecg clif ; Kemble 'eg-clif.' Cf. 1. 577. Ecg is used only 
of weapons in O. E. 

2909. Sievers 'bige-me'5e'; cf. 1. 2442. 

2911. MS. 'under.' Grein's emendation. Cf. 1. 127. 



BEOWULF. 125 

Merewioingas milts imgyfeSe. 

Ne ic to Sweo-Seode sibbe o?55e treowe 

wihte ne wene ; ac wees wide cut5, 

}>8ette OngenOio ealdre besnySede 
2925 Hi^Scen Hre)7ling wiS Hrefna-wudu, 

]7a for onmedlan i^rest gesohton 

Geata leode GuS-Scilfiiigas. 

Sona him se froda fa3der Ohtheres, 

eald ond eges-full, ondslyht ageaf, 
2930 abreot brim-wisan, bryd aheorde, 

gomela io-meowlan golde berofene, 

Onelan modor ond Ohtheres, 

ond 3a folgode feorh-genitSlan, 

o3 Sset hi oSeodon earfoSlIce 
2935 in Hrefnes holt hlaford-lease. 

Besaet 3a sin-herge sweorda lafe 

wundum werge ; *\vean oft gehet Fol. 193^. 

earmre teohhe ondlonge niht ; 

cwa?,t5, he on mergenne meces ecgum 
2940 getan wolde, sum[e] on galg-treowu[m] 

[fuglum] to gamene. Frofor eft gelamp 

sarig-modum somod ^r-dsege, 

sy3"5an hie Hygelaces horn ond byman 

2921. Wulcker 'Merewioinga.' See note on 1. 2453. 

2922. MS. 'te.' 

2929. MS. 'hond slyht,' here and in 1. 2972. The change m the text 
is necessary, unless one admits that // can alliterate with vowels. Such 
cases as this and that of the name "Unferth," always Hunfer'S in the 
MS. but alliterating with vowels, tempt strongly to the abandonment of 
the rule. Cf. 1. 1541 (and note), and see Sievers § 217, N. 1. 

2930. MS. and Zupitza 'bryda heorde.' 

2940 — 1. MS. 'sum on galg treowu to gamene.' Thorpe 'sume' and 
'fuglum,' comparing Judith 297: "fuglum to frofre." 



126 BEOWULF. 

gealdor ongeaton, )?a se goda com 
2945 leoda dugoOe on last faran. 



XLI. 

Wses sio swat-swaSu Sw[e]ona ond Geata, 
W3el-rSs weora, wide gesyne, 
hu 5a folc mid him f^hSe towehton. 
Gewat him Sa se goda mid his gaedelingum, 

2950 frod, fela-geomor, fsesten secean, 
eorl Ongen]7io vifor oncirde ; 
haefde Higelaces hilde gefrunen, 
wlonces wig-crseffc; wiSres ne tmwode, 
]?3et he s^-mamium onsacaii mihte, 

2955 heaSo-liSendiim, hord forstandan, 
beam ond bryde; beah eft )7onan 
eald under eorS-weall. pa w«s Sht boden 
Sweona leodum, segn Higelace[s] ; 
freoSo-wong )7one forc^ ofereodon, 

2960 sj^San HreSlingas t5 hagan )?rungon. 
psdY wearS OngenSiow ecgum sweorda, 
blonden-fexa, on bid wrecen, 
)?8et se j7eod-cyning Safian sceolde 

2946. MS. 'swona.' 

2958. Grein and Heyne retain the MS. reading; the latter explains: 
*'Dasauf der Flucht entrissene Banner der Schweden kam in Hygelacs 
Hande." But it is a far cry from giving chase to the capture of the 
banner, not to mention the violent zeugma in boden. Bugge supports 
Kemble's emendation, adopted in the text: "Das erhobene banner ist das 
merkmal der verfolguug." 

2959. MS. ' ford.' Heyne thinks freoi^o-icong may be a proper name. 
Would it, in that case, be followed by '5o«e? 

2961. MS. 'sweordu.' 



BEOWULF. 127 

Eafores *anrie dom. Hyne yrringa Fol. 194* 

29G5 Wulf Wonreding w^pne ger^hte, 

)7get him for swenge swat ^drum sprong 
forS under fexe. Nses he forht swa Seh, 
gomela Scilfing, ac forgeald hraSe 
wyrsan wrixle wael-hlem )7one, 

2970 sySSan Seod-cyniiig J^yder onch*de. 

Ne meahte se snella sunu Wonredes 
ealdum ceorle ondslyht giofan, 
ac he him on heafde hehn Sr gescer, 
]79et he blode fah bugan sceolde, 

2975 feoll on foldan ; nses he fgege |?a git, 

ac he hyne gewyrpte, )7eah Se him wund hrine. 
Let se hearda Higelaces f>egn 
brad[n]e mece, J^a his broSor la3g, 
eald sweord eotonisc, entiscne helm 

2980 brecan ofer bord-weal ; Sa gebeah cyning, 
folces hyrde, wses in feorh dropen. 
Da wseron monige, ]?e his nicBg wriSon, 
ricone ar^rdon, Sa him gerymed wearS, 
)78et hie wsel-stowe wealdan moston, 

2985 ]7enden reafode rinc oSerne, 

nam on OngenSio iren-byrnan, 

heard swyrd hilted ond his helm somod; 

hares hyrste Higelace bser. 

He 5[am] fr^etwum feng, ond him fsegre gehet 

2990 leana [for] *leodum, ond geheste swa ; Fol. 194^. 

2964. Heyne 'Eofores.' But see 1. 2757 and note. 

2972. See note on 1. 2929. 

2978. MS. 'brade.' 

2989. MS. defective at corner, here and in the next line. 

2990. A word is missing in the MS. in the first half of this line. 



128 BEOWULF. 

geald )7one guS-r^s Geata dryhten, 

HreSles eafora, ]>R he to ham becom, 

lofore ond Wulfe mid ofer-maSmum, 

sealde hiora gehw?eSi'um hund jmseiida 
2995 landes ond locenra beaga ; ne Sorfte him Sa lean 
oSwitan 

mon on middan-gearde, sySSa[n] hie Sa mSrSa 
geslogon ; 

ond Sa lofore forgeaf angan dohtor, 

ham-weorSiinge, hyldo to wedde. 

p8et ys sio f^hSo ond se feond-scipe, 
3000 wsel-niS wera, Sses Se ic [wen] hafo, 

)?e lis seceaS to Sweona leoda, 

sySSan hie gefricgeaS frean iiserne 

ealdor-leasne, l?one Se Sr geheold 

wis hettendum hord ond rice 
3005 sefter hseleSa hryre, hwate Scil/ingas, 

folc-red fremede, oSSe furSur gen 

B has two dots, Zupitza three. Kemble ' on.' For for leodnm cf. 
"Daniel" 720: " he f or leodum lygeword gecwaetJ. " 

MS. 'gelaesta.' 

2996. MS. ' sy'S'Sa.' 

3000. No gap in MS. Kemble's emendation. Cf. 1. 383. 

3001. Heyne 'leode.' For the pi. leoda see Wulfstan (ed. Napier) 
106. 23, and Ps. 71. 10. 

3005. MS. 'Scildingas.' Miillenhoff considered this line a careless 
repetition of 1. 2052. It is the easiest way out of the difficulty. Thorpe 
' Scyldingas,' and in a foot-note: "Hence it would appear that Beowulf, 
in consequence of the fall of Hrothgar's race, was called to rule also over 
the Danes (Scyldings)." The punctuation in the text allows Scijljingas to 
be taken in apposition with hie in 1. 3002, which is intolerably forced, or 
parallel with hord ond rice in 1. 3004. I favour the latter interpretation, 
if the line is to be kept, and can only suppose that the term " Scylfingas " 
could be applied equally, on the ground of common ancestry, to both 
Swedes and Geats. See 1. 2603, where Wiglaf is called "leod Scylfinga." 



BEOWULF. 129 

eorl-scipe efnde. Nu is ofost betost, 

)78et we )7eod-cyning \^v sceawian, 

ond ]7one gebringan, ]7e us beagas geaf, 

3010 on ad-faere. Ne seel anes hwset 

meltan mid ]7am modigan, ac ]?ier is maSma hord, 

gold unrime, grimme gecea[po]d, 

ond nu set siSestan sylfes feore 

beagas [gebohjte ; j^a sceall brond fretan, 

3015 feled )7eccean, *nalles eorl wegan Fol. 195*. 

maSSum to gemyndum, ne maegS scyne 
habban on healse hring-weorSunge, 
ac sceal geomor-mod, golde bereafod, 
oft, nalles t'ene, el-land tredan, 

3020 nu se here-wisa hleahtor alegde, 

gamen ond gleo-dream. ForSon sceall gar wesan, 
monig morgen-ceald, mundum bewunden, 
hsefen on handa, nalles hearpan sweg 
wigend weccean, ac se wonna hrefn 

3025 fus ofer f^gum fela reordian, 

earne secgan hu him set ^te speow, 
)7enden he wiS wulf wsel reafode." 
Swa se secg hwata sec^ende wses 
laSra spella; he ne leag fela 

3030 wyrda ne worda. Weorod eall aras; 
eodon unbliSe under Earna uses, 
wollen-teare, wundur sceawian. 
Fundon Sa on sande sawul-leasne 
hlim-bed healdan, ]7one \q him hringas geaf 

3007. MS. 'meis.' Kemble's emendation. Me is is a possible reading. 

3012. MS. defective at corner, here and in 1. 3014. 

3028. Grein and Zupitza ' secg-hwata. ' 

MS.' secg gende,'probablydue to "repetition." ButseeSievers§216,N.l. 

3084. Grein (after Grimm) 'hlin-bed.' See note on 1. 1271. 

W. B. 9 



130 BEOWULF. 

3035 ^rran m^lum; )7a wses ende-daeg 

godum gegongen, j^set se guS-cyning, 

Wedra ]?eoderi, wundor-deaSe swealt. 

Mr hi )?^r gesegan syllicran wiht, 

wyrm on wonge wiSer-rsehtes 'psev 
3040 laSne licgean ; wses se leg-draca, 

grimlic gryr[e], *gledum besw^led. Fol. 195''. 

Se wses fiftiges fot-gemearces 

lang on legere ; lyft-wynne heold 

nihtes hwilum, nySer eft gewat 
3045 dennes niosian ; wses Sa deaSe fa^st, 

hsefde eorS-scrafa ende genyttod. 

Him big stodan bunan ond orcas, 

discas lagon ond dyre swyrd, 

omige, )7urh-etone, swa hie wi?5 eorSan fsetSm 
3050 ]7usend wintra |?8er eardodon; 

]7onne wses 'psdt yrfe eacen-crseftig, 

iu-monna gold, galdre bewunden, 

]78et Sam hring-sele hrinan ne moste 

gumena ^nig, nefne God sylfa, 
3055 sigora SoS-cyning, sealde J^am 3e he wolde 

(he is manna gehyld) hord openian, 

efne swa hwylcum manna, swa him gemet 
Suhte. 

3035. MS. 'asrrun' ("t< altered from a by erasure." — Z.) Sievers 
§ 304, N. 2. 

3041. MS. defective at corner. Heyne 'gryre-gsest' (cf. 1. 2560), 
based on Kolbing's statement that there is room for from four to six 
letters on the missing corner. This seems more than doubtful. B ' gry . . . ' ; 
Zupitza 'gryr[e]' simply. It would appear from the facsimile that the 
corner of the folio was defective from the very first and that certainly not 
more than one letter is missing. This is confirmed by the fact, that if 
the corner had been perfect there had been ample space for two or three 
letters after la'^ne at the end of the bottom line but one. 



A 



BEOWULF. 131 

XLII. 

pa W8es gesyne, )?8st se si(5 ne Sah 

)7am Se unrihte inne gehydde 
3060 wrae^e under wealle. Weard ^r ofsloh 

feara sumne ; }>a sio fiehS gewearS 

gewrecen wraSlice. Wundur hwar ]?onne 

eorl ellen-rof ende gefere 

lif-gesceafta, )?onne leng ne mseg 
3065 mon mid his [majgiim medu-seld buan. 

Swa wses Biowulfe, *]?a he biorges weard Fol. 196^. 

sohte, searo-niSas ; seolfa ne ciiSe, 

)7urh hwset his worulde gedal weorSan sceolde. 

Swa hit o5 domes dseg diope benemdon 
3070 ]?eodnas m^re, )?a Sset ]>sqy dydon, 

)78et se secg w^re synnum scildig, 

hergum geheaSerod, hell-bendum fsest, 

wommum gewitnad, se Sone wong stride. 

Naes he gold-hwse^; gearwor hsefde 
3075 Agendes est ^r gesceawod. 

Wiglaf maSelode, Wihstanes sunu: 

" Oft sceall eorl monig anes willan 

wrgec adreoga?i, swa us geworden is. 

Ne meahton we gel^ran leofne J^eoden, 
3080 rices hyrde, ned ^nigne, 

)?8et he ne grette gold-weard ]7one, 

3060. MS. 'wrffice'; Thorpe 'wraete.' Cf. 1. 2771. 

3065. MS. defective at corner. 

Wiilcker has a question-mark after buan. 

3078. MS. 'strade.' Cf. 1. 3126. 

3074. MS. 'gold-hwaete.' Thorpe and Wiilcker ' gold-hwaete ': Grein 
(after Bugge) 'Nass ("not") he gold-hwaste (agreeing with est) gearwor etc' 
Sievers ' gold-hw£etes ' (agreeing with agencies). 

3078. MS. 'adreoge^.' 

9—2 



132 BEOWULF. 

lete hyne licgean, j^ser he longe wfles, 

wicum wunian o3 woruld-ende ; 

heold on heah gesceap. Hord ys gesceawod, 

3085 grimme gegongen; waes ]?9et gifeSe t5 swiS, 
)7e Sone [)?eod-cyning] ]?yder ontyhte. 
Ic W8es ]?cer inne ond )7set eall geondseh, 
recedes geatwa, J^a me gerymed wses 
nealles sw^slice, si5 alyfed 

8090 inn under eorS-Aveall. Ic on ofoste gefeng 
micle mid mundum msegen-byrSenne 
hord-gestreona, hider *ut setbser Fol. 196'^. 

cyninge minum ; cwico wses ]?a gena, 
wis ond gewittig. Worn eall gesprsEJC 

3095 gomol on gehSo, ond eowic gretan het, 

ba3d ]?8et ge geworhton seffcer wines d^dum 
in b^el-stede beorh }7one hean, 
micelne ond mserne, swa he manna wges 
wigend weorS-fullost wide geond eorSan, 

3100 )?enden he burh-welan brucan moste. 
Uton nil efstan oSre [siSe] 
seen ond secean searo-gej^rsec, 
wundur under wealle; ic eow wisige, 

3084. MS. 'heoldon,' or not impossibly 'heold on.' Heyne 'Heoldon 
heah gesceap,' wir erhielten ein schweres Schicksal. Wiilcker 'woruld- 
ende, / healdan heah-gesceap.' These appear to me equally unsatisfactory, 
and I have therefore suggested an emendation, which, if it lacks analogy, 
yet seems to give the sense required: "We could not dissuade him; he 
held (on) to his high fate, or he held on {adv.) his high fate." Grein and 
Toller give several instances of the intrans. use of healdan, and of on used 
adverbially. See also Matzner's 0. E. Diet., p. 405, col. 1 ; among other 
passages there quoted is: "hald hardiliche o f tu haues bigunuen," St. 
Kath. 676. 

3086. No gap in MS. Grein's emendation. Grundtvig '>>eoden.' 

3101. No gap in MS. 



BEOWULF. 133 

]78et ge genoge neon sceawiaS 
3105 beagas ond brad gold. Sie sio bi'Sr gearo 

^dre gesefned, j^onne Ave ut cymen, 

ond )?onne geferian frean userne, 

leofne mannan, )7^i' he longe sceal 

on Sges Waldendes wgere gej^olian." 
3110 Het 6a gebeodan byre Wihstanes, 

hsele hilde-dior, haeleSa monegiim, 

bold-agendra, ]?set hie b^l-wudu 

feorran feredon, folc-agende, 

godum togenes : " Nu sceal gled fretan 
3115 (weaxan wonna leg) wigena strengel, 

)?one Se oft gebad isern-scure, 

|7onne stri^la storm strengum gebgeded 

scoc ofer scild-weall, sceft nytte heold, 

fec^er-gearwum fus flane full-eode." 
3120 Huru se snotra sunu Wihstanes 

acigde of corSre *cyni[n]ges J^egnas Fol. 198*. 

syfone [getjsomne, )?a selestan, 

eode eahta sum under inwit-hrof; 

hilde-rinc sum on handa bser 
3125 £eled-leoman, se Se on orde geong. 

Nses (5a on hlytme, hwa 'pset hord strude, 

S3^5an orwearde ^nigne d^l 

secgas gesegon on sele wunian, 

3104. Heyne 'nean.' See Sievers § 150. 3. 

3119. MS. 'feeder gearwu.' Kemble's emendation. 

3121. This folio, the last, is terribly mutilated with tears and holes. 
MS. 'cyniges.' 

3122. Zupitza '[to]-somme,' and in a foot-note: "now to entirely 
gone." That "now" is misleading, for apparently it was just as entirely 
gone in Thorkelin's time. In the absence of evidence in its favour, I read 
cetsomne with Grein ; cf. 1. 2847. 



134 BEOWULF. 

l^ne licgan; lyt genig mearn, 
3130 )78et hi ofostlIc[e] iit geferedon 

dyre maSmas. Dracan ec scufun, 

wjrm ofer weall-clif, leton weg niman, 

flod fseSmian, frsetwa hyrde. 

p^r wses wunden gold on wgen hladen, 
3135 ^ghwses unrim ; sej^elin^ boren, 

har hilde[-rinc], to Hrones nsesse. 



XLIII. 

Him Sa gegiredan Geata leode 

ad on eorSan unwaclicne, 

helm[um] behongen, hilde-bordum, 
3140 beorhtum byrnum, swa he bena wa3S ; 

alegdon Sa tomiddes m^rne j^eoden 

haeleS hiofende, hlaford leofne. 

Ongunnon ]>si on beorge blSl-fyra m^st 

wigend weccan ; wud[u]-rec astah 
3145 sweart ofer SAvioSole, swogende leg 

wope bewunden (wind-blond gel^eg), 

3130. MS. defective at edge. 

3134. MS. 'f.' Thorpe ' p^r.' 

3135. MS. 'ffi>elinge.' 

3136. MS. 'hilde to.' "I am unable to decide whether there is an 
erasure of one letter after hilde or an original blank." — Z. Thorpe's 
emendation. 

3139. MS. ' helm.' Grein's emendation. 

3144. Hole in MS. 

3145. MS. ' swicSole.' A difficult word. Toller gives two or three 
instances of su-ice, sioicc (?), "scent, smell." Skeat suggests "smelling 
fir- wood," from O.E. ^ol{l), Icel. }pollr, "a thole, a peg," originally "fir- 
tree." Grein connects with stva'^ul (1. 782). See glossary. 

MS. 'let'; Thorpe 'leg.' 



I 



BEOWULF. 135 

o?5 )73et he Sa ban-hus gebrocen hsefde, 

hat on hreSre. Higum unrote 

mod-ceare m^ndon mon-dryhtnes cw[e]alm ; 
3150 swylce giomor gyd *[sio geo-]meowle Fol. 198^ 

fbjunden heorde 

. . . sorg-cearig s^lSe geneahhe, 

)79et hio hyre ::::::: gas hearde : : : : : de 

wsel-fylla wonn : : : : des egesan 
3155 hySo : h : : : : : d. Heofon rece swe[a]lg. 

3149. MS. torn at foot. 

3150. "Almost all that is legible in this page freshened up in a late 
hand." — Z. 

3150 — 5, I have treated these six mutilated lines in the same way as 
11. 2214 — 20, that is to say, the text is an accurate reproduction of 
Zupitza's transliteration of the MS. The only changes are the division 
into verse-lines, and the addition of length-marks, etc.; the letters in 
square brackets also are added from Zupitza's foot-notes. For the most 
part it is needless to give the foot-notes themselves. The division into 
lines is not absolutely certain, but again I agree with Bugge, and again 
I arrived at the same conclusion as he quite independently — that this 
passage contains six verse-lines and not seven, as in Heyne, Wiilcker, etc. 
For example, Heyne makes two half-lines between egesan and heofon, 
where, according to Zupitza, there is room in the MS. for only twelve 
letters. Similarly, Wiilcker makes a whole line between ivonn and hy^o. 
Since the rearrangement and renumbering in the text are confirmed by 
the alliteration and by Bugge's restoration below, they may be considered 
proven. This makes the total number of lines in the poem one less — 
3182 (Wiilcker 3183, Heyne 3184). 

With respect to ' geo-meowle ' Zupitza says : "This reading is confirmed 
by the word written over meowle, which is neither con nor on, but, without 
any doubt, (the Latin) auus." 

3153. "The first two letters after hearde look like on or an, the letter 
before de may have been e, as the stroke that generally connects e with a 
following letter is preserved." — Z. 

3155. Bugge's reconstruction of this passage (see "Beit." x. 110 — 11) 
is, apart from the last half-line, hardly to be improved upon : 
3150 swylce giomor-gyd sio geo-meowle 



136 BEOWULF. 

Geworhton 5a Wedra leode 

hl[few] on [hJliSe, se wses heah ond brad, 

[w^]g-liSendum wide g[e]syne, 

ond betimbredon on tyn dagum 
•3160 beadu-rofes been ; bronda lafe 

wealle beworhton, swa hyt weorSlicost 

fore-snotre men findan mihton. 

Hi on beorg dydon beg ond siglu, 

eall swylce hyrsta, swylce on horde ier 
8165 niS-hedige men genumen hsefdon ; 

forleton eorla gestreon eorSan healdan, 

gold on greote, )?9er hit nil gen lifaS 

eldum swa unnyt, swa hi[t iierojr wses. 

pa ymbe hl^w riodan hilde-deore 
3170 as}>elinga beam ealra twelfa, 

woldon [ceare] cwiSan, kyning mgenan, 

word-gyd wrecan, ond ymb w[er] sprecan; 

aefter Beowulfe bunden-heorde 

song sorg-cearig, srede geneahhe, 

>8Bt hio hyre hearm-dagas hearde ondrede, 

wsel-fylla worn, wigendes egesan, 

hyn'So ond hasft-nyd, heof on rice wealg. 

He adds : "For the whole passage cf. 11. 3016—20. Beowulf's aged widow 

(geo-meowle) was perhaps Hygd ; cf . 11. 2369 ff. 

3157. Zupitza 'hi:: on li'Se,' and in a foot-note: "I am unable to 
make out hlceiv after leode: the two last letters seem to me to be rather eo.'" 
Seel. 3169. Thorpe 'hli«e.' 

3158. The remainder of this page is frequently illegible or defective, 
both at the edges and elsewhere. 

3160. Heyne: ''be Idfe — so MS. nach Zupitza." This is an error; 
Zupitza has no he. 

3168. Zupitza 'hi : : : :r.' Kemble's emendation. 

3171. Zupitza '::::'; Grein *Qeare.' Possibly the missing word is 
wdpe, as in "Gen." 996. 

3172. Zupitza 'w::'; Grein 'wer.' 



BEOWULF. 137 

eahtodan eorl-scipe, ond his ellen-weorc 

duguSum demdon, swa hit ge-de[fe] bi3, 
3175 ]?98t mon his wine-dry hten wordum herge, 

ferhSuni freoge, )7onne he forS scile 

of Kc-haman [liene] weorSan. 

Swa begnornodon Geata leode 

hlafordes [hry]re, heorS-geneatas ; 
3180 cwiedon ]?8et he wgere wyruld-cyning, 

manna mildiist ond mon-[Sw]^rust, 

leodum liSost, ond lof-geornost. 

3174. Hole in MS. 

3177. Zupitza: ''lachamanllS., but there can be little doubt that 
lac instead of lie is owing only to the late hand." 
Zupitza '::::'; Kemble 'liene.' 
3179. Zupitza ' : : : re'; Thorpe 'hryre.' 
3181. MS. torn at foot. 

For a list of the words and syllables, the vowels of which are marked 
long in the MS. , see the Preface. 



APPENDIX. 

THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG^. 
(See "Beowulf" 11. 1068 li.) 

* * * [hor]nas byrna^ n^fre?" 

Hleo^rode )>a hea'So-geong cyning : 

"Ne ^is ne dagatS eastan, ne her draca ne fleoge'5, 

ne lier "Sisse healle hornas ne byrna'5, 
5 ac fer forb beratJ, fugelas singa^, 

gylle'5 gi'ffig-hama, gu5-wudu hlynne'S, 

scyld scefte oncwy^. Nu scyne'S ]pes mona 

wa'Sol under wolcnum ; nu arisa^ wea-d^da, 

•Se -Sisne folces ni'S fremman willa'S. 
10 Ac onwacnigeat5 nu, wigend mine, 

habba^ eowre linda, hiegea'S on ellen, 

winna'S on orde, wesatS on mode." 

pa aras manig gold-hladen "Segn, gyrde hine his swurde; 

J>a to dura eodon drihtlice cempan, 
15 SigefertS and Eaha, hyra sword getugon, 

and aet oj^rum durum Ordlaf end Gu)>laf 

and Hengest sylf; hwearf him on laste. 

pa gyt Garulf Gu'Sere styrode, 

* "Fragmenti poetici singulare folium, in codice MS. homiliarum 
Semi-Saxoniearum qui extat in Bibliotheca Lambethana." Hickes i. 
192. The MS. is now lost. Hickes's readings are denoted by H., but 
they are given only when they have been considerably altered in the text. 

2. 'hearo geong' H. 

3. ' eastun ' H. 
5. 'her' H. 

11. ' landa ' H. ' hie gea}? ' H, 

12. 'winda^'H. 



APPENDIX. 139 

)>aet hie swa freolic feorh forman sl\>e 
20 to ^ffire healle durum hyrsta ne b^ran, 

nil hyt ni>a heard anyman wolde ; 

ac he frffign ofer eal undearninga, 

deor-mod heeled, hwa "Six duru heolde. 

" Sigefer]? is min nama (cweS he), ic eom Secgena leod, 
25 wreccea wide cu^. Fela ic weana gebad, 

heardra hilda ; '5e is gyt her witod, 

swaetSer "Sii sylf to me secean wylle." 

pa waes on wealle wael-slihta gehlyn, 

sceolde cellod bord ceiium on handa, 
30 ban-helm berstan. Buruh-^^elu dynede, 

o'S [I'ffit] ast "Sffire gu^e Garulf gecrang, 

ealra arest eor^-buendra, 

Gu'Slafes sunu, ymbe hyue godra fela. 

Hwarf [fjlacra hr»w hraefen, wandrode 
35 sweart and sealo-briin ; swurd-leoma stod 

swylce eal Finns-buruh fyrenu ware. 

Ne gefraegn ic neefre wurjjlicor set wera hilde 

sixtig sige-beorna sel geb^ran, 

ne nsefre swanas swetne medo sel forgyldan, 
40 "Sonne Hn^fe guldan his hteg-stealdas. 

Hig fuhton fif dagas, swa hyra nan ne feol 

driht-gesi'Sa, ac hig "Sa duru heoldon. 

pa gewat him wund haslet on wag gangan, 

Sffide J?8et his byrne abrocen wiere, 
45 here-sceorp unhror, and eac waes his helm "Syrl. 

Da hine sona frsegn folces hyrde, 

hu "Sa wigend hyra wunda gen«son, 

oS'Se hwae^er ^^ra hyssa * * * 

19. 'he' H. 

25. ' wrecten ' H. * faela ' H. ' weuna ' H. 

26. ' heordra ' H. 

28. ' healle ' H. 

29. ' sceolde Celaes bor'S genumon handa ' H. 
34. ' Hwearflacra hraer ' H. 

39. ' ne nefre swa noc hwitne medo ' H. 
45. ' here sceorpum hror ' H. 



GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 

(1) THE DANISH ROYAL FAMILY. 

Scef or Sceaf 

Sc'yld 

Beowulf (not the hero) 

I 
Healfdene 

I \ 71 — ' — 1 

Heorogar Hro^gar = Wealhjjeow Halga Ongen)>eow (?) = Elan (?) 

I Hro'Sulf (?) 

1 1 1 

HretSric Hro^mund Ingeld = Freawaru 

(2) THE GEAT ROYAL FAMILY. 

Swerting 

I 
Hre«el 



EcgJ>eow = a daughter Herebeald Hae'Scyn ? = Hygelac = Hygd 

Beowulf Eofor=:a daughter Heardred 



(3) THE SWEDISH ROYAL FAMILY. 

Ongenl>eow=Elan (?) 

I ' = 1 

Onela Ohthere 



Eanmund Eadgils 



PERSONS AND PLACES. 



Abel, slain by Cain, 108. 

^imere. Wiglaf is called " kinsman of ^Elfhere," 2604. 

^schere, Hrothgar's dearest counsellor and comrade in arms, slain and 
carried off by Greudel's dam in revenge for her son, 1294 — 1340, 
2120—2130. 

Ar-Scyldingas, 464, Honom'-Scyldings, a name of the Danes; see Scyl- 
dingas. 

Beanstan, Breca's father, 524. 

Beorht-Dene, 427, 609, Bright-Danes ; see Dene. 

Beowulf the Dane (not the hero of the poem), 18, 53, an ancestor of the 
Danish king Hrothgar. 

Beowulf the Geat (the second scribe, who begins in the MS. in 1. 1939, 
favours the spelling Blowulf, 1987, 1999, etc.; gen. Biowulfes, 2194, 
2681, 2807 ; dat. Biowulfe, 2324, 2842, 2907, 3066), the hero of the 
poem, first mentioned in 1. 194, as " Hygelac's thane," first named in 
1. 343. He is the son of Ecgtheow ; his mother's name is not given, 
but she was the daughter of Hrethel, king of the Geats, and therefore 
sister of Hygelac. The whole poem is a record of Beowulf's life, 
exploits, death, and burial ; but a few facts deserve special mention. 
After his seventh year he was brought up at the court of his grand- 
father, Hrethel, with his uncles, Herebeald, Hsethcyn, and Hygelac 
(2428 — 34). In his youth, he was for a long time despised as sloihful 
and unwarlike (2183 — 9), but when he grew up his hand had the 
strength of thirty other men's (379). It is therefore as a " hand- 
slayer" (2502) that he attains his chiefest fame (2684 ff.). He 
accompanied Hygelac in his fatal expedition against the Hetware, 
and saved his own life, after the fall of the Geat king, by swimming 
home across the sea (2359 ff.). He refused the throne, offered him 



142 BEOWULF. 

by Hygelac's widow (2369 ff.) ; acted as guardian and protector to 
Hygelac's son Heardred (2377), and on the death of the latter 
became king of the Geats, whom he ruled for fifty years (2209). 

Beowulf is a hero worthy of our only great English epic, a warrior 
" sans peur et sans reproche." His love of fighting, his eagerness for 
praise (3182), his touch of braggadocio, were far from being faults 
in the eyes of the " scop," and he has some of the qualities of true 
greatness : in the closing words of the poem he is called the mildest, 
gentlest, and kindest of men. 

The Beowulf who took part in Hygelac's historical expedition 
against the Hetware is probably historical too ; but the Beowulf of 
the four great exploits of the poem, the swimming match with 
Breca, and the contests with Grendel, wdth his dam, and with 
the dragon, has probably stepped into the place of the mythical 
Beowa of the Old English royal genealogies. 

Breca, son of Beanstan (524), and a chief of the Brondings (522). 
Beowulf's swimming-match with Breca is the subject of Unferth's 
taunt (11. 506 ff.). 

Brondingas, 521, see Breca. 

Brosinga mene (Icel. Brisinga men), the famous Brising necklace or 
collar. " This necklace is the Brisinga-men — the costly necklace of 
Freyja, which she won from the dwarfs and which was stolen from 
her by Loki, as is told in the Edda." — Kemble. 

The circlet given to Beowulf after the slaughter of Grendel can 
only be compared to the Brosings' (or Brisings') necklace which 
Hama carried off when he fled from Eormenric (11. 1195 ff.). See 
Bugge in "Beitrage " xii. 

Cain is the ancestor of Grendel (111, 1265). 

Dseghrefn {dat. 2501), a brave warrior of the Hugs, seems to have killed 
Hygelac in the battle (cf. 11. 1207—11 with 2503—4). Beowulf was 
his " hand-slayer " (2502). 

Dene {gen. Dena 242, Deniga 271, Denia 2125), the Danes, the subjects of 
Hrothgar. They dwell in the Scede-lands (19), in Sceden-ig (1686), 
"between the seas" (1685). They are called by various other names 
in the poem: Beorht-Dene, Gar-Dene, Hring-Dene, in supposed 
allusion to their warlike character ; East-Dene, Nor'S-Dene, Su^- 
Dene, West-Dene, in supposed allusion to their wide distribution ; 
Scyldingas, etc., Ingwine, and Hre'Smen, all of which see. 

Eadgils, younger son of Ohthere. 

What is told of the brothers Eadgils and Eanmund in the poem, 
as in the case of the other allusions and episodes, must have been 



PERSONS AND PLACES. 143 

originally intended for hearers who were supposed to know all about 
them. For us, the order and nature of the events referred to are 
sometimes by no means clear, especially when we can get little help 
from external sources. In this particular instance, however, it is not 
difficult to read between the lines, and put together a complete story, 
and we have the Scandinavian accounts to help us. 

Eanmund and Eadgils are banished from Sweden for rebellion 
(2379 ff.), and take refuge at the court of the Geat king, Heardred. 
The fact of their finding an asylum with his hereditary foes (see 
Ongentheow) seems to have so enraged the Swedish king Onela, 
their uncle, that he invades Geatland (2202 ff.) and succeeds in 
slaying Heardred (2384 ff, ), but allows Beowulf to succeed to the 
Geat throne unmolested (2389 — 90). Heardred is the second Geat 
king (see Hasthcyn) who had fallen by the hands of the Swedes, and 
Beowulf at a later time (2392) balances the feud by supporting 
Eadgils in his subsequent invasion of Sweden, in which the latter 
slew the king, his uncle Onela (2391 ff.). This version of the story 
is confirmed by reference to the Norse accounts, in which A^ils 
(= Eadgils) slays Ali ( = Onela) on the ice of Lake Wener (see 1. 2396). 

Heyne (followed unfortunately by Brooke) seems to pervert and 
distort this simple story almost beyond belief. He says (the square 
brackets are mine) : ' The relations of Ohthere's sons to Hygelac's 
son appear according to the text to be as follows. Ohthere's sons, 
Eanmund and Eadgils, have revolted against their father (2381) [why 
their father rather than Onela?], in consequence of which they have 
to quit Sweden (2379) and come to Heardred (2380). One of them 
kills the latter under mysterious circumstances (2385) [2385 does not 
say so] ; it must have been Eanmund, whom Weohstan slays on the 
spot therefor, cf. 2612. Eadgils escapes to his home (2387, for 
" Ongen>Ioes beam" here means his grandson Eadgils, for " beam " 
can be used in the sense of descendant, cf. Daniel 73: "Israela 
beam") [special pleading! "Israela beam " = the children of Israel. 
What possible inference can there be from this to the meaning 
"grandson"? And why go to Daniel, in preference to referring 
to the seven instances of this use of " beam " in his own glossary 
to Beowulfl How much better to take "beam" to mean son, as 
in every other case of its singular use in the poem !], where in the 
meantime his father Ohthere seems to have died [!]. After Beowulf 
has become king of the Geats (2389), his thoughts turn to taking%is 
revenge on Eadgils (2391) ; he becomes his enemy [the MS. has 
"freond" !!]. Eadgils invades the land of the Geats (2393 — 4 ; read 



144 BEOWULF. 

"gestepte" from "gesteppan," and not "gestepte" from "gestepan"), 
but is killed by Beowulf (2396) [then "Beowulf" is the subject of 
" wears " (2392), " sunu Ohteres " (2394) is the subject of " gestepte," 
and "he" (2395) again refers to Beowulf! And Eadgils has mean- 
time become king of Sweden (2396)].' See also Eanmund. 

I have treated this question thus fully in the hope of ending a mis- 
interpretation, which has obtained some vogue. 

Eafor {gen. 2964). See Eofor. 

Eanmund, 2611, elder son of Ohthere ; see Eadgils. He is slain by 
Weohstan (2612 ff.), who strips him of the armour given him by his 
uncle Onela (2616). Weohstan " spake not about the feud, although 
he had slain his (Onela's) brother's son (2618 — 9)." These words 
accord much better with the supposition that Weohstan had slain a 
" friendless exile " (2613) in a private quarrel, of which he was half 
ashamed, than that he had avenged Heardred's death upon his 
murderer. 

Earna-nses, 3031, Eagles-ness, near the scene of Beowulf's fight with the 
dragon. 

East-Dene, 392, 616, East-Danes ; see Dene. 

Ecglaf, 499, father of Unferth. 

EcgHow (Ecg>eo, 373; gen. Ecg>Ioes, 1999) father of Beowulf the 
Geat; married the only daughter of Hrethel, king of the Geats 
and father of Hygelac (373—5). Having slain Heatholaf, the 
Wylfing, Ecgtheow seeks protection at the court of Hrothgar in 
the early days of his kingship ; Hrothgar accepts his fealty, and 
settles the feud by a money-payment (459 ff.). 

Ecgwela, 1710: "the descendants of Ecgwela, the Honour-Scyldings," 
i.e. the Danes. Grein takes him to be the founder of the older 
dynasty of Danish kings, which ended in Heremod. 

Elan, 62 (see note), daughter of Healfdene, sister of Hrothgar, and wife 
of Ongentheow (?), king of the Swedes. 

Eofor {dat. lofore, 2993, 2997), a Geat warrior, son of Wonred, brother 
of Wulf, and son-in-law of Hj^gelac. He comes to the aid of his 
brother Wulf in his single combat with Ongentheow, and slays the 
latter, thus avenging the death of Haethcyn. Hygelac liberally 
rewards both the brothers, and gives his only daughter to Eofor 
(2484 ff., 2961 ff.). 

Eomser, 1960, son of Offa and Thrytho (q. v.). 

Eormenric, 1201, king of the Ostrogoths ; see Brosinga mene. 

Eotenas, 1072, 1088, 1141, 1145, the people of Finn, king of Friesland. 

Finn (Fin 1096, 1146, 1152 ; gen. Finnes 1068 etc.), king of Friesland 



PERSONS AND PLACES. 145 

(1126), son of Folcwalda (1089); his queen is Hildeburh. The some- 
what obscure Finn episode in "Beowulf" (11. 1068 — 1159) is evidently 
part of a Finn saga, of which only the merest fragment, called the 
Fight at Finnsburg (see Appendix), is extant. Various attempts 
have been made to reconstruct the saga from these materials, the 
chief point wherein they differ being as to the relative places of the 
"Fight" and the Finn episode in the restored connected story. 
Bugge, in accordance with his interpretation of 11. 1142 — 4 (see note), 
follows Grein in arguing that the night attack described in the 
"Fight" took place when Hnaef was killed, before the events de- 
scribed in the "Beowulf" episode, i.e. before 1. 1068. Moller, on 
the other hand, contends that the proper place of the " Fight " is 
between lines 1144 and 1145. His outline of the story is briefly as 
follows : 

Finn, king of the Frisians, had carried off Hildeburh, daughter 
of Hoc (1076), probably with her consent. Her father Hoc seems to 
have pursued the fugitives, and to have been slain in the tight which 
ensued on his overtaking them. After the lapse of some twenty years 
Hoe's sons, Hnffif and Hengest, were old enough to undertake the 
duty of avenging their father's death. They make an inroad into 
Finn's country and a battle takes place in which many warriors, 
among them Hnsef and a son of Finn (1074, 1079, 1115), are killed. 
Peace is therefore solemnly concluded, and the slain warriors are 
burnt (1068—1124). 

As the year is too far advanced for Hengest to return home (11. 
1130 ff.), he and those of his men who survive remain for the winter 
in the Frisian country with Finn. But Hengest's thoughts dwell 
constantl}^ on the death of his brother Hnaef, and he would gladly 
welcome any excuse to break the peace which had been sworn by 
both parties. His ill concealed desire for revenge is noticed by the 
Frisians, who anticipate it by themselves taking the initiative and 
attacking Hengest and his men whilst they are sleeping in the hall. 
This is the night attack described in the "Fight." It would seem 
that after a brave and desperate resistance Hengest himself falls 
in this fight at the hands of Hunlafing (1143), but two of his 
retainers, Guthlaf and Oslaf, succeed in cutting their way through 
their enemies and in escaping to their own land. The}'- return 
with fresh troops, attack and slay Finn, and carry his queen Hilde- 
burh off with them (1125—1159). 
Finnas, 580, the Finns. The sea washed Beowulf up on their land, 
Finland, at the end of his swimming-match with Breca. 

W. B. 10 



146 BEOWULF. 

Fitela, 879, 889 (Icel. Sinfiotli), son of Sigemund by his sister Signy, 
and therefore also his nephew (881). See Sigemund. 

Folcwalda, 1089, the father of Finn. 

Francan, 1210, see Froncan. 

Freawaru (ace. Freaware 2022), daughter of Hrothgar and Wealhtheow, 
and wife of Ingeld. See Ingeld. 

Fresan, 1093, 2915, see Frysan. 

Fres-cyning, 2503, the king of the West Frisians ; see Frysan (2). 

Fres-lond (pi.), 2357, the land of the West Frisians. See Frysan (2). 

Fres-wsel, 1070, the North Frisian field or place of battle, where Hnaef 
fell. See Finn. 

Froda, 2025, father of Ingeld (q. v.). 

Froncan {gen. Francna 1210), the Franks. Hygelac was defeated and 
slain, in his historical invasion of the Netherlands, by a combined 
army of Frisians, Franks, and Hugs (1202 &., 2912 &.). 

Fiysan {ge7i. Fresena 1093, Frysna 1104, Fresna 2915), the Frisians. 
There are (1) the North Frisians, the people of Finn (q. v. ; 1068 ff.) ; 
(2) the West Frisians, who combined with the Franks and Hugs 
against Hygelac (1202 ff., 2912 ff.). The land of the former is called 
"Frys-land" in 1. 1126, that of the latter "Fres-lond" (pi.) in 1. 2357. 

Frys-land, 1126, the land of the North Frisians. See Frysan (1). 

Gar-Dene, 1, 1856, Spear-Danes ; see Dene. 

Garmund, 1962. Eomaer is said to be the "grandson of Garmund," who 
was therefore the father of Offa (q. v.). He is the Wasrmund of the 
genealogies of the Chronicle, in which Offa and Eomaer also appear ; 
see Parker MS. 626 and 755 a.d. 

Geat, 640, 1301, 1785, 1792, the Geat (i.e. Beowulf). 

Geata (weak form or gen. pi.?), 374, 1191, 1202, etc. 

Geatas {O.Norse Gautar, Swed. Gotar; gen. Geatena 443), the Geats, the 
people to whom the hero Beowulf belonged. They lived in South 
Sweden, between the Danes on the south and the Swedes on the 
north. They are also called Gu"5-Geatas, Hre'Slingas, Sse-Geatas, 
Weder-Geatas, and Wederas. Bugge identifies them with the Jutes. 

Geat-mecgas {dat. Geat-maecgum 491, gen. Geat-mecga 829), Geat men, 
referring to the fourteen Geats (207) who accompanied Beowulf to 
Heorot. 
Gif^Jas, the Gifths, (supposed to be) the Gepidae ; see 1. 2494. 
Grendel {geii. Grendles 195, 2002, etc., Grendeles 2006, 2118, 2139, 2353 ; 
dat. Grendle 666, 2521, etc.), the famous monster, slain by Beowulf. 
See Argument. He is of the kindred of Cain (1265 ff.). His father 
is unknown (1355). 



I 



PERSONS AND PLACES. 147 

Grendles modor (Grendeles modor 2118, 2139), Grendel's mother or dam, 
the slaying of whom is Beowulf's second great exploit. See Argu- 
ment. She is sometimes spoken of as a male, sometimes as a 
female; cf. 11. 1260, 1379, 1392, 1394, 1497, 2136 with 1292 ff., 1339, 
1504 ff., 1541 if. 

Gd^-Geatas, 1538, War-Geats ; see Geatas. 

GH'Slaf, 1148, a Danish warrior under Hnaef and Hengest. See Finn. 

Ga«-Scilfingas, 2927, War-Scylfings ; see Scylfingas. 

Hsere«, 1929, 1981, the father of Hygd, Hygelac's wife. 

Hie'Scyn (H^Scen 2925, dat. Hre'Scynne 2482), second son of Hrethel, 
king of the Geats. He accidentally kills his elder brother Herebeald 
with a bow and arrow during his father's lifetime (2435 ff.) ; succeeds 
to the throne at his father's death (2483), but falls in battle at 
Eavenswood at the hand of the Swedish king Ongentheow (2923 ff.). 

Halga, 61, " the good " (til), younger brother of Hrothgar. He is thought 
to be the father of Hrothulf (1017, etc.), because he is identified with 
the historical Helgi, the father of Rolf Kraki ( = Hrothulf). 

Hama, 1198 ; see Brosinga mene. 

Healfdene, 57, king of the Danes, son of Beowulf the Scylding, and father 
of Hrothgar, " the son of Healfdene " (189, etc.). 

Healf-Dene, Half-Danes, the tribe to which Hnsef belongs ; see 1. 1069. 

Heardred, son of Hygelac and Hygd. While still under age (2370) he 
succeeds his father as king of the Geats, so that Beowulf for a time 
acts as his counsellor and protector (2377). He is slain by Onela 
(2200 if., 2385 ff.). 

HeatSo-Beardan {gen. Hea'So-Beardna 2032 etc.), Heathobards, Lombards, 
the tribe to which Ingeld (q. v.) belongs. 

Hea'Solaf, 460, a warrior of the Wylfings, slain by Ecgtheow, the father 
of Beowulf. 

HeatSo-Rsimas, 519, Heathoremes, the people on whose shores Breca is 
cast after his swimming-match with Beowulf. 

Hea«o-Scilflngas {gen. sg. Hea'So-Scilfingas 63), 2205, Battle- Scylfings ; 
see Scylfingas. 

Helmingas, 620, Helmings. Hrothgar's queen, Wealhtheow, is "a 
woman of the Helmings." 

Hemming, 1944, 1961. "Kinsman of Hemming" describes both Offa 
(q. V.) and his son Eomaer. 

Hengest, 1083, 1091, took command of the Danes after Hnaf's fall. See 
Finn. 

Heorogar (Heregar 467, Hiorogar 2158), 61, eldest son of Healfdene, and 
elder brother of Hrothgar (468). He did not leave his armour to his 

10—2 



148 BEOWULF. 

son ; but Hrothgar gives it to Beowulf, and Beowulf gives it to 
Hygelac (2155 ff.). 

Heorot (Heort 78, dat. Heorute 766, Hiorte 2099), the hall Heorot or 
Hart, which Hrothgar built (67 ff.)- I* "^as deserted for twelve 
years because of Grendel's ravages (145 ff.). Beowulf's encounter 
with the monster takes place in the hall, on the roof of which his 
arm is afterwards exhibited as a trophy (710 ff.). 

Heoroweard, 2161, son of Heorogar (q. v.). 

Herebeald, 2434, 2463, eldest son of the Geat king Hrethel, accidentally 
killed with an arrow by his brother Hathcyn (2435 ff.). 

Heremod, 901, 1709, a Danish king (see Ecgwela), is twice introduced 
as a kind of stock example of a bad and cruel king. In the end he 
is betrayed into the hands of his foes (903). 

Hereric, 2206. Heardred is called " Hererices nefa." Possibly he was 
the brother of Hygd. 

Here-Scyldingas, 1108, the Army-Scyldings ; see Scyldingas. 

netware, 2363, 2916, the Hattuarii, the tribe against whom Hygelac made 
the raid in which he met his death. 

HUdeburh, 1071, 1114, daughter of Hoc (1076), and wife of Finn. See 
Finn. 

Hnsef, 1069, 1114, fell in the fight with Finn on the "Fres-wael" (1070). 
See Finn. 

Hoc, father of Hildeburh (1076); see Finn. 

Hondscio, 2076, the one of Beowulf's fourteen comrades, in his expedi- 
tion to the Danish kingdom, that Grendel devoured before attacking 
Beowulf (740 ff., 2076 ff.). 

Hrefna-wudu, 2925, Kavenswood, where Ongentheow slew Hsethcyn. 
Also called 

Hrefnes-holt, 2935. See above. 

Hreosna-beorh, 2477, the scene of Onela and Ohthere's marauding in- 
vasions of Geatland after the death of Hrethel. 

Hre«el {gen. weak form Hre^lan 454, gen. Hre-Sles 1485), king of the 
Geats; he was son of Swertiug (1203), father of Hygelac, and 
grandfather of Beowulf (373 £f.), to whom he left his coat of mail 
(454). He died of grief at the loss of his eldest son Herebeald 
(2435 ff.), who was accidentally shot by his own brother H^thcyn. 

Hre«ling, son of Hrethel ; applied in 1. 1923 to Hygelac, and in 1. 2925 
to Hffithcyn. 

Hre«lingas, 2960, the people of Hrethel, the Geats. See Geatas. 

HretS-men, 445, "triumph-men," a name of the Danes ; see Dene. 

Hre-Krlc, 1189, 1836, elder son of Hrothgar. 



PERSONS AND PLACES. 149 

Hring-Dene, 116, 1279, Ring-Danes ; see Dene. 

Hrones-nses, 2805, 3136, "Whale's Ness." Beowulf, in his dying speech, 
names this place as the site of the barrow which is to hold his 
ashes and perpetuate his name. 

HrotJgar, king of the Danes, second son of Healfdene. For his family 
see the genealogical tables on p. 140. He is one of the chief persons 
in the poem, the builder of the hall Heorot which Grendel ravages ; 
thus he prepares the way for the coming of the hero. See Argument. 

HrotSmund, 1189, younger son of Hrothgar. 

Hro^ulf, 1017, 1181, probably the son of Hrothgar's younger brother 
Halga (q. v.). He lived at the Danish court. Wealhtheow expresses 
the hope that he will be good to their children in return for their 
kindness to him, if he survives Hrothgar (1180 ff.). It would seem 
that this hope was not destined to be fulfilled (1164 — 5). 

Hrunting, 1457, 1490, 1659, 1807, the sword of Unferth (q. v.), which he 
lends to Beowulf for his fight with Grendel's mother. 

Hdgas, 2502, 2914, the Hugs; see Froncan. 

Hilnlafing-, 1143, the son of Hunlaf; the warrior of Finn who slew 
Hengest. See Finn, and the note on 11. 1142 — 4. 

Hygd, 1926, 2172, 2369, daughter of Haere^ (1929), wife of Hygelac (q. v.), 
and mother of Heardred. See 1926 ff., and Hygelac. 

Hygelac {usually spelt Higelac, 435, etc. ; Hygelac 2151, etc. ; gen. Hyge- 
Ifices 1530, 2386, 2943, Higelaces 194, etc.; dat. Hygelace 2169, Hige- 
lace 452, etc.), the reigning king of the Geats during the greater part 
of the action of the poem; see Argument. He is the third son of 
Hrethel, and uncle to Beowulf; see genealogical tables. 

When his brother Hrethcyn was defeated and slain by Ongentheow 
at Ravenswood (2924), Hygelac came quickly in pursuit (2943) and 
put Ongentheow to flight (2949); but though, as the leader of the 
attack, he is called " Ongentheow's banesman" (1968), the actual 
slayer was Eofor (q. v.), whom Hygelac rewards with the hand of 
his only daughter (2977 ff.). At the later time of Beowulf's return 
from his expedition against Grendel, Hygelac, who is still young 
(1831), is married to Hygd, who is herself "very young" and has 
not long been queen (1926 — 8) ; she would seem then to have been 
his second wife. 

Hygelac came by his death in his historical invasion of the 
Netherlands, which is four times referred to in the poem (1202 ff., 
2354 ff., 2501 ff., 2914 ff.), and occurred between 512 and 520 a.d. 

Ingeld, 2064, son of Froda (2025), and prince of the Heathobards. 
Beowulf tells Hygelac that Hrothgar's daughter Freawaru is promised 



150 BEOWULF. 

in marriage to Ingeld, and that the Danish king hopes thereby to 
terminate the feud between the two peoples (2024 ff.). Beowulf goes 
on to foretell that these hopes will prove vain (2067 — 9). That this 
was actually the case we learn from WicUl'^ 45 — 49 : 

"HroSwulf and Hro'Sgar heoldon lengest 
sibbe ffitsomne suhtorf^drau, 
si^San hy forwracon Wicinga cynn 
and Ingeldes ord forbigdan, 
forheowan aet Heorote Hea'Sobeardna Kym." 

Grein's Bibliothek, i. 252. 
Ingwine, 1044, 1319, "friends of Ing," Ingsvones, a name of the Danes. 
See Dene. Of Ing we read in the Rune-poem, 67 — 8 (ed. Wiilcker) : 
" (Ing) waes aerest mid Eastdenum 
gesewen secgun." 

He has been identified with Sceaf and Frea. 

lofor, 2993, 2997, see Eofor. 

Merewloing- {gen. Merewioingas 2921), the Merwing or Merovingian king 
of the Franks. 

Nsegling, 2680, the name of the sword Beowulf used in his encounte 
with the dragon. 

Nor^J-Dene, 783, North-Danes ; see Dene. 

Oflfa, 1949, 1957, king of the Angles ("Offa weold Ongle," Wlds'i^ 35); son 
of Garmund, husband of Thrytho (q. v.), and father of Eomser. 

Ohthere {gen. Ohteres 2380, 2394, 2612, Ohtheres 2928 etc.), son of the 
Swedish king Ongentheow, and father of Eanmund and Eadgils. 

Onela, 2616, 2932, brother of Ohthere, and king of Sweden at the time 
of the rebellion of Eanmund and Eadgils. He invades the land of 
the Geats, slays Heardred (2387), and then retreats before Beowulf. 
At a later time Beowulf avenges his late king by supporting Eadgils 
in an invasion of Sweden, in which Onela is slain (2391 ff.). See 
Eadgils. 

OngenJ>eow {nom. Ongenheow 2486, Ongen]?io 2924, 2951, OugenJ?Iow 
2961; gen. Ongen>eowes 2475, Ongenl^eoes 1968, OngenKoes 2387; 
dat. Ongen>Io 2986), king of the Swedes, and father of Onela and 
Ohthere. The early strife between the Swedes and Geats, which 
centres round his name, is told in 11. 2472 ff., and more fully in 11. 
2910 — 98. In retaliation for the marauding invasions of Onela and 
Ohthere (2475), Hathcyn invades Sweden, and takes Ongentheow's 
queen. Elan (? 62), prisoner. Ongentheow then invades the land of 
her captor, whom he slays, and rescues his wife; but in his hour 



I 
1 



PERSONS AND PLACES. 151 

of triumph he is attacked in his turn by Hygelac near Ravenswood, 
and falls by the hand of Eofor (q. v.). 

Oslaf, 1148, associated with Gu'Slaf (q. v.) in avenging Hnasfs death. 
See Finn. 

Sse-Geatas, 1850, 1986, Sea-Geats ; see Geatas. 

Scede-land (pi.), 19,=:Sceden-ig (q. v.). 

Sceden-Ig- {dat. Sceden-igge 1686; 0. Norse Skaney), Scandia, the most 
southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the 
Danes; here used as a name for the whole Danish kingdom. 

Scefing, 4, son of Scef or Sceaf, i.e. Scyld (q. v.). 

Scyld, 4, 19, 26, son of Sceaf, and the mythical founder of the Scylding 
dynasty. See 11. 1—52. 

Scylding (Scilding 2105), 1792, the Scylding, i.e. Hrothgar. 

Scyldingas (Scyldungas 2052; gen. Scildunga 2101, Scyldunga 2159, 
Scyldinga 30, etc.), 58, etc., the Scyldings, descendants of Scyld 
{q. v.), the name of the reigning Danish dynasty, commonly extended 
to include the Danish people. They are also called Ar-Scyldingas, 
Here-Scyldingas, Sige-Scyldingas, and peod-Scyldingas (q. v.). See 
Dene. 

Scylfing (Scilfing 2968), 2487, the Scylfing, i.e. Ongentheow. 

Scylfingas, 2381, the Scylfings, the name of the reigning Swedish dynasty, 
extended to the Swedish people in the same way as "Scyldings" to 
the Danes. They are also called GuS-Scylfingas, Hea^o- Scylfingas 
(q. v.). 

If the MS. reading of 1. 2603 is correct, Beowulf's kinsman Wiglaf 
belongs to the family of the Scylfings as well as to that of the 
Wgegmundings (2814). In that case the relations may be those 
suggested in the following table : 

Scylf 



WtTgmund Ongen^eow 



Ecg)jeow Weohstan 

Beowulf Wieflaf 



Sigemund, 875, 884, son of Waels, and father and uncle of Fitela. In 
our poem Sigemund slays the dragon ; in the famous later versions 
of the Volsunga Saga and the Nibelungenlied, it is Sigemund's son, 
Sigurd or Siegfried, who does the deed. See 11. 874 — 900, and the 
Vdlsmifja Saga. 

Sige-Scyldingas, 597, 2004, Victory-Scyldings, a name of the Danes; 
see Scyldingas. 



152 BEOWULF. 

SlltJ-Dene, 463, 1996, South-Danes ; see Dene. 

Sweon, 2472, 2946, 2958, 3001, the Swedes, called also " Sweo->eod," and 
their country " Swio-rice." They are ruled by the Scylfing dynasty. 
Their home was in Sweden, north of the Geats. 

Sweo-J)eod, 2922, = Sweon (q. v.). 

Swerting, 1203. Hygelac is called " grandson (nefa) of Swerting." 

SwIo-rice, 2383, 2495, the land of the Swedes, modern Svea Kike. See 
Sweon. 

peod-Scyldingas, 1019, People-Scyldings, a name of the Danes; see 
Scyldingas. 

pryHo, 1931, wife of the Angle king Offa, and mother of Eomsr, is 
introduced in contrast to Hygd, in much the same way as Heremod 
is a foil to Beowulf. She is at first the type of a cruel, unwomanly 
queen. But by her marriage with Offa (who seems to be her second 
husband) she is subdued and changed, until her fame even adds 
glory to his. See 11. 1931—62. 

UnfertJ, 499, 530, 1165, 1488 (his name is always " Hunfer S " in the 
MS., but alliterates with vowels), son of Ecglaf, and spokesman 
(1165, 1456) of Hrothgar, at whose feet he sits (500, 1166). He is 
of a jealous disposition (503 — 5), and is twice spoken of as the 
murderer of his own brothers (587, 1167). For his "flytiug" with 
Beowulf see 11. 506 — 606. He afterwards lends his sword Hrunting 
for Beowulf's encounter with Grendel's mother (1455), but it fails the 
hero at need (1522, 1659). Beowulf returns it to its owner (1807). 

Wsigmundingas, 2607, 2814, Wffigm.undings, the family to which both 
Beowulf and Wiglaf belong. See Scylfingas. 

Wsels, 897, father of Sigemund. 

Wselsing, 877, son of Waels, i.e. Sigemund. 

Wealli|)eow, 612 (Wealhbeo, 664, 1162, 1215; dat. Wealh^eon 629), of the 
family of the Helmings (620), Hrothgar's queeu, and the mother of 
his children. Mention is made of her queenly hospitality to Beowulf 
(612, 1188, 1215). 

Wederas {gen. Wedera 225 etc. ; but the second scribe uses the contracted 
gen. Wedra everywhere but in 1. 2336; see 11. 2120, 2462 etc.), 
= Weder-Geatas, a name of the Geats. See Geatas. 

Weder-Geatas, 1492, 1612, 2379, 2551 ; see Wederas. 

Weder-mearc, 298, Wedermark, apparently a name for the land of the 
Weders or Weder-Geats, i.e. the Geats. 

Weland, 455 (the " Volund " of the Edda), the famous smith of Germanic 
legend, the maker of Beowulf's coat of mail. (See the Franks' casket 
in the British Museum, and cf. Wayland Smith's forge in Berkshire.) 



PERSONS AND PLACES. 153 

Wendlas, 348, possibly the Vandals; Wulfgar (q. v.) is a "chief of the 
Wendlas." 

Weohstan, 2613 {fieri. Weohstanes 2862, Weoxstanes 2602, Wihstanes 
2752 etc.), father of Wiglaf, and slayer of Eanmuud (q. v.). 

West-Dene, 383, 1578, West-Danes ; see Dene. 

Wiglaf, son of Weohstan. He is a kinsman of Beowulf (2813), a 
Wiegmunding (2814), and a "chief of the Scylfings" (2603). He 
was chosen with ten others (2401, 2847) to accompany Beowulf on 
his expedition against the dragon (2638 ff.), and he alone justified 
the choice. Taking shelter under Beowulf's shidld (2675), he showed 
the utmost valour, and was the first to wound the dragon in a vulner- 
able part (2694 ff.). To him alone Beowulf made his dying speech, 
and gave his dying bequests (2809 ff.). He upbraids the coward 
thanes and deprives them of their land-right (2886), and gives fitting 
orders for the burial of the hero, as he himself had directed (2802, 
3094 ad fin. ). 

Wi^ergyld, 2051, the name of a Heathobard warrior. 

Wonred, 2971, father of Wulf and Eofor (q. v.). 

Wonreding-, 2965, son of Wonred, i.e. Wulf (q. v.). 

Wulf, 2965, 2993, son of Wonred and brother of Eofor (q. v.). In the 
battle between the forces of Hygelac and Ongentheow, Wulf attacks 
the latter and is disabled by him, but his brother Eofor comes to 
his aid and slays Ongentheow single-handed (2964 ff.). 

Wulfgar, 348, 360, 390, a chief of the Wendlas (348); an official of 
Hrothgar's court, who is the first to greet the Geats (331 ff.), and 
introduces them to Hrothgar. 

Wyinngas {dat. Wilfingum 461, Wylfingum 471), the Wylfings. 
Heatholaf, who was slain by Ecgtheow, father of Beowulf, was a 
warrior of this tribe. 

Yrmenlaf, 1324, younger brother of iEschere, whom Grendel's mother 
carried off. 



PLAN OF GLOSSARY. 



The order of words is strictly alphabetical, except in the case of 
compound verbs, which will be found under their simple verbs. 

Past participles compounded with ge- are usually glossed under the 
simple verb (Sievers § 366), but there are some marked exceptions; e.g. 
gegongen is the pp. of gongan in 822, 3036, hut of gegongan in 893, 3085. 

38 comes between ad and af. 

■R and J> are treated as identical, and come after t. 

Numierous cross references are given, especially for unusual forms, 
but not as a rule for mere fiexional forms which a knowledge of grammar 
should suffice to trace, such as parts of verbs. 

All words are glossed under forms which actually occur in the poem, 
not under normalised forms. When divergent forms of the same word 
occur and cross references are not given, 

io (both initial and final) should be sought under eo, 
y „ i,. 

a (before nasals) ,, o. 

Dative and Instrumental are not distinguished, except when they 
have different forms, as in the singular of adjectives and of some 
pronouns. 

Small capitals are used for modern renderings which are directly 
or almost directly descended from the Old English words. 

The following abbreviations alone require explanation : 



St. 


strong 


w. 


weak 


m. 


masculine 


f. 


feminine 


neut. 


neuter 


n. 


noun 


V. 


verb 


sg. 


singular 



pi. 


plural 


subj. 


subjunctive 


part. 


participle 


pp. 


past participle 


conj. 


conjunction 


esp. 


especially 


obi. 


oblique 



GLOSSARY. 



N.B. All compound verbs must be sought under their simple verbs. 



a, adv., aye, ever, always, 455, etc. 
ac, conj., but, 740, 773, etc. 

ac, adv. interr., ^Jjat. iionne, used 
to mark a question, 1990. 

ad, St. m., funeral pile, pyre, 1110, 
etc. 

ad-faru, st. /., [pyre-FARing] way 
to the funeral pile, 3010. 

adl, St. /., illness, sickness, disease, 

_ 1736, etc. 

sedre, st. /., stream, canal, vein; 
dat. pi. swat adrum sprong, 
"blood sprang in streams," 2966 ; 
blod edrum dranc, "drank blood 

__in streams," 742. 

sedre, adv., quickly, 354. 

sefen, st. in., even, evening, 1235. 

sefen-grom, adj. , [EVEN-angry] 
fierce in the evening, night- 
enemy, 2074. 

sefen-leoht, st. neut., even- light, 

_413. 

sefen-rsest, st.f., even-rest, 1252. 

»fen-spr9BC, si. /., even-speech, 
speech in the evening, 759. 

sefnan, see efnan. 

»fre, adv., ever, always, 70, etc. 

aefter, prejj., after, 85, 119, 931, 
1320, 2816, etc.; after, for, con- 
cerning, 332, 1342, 1879, 2461; 
along, among, 140, 944, 995, 
2832 (through), etc.; in accord- 
ance with, according to, 1049, 
1720, 2179, 2753, etc.; on ac- 
count of, in consequence of, 
1606, 1943. Special passages : 
aefter beorne, "after (the death 



of) the hero, warrior," 2260-1; 
asfter ma^iSum-welan, "after ob- 
taining wealth of treasure," 
2750; aefter faroSe, "with the 
tide," 580. 

sefter, adv., after, afterwards, 12, 
1389, 315 (back), etc. 

ief-t»unca, w. m., mortification, 
vexation, annoyance, 502. 

gig-hwa, seg-hwset, pron., each, 
every one, every man, etc., 1384, 
2624; qen. ffighwffis, "of each 
kiiid,"3135. 

seg-liwses, gen. neut. used ad- 
verbialli/, in every respect, alto- 

_ gether, 1865, 1886. 

seg-hwser, adv. everywHERE, 1059. 

sig-liwse'Ser, pron., either, each 
[nsu. of two), 2564, 2844. Special 
passages: ^ghwas'Sres sceal scearp 
scyldwiga gescad witan, worda 
ond worca, "a sharp shield- 
warrior must know the difference 
between words and works," 287; 
ear fo Slice heora ffighw^eSrum, 
"with difficulty for each one of 

_them," 1636. 

SBg-hwylc, 

(1) pron., each, everyone, 1165, 
etc. ; with gen. 1050, etc. ; 

(2) adj., each, every, 621. 
seglieca, see agl»ca. 
seg-weard. st. f., sea-WARD, watch 

by the sea-coast, 241. 
aht, St. /., owning, possession, 

power, 42, 516. 
»ht, St./., pursuit, chase, 2957. 
-sehted, see eahtian. 
giled, st. m., fire, 3015. 



156 



BEOWULF. 



seled-leoma, tc. in., fire-gleam, 
torch, 3125. 

sel-fylce, st. neut., alien folk, 
foreign nation, 2371. 

sel-mihtig, adj. ( = eal-mihtig), al- 
mighty; weak se ^Elmihtiga, 92. 

sel-wiht, St./., [alien-wiGHT] strange 

_ monster, 1500. 

sene, adv., oxee, once only, 3019. 

senig, adj.-pron., any, anyone, 474, 
503, etc.; nom. nges se folc-cyn- 
ing ymbe-sittendra anig 'Sara >e, 
"among neighbouring folk-kings 
there was not one that," 2734. 

_ For genige >inga see >ing. 

sen-lie, adj.^ [one-like] unique, 

_ peerless, 251, 1941. 

senne, see an. 

seppel-fealu, adj., apple-fallow, 
apple or reddish yellow, 2165. 

ar, adv., EKE, erst, before, formerly, 
15, 642, 718, 2595, etc.; earlier, 
2500; first, 3038. Special pass- 
ages : no >>y sei', "none the 
sooner," 754, etc.; ser he feorh 
sele^...ffir he, "he will sooner 
give up life than he," 1370. 

seror, compar., before, former- 
ly,_first, 809, 2654. 

aerest, superl., [erst] first, 6, 

_ 2157, etc. 

ser, prep., xoith dat., ere, before, 

_ 1388, etc. 

ser, conj., ere, before: wsw. ivith 
suhj. 252, etc.; ivith indie. 2019. 
Correl. icith ser adv. (q. v.), 1371. 
ser J>on, conj., ere, 732. 

ser-dseg, st. m., [ere-day] morning 
twilight, day-break, 126, etc. 

serende, st. neut. , errand, 270, etc. 

serest, see sir. 

»r-fS6der, st. m., [ere-father] 

_ father, 2622. 

ser-g^estreon, st. nexit., [ERE-trea- 
sure] ancient treasure, former 

_ gain, 1757, 2232. 

aer-geweorc, st. neut., [ere-work] 
ancient work, 1679. 

»r-god, adj., [ere-good] good be- 
fore others, very good, 130, 989, 
etc. 



sern, st. neut., house, 2225. 

serra, cornpar. adj. (formed from 
adv. ser), earlier, fovmev: dat. 
pi. ffirran mffilum, "in former 

_ times," 907, 2237, 3035. 

ser-wela, st. m., [ere-weal] ancient 

_ wealth, 2747. 

SBS, St. neut., carrion, carcase, 
corpse: dat. atol aese wlanc, 
" the dire carrion -jDroud creature 
(Grendel's mother exulting over 
^schere's corpse)," 1332. 

sesc, St. m., [ash] spear, 1772. 

sesc-liolt, St. neut., [ash- wood] 
spear, 330. 

sesc-wiga, iv. m., [ash- warrior] 
spear-warrior, 2042. 

set, jj?-<3jj. with dat., at, in, of time 
and place, 32, 45, 81, 1089, 1110, 
1337, 2270, 3013, 3026, etc.; 
from, 629, 2860, etc. Special 
passage : nu is se r»d gelaug eft 
ffit >e anum, "now is the rede 

_ again along of thee alone," 1377. 

set, St. m., EATing, meal, 3026. 

set-gsedere, adv., together, 321, 
etc.; after samod, 387, etc.; 
garas stodon samod setgaedexe, 
"the spears stood all together," 
329^ 

set-grsepe, adj., GROPing after, 
grasping at, at grips with, 1269. 

set-rihte, adv., almost, 1657. 

set-somne, adv., together, 2847, 
3122, etc. 

settren, adj., poisonous, 1617. 

se^ele, adj., noble, 198, 263, etc. 

sej>eling, st. m., .atheling, noble, 
prince, 3, 33, 118, 888, 1225, 
1294, 1804, 2888, etc. 

sej>elu, st. neut. (always pi. in "Beo- 
wulf"), noble descent, lineage, 
332, etc.; dat.pl. fasder fe>elum, 
"his father's preeminence," 911; 
BBbelum god, diore, "good, dear, 

_ by virtue of lineage," 1870, 1949. 

setSm, St. m., breath, 2593. 

agan, st.-w. v., pres. ah, pret. ahte : 
own, possess, have, 1088, 1727, 
etc.; absolutely 31. Neg. form 
nah = ne-f jlh, 2252. 



GLOSSARY. 



157 



agen, adj. {pp. of agan), own, 

_ 2676. 

Agend, st. m. , OwNer, God, 3075. 

agend-frea, w. vi., owNing lord, 
owner, J.883. 

aglgica, sglseca, w. m., monster, 
monster-fighter, warrior, cham- 
pion, 159, 739, etc. ; ace. sg. 
aglffican, 556; gen. dat. aglaacan, 
1512 (or nom. pi.?), 425; aglie- 
cean, 2557, 2520, etc.; ahlsecan, 
989, 646; nom. pi. aglgecean, 
2592. Used of Grendel, 433, 
1269, etc. ; of the dragon, 2535, 
etc.; of a sea-monster, 556; of 
Sigemund, 893; of Beoioulf, 1512 
(or sea-monsters?); of Beowulf 
and the dragon, 2592. 

aglsBC-wIf, St. neut., monster-wiFE, 
monster of a woman ; nom. 
G-rendles modor, ides, agl^c-wlf, 
1259. 

ah, ahte, see agan. 

ahsian, w. v., endure, suffer, 423, 
1206. 

ge-ahsian, w. v., learn by ask- 
ing, learn, hear ; pp. geahsod, 433. 

aht ( = a-wiht, q. v.), st. neut., 
aught; with gen. aht cwices, 
"aught living," 2314. 

aldor, see ealdor. 

Al-walda, Al-wealda, iv. m., the 
ALL-wiELcer, God, 928, 955, 
1314. 

al-walda, iv. adj., ALL-wiELcing, 
all-ruling, 316. 

an, 1225, pres. sg. 1st of unnan, 
q.v. 

an, prep., see on. 

an, num. {adj. and pron.), ace. sg. 
m. anne and mine: 
(1) ONE, AN, A, 100, 135, 428, 699, 
2280, 3077, etc.; with the def. 
art. 1053, 2237 ; emphatic, some- 
times perhaps demonstrative, 1458, 
1885, 2410, 2774. Special pass- 
ages : on eenne SI'S, "once," 1579 ; 
gen. pi. anra gehwylces, gehwyl- 
cum, " of, to, each one," 732, 784 ; 
(= Lat. alter) an agfter anum, 
"the one for the other," 2461. 



(2) ONly, aloNE {more usual with 
the weak form ana, q. v.), 46, 
1377, 2964 (sole); gen. anes 
hwa3t, "a part only," 3010. 

ana, w. adj., ONly, aloNE, 145, 1081, 
2361, 2657. 

ancor, st. m., anchob, 303, 1883. 

anda, iv. m. 

(1) indignation, defiance; dat. 
wra>um on andan, "in indigna- 
tion against the wroth foe," 708. 

(2) mischief, horror, 2314. 
and-git, st. neut., understanding, 

intelligence, 1059. 

and-long, see ond-long. 

and-rysno, st.f. , etiquette, courtesy , 
attention due, 1796. 

and-weard, adj. : ace. neut. sweord 
swate fall swin ofer helme... and- 
weard scire/S, "the blood-stained 
sword cuts the boar standing on 
the opposed (foe's) helmet," 1287. 

and-wlita, iv. ?»., face, countenance, 
689. 

an-feald, adj., onefold, plain, 256. 

anga, iv. adj., ONly, sole, 375, 1262, 
1547, 2997. 

an-geng(e)a, iv. m., [oNE-goer] one 
who goes alone (of Grendel), 165, 
449. 

an-haga, iv. ni., a solitary, 2368. 

an-hydig, adj., ONE-minded, re- 
solute, 2667. 

an-pae'S, st. m., [one-path] lone- 
some path, or single track, 1410. 

an-rsed, adj., [one-rede] resolute, 
1529, 1575. 

an-sund, adj., sound, 1000. 

an-syn, see on-syn. 

an-tid, st. f., 219 (see note). 

anunga, adv., ONce for all, 634. 

An-walda, iv. m., [on-wielder] 
God, 1272. 

ar, St. m., messenger, 336, 2783. 

ar, St. f., honour, kindness, benefit, 
favour, grace, 2378, 2606, 1272 ; 
gen. pi. arna, 1187 ; dat. pi. 
arum healdan, "hold in (with) 
honour," 296, 1099, 1182. 

ar-fsest, adj., [honour-FAsi] up- 
right, dutiful, 1168. 



158 



BEOWULF. 



arian, w. i\, icith clat., spare, 598, 

-am, see -iernan. 

ar-stsef, st. m., favour, mercy, kind 

help, 317, 382, 458. 
atelic, adj., dreadful, horrible, 

dire, 784. 
ater-tan, st. ?»., poison-twig, 1459. 
atol, eatol, adj., dire, terrible, 

fearful, horrible, 159, etc.; dat. 

■pi. atolan, 1502. 
attor, St. neut., poison, venom, 

2715; geu. sg. attres, 2523. 
attor-sceatJa, tv. m., [poison- 

scATHer] poisonous foe, 2839. 
a'S, St. ?«. , OATH, 472, etc. 
a'8-sweord, st. n., oATH-swEARing, 

oath, 2064. 
a^Jum-swerian, iv. m. pi., father- 
in-law and son-in-law; dat. 

aSum-swerian, 84. 
awa, adv., aye, ever ; in awa to 

aldre, "for ever and ever," 955. 



B. 



badan, 10. v., beset, press, press 
hard, oppress, urge, incite, en- 
courage, 2018 ; pp. gebeeded, 
2580, 2826; strengum geb^eded, 
"sent by the strings," 3117. 

t)»l, St. neut., fire, burning, 2308, 
2322; the fire of the funeral 
pile, funeral pile, pyre, 1019, 
etc. 

biel-fyr, st. neut., fire of the 
funeral pile, 3143. 

biel-stede, st. m., pyre- stead, place 
_of the funeral pile, 3097. 

bsel-wudu, st. m., pyre-wooD, wood 
_for the funeral pile, 3112. 

bser, st.f., bier, 3105. 

-bsran, ?£. v. 

ge-bseran, iv. v., bear oneself, 
behave, fare, 2824; zvith two 
comparatives, ne gefrsegen ic ba 
mleg}>e maran weorode...sel ge- 
bffiran, "I heard not that that 
people in greater numbers ever 
bore themselves better," 1012. 

bsernan, w. v., trans., burn, 2313. 



bsetan, lo. v., bridle, bit; pp. 
gebffited, 1399. 

bseB, St. neut., bath, 1861. 

balder, see bealdor. 

balu, adj., BALEful; dat. pi., bal- 
won, 977. 

ban, St. neut., bone, 2692 (of the 
dragon's teeth). 

bana, see bona. 

ban-cofa, w. m., [bone-cove] body, 
1445. 

ban-faet, st. neut., [bone-vat] body; 
ace. pi. ban-fatu, 1116. 

ban-fag, adj., BONE-dight, adorned 
with bones or antlers, 780. 

ban-hring, st. m., bone-bing, ver- 
tebra, 1567. 

ban-htls, st. neut., bone-house, 
body, 2508, 3147. 

ban-loca, w. m., BONE-LocKer, 
flesh, 818. 

bannan, st. v. 

ge-bannan, st. v., order; inf. 
'5a ic wide gefrsegn weorc geban- 
nan manigre msgjje, "then I 
learnt that orders for the work 
were given widely to many a 
tribe, "74. 

bat, St. m., BOAT, 211, etc. 

bat-weard, st. m., [boat-ward] cap- 
tain, 1900. 

be, bi, prep., loitli dat., by in its 
various meanings, originally and 
usu. local, more rarely instru- 
mental (nearer in meaning to 
Ger. bei than Eng. by) : BEside, 
near, by, 36, 814, 1191, 1537, 
1722, 1872, 1905, 1950, 2219, 
2243, 2538, 2717,2756; by, along 
566 (rest), 1188 (motion) ,1573 ; by 
(in "I'll do my duty by you"), 
in connexion with, 1723. Follow- 
ing its case, him big, 3047. 
Specialpassages : wapen hafenade 
heard be hiltum, "raised the 
sharp weapon by the hilt," 1574; 
be '6e lifigendum, "during thy 
life,'' 2665; waes se grj^re ISssa 
efne swa micle, swa bi'S m£Bg>a 
craeft...be w£epned-men, "the 
terror was less even by so much, 



GLOSSARY. 



159 



as is women's power beside (in 

comparison with) a man, or, as 

women's power is [accounted 

less] by a man," 1284. 

be (bl) siem tweonum^be- 

tweonum sam, "between the 

seas," 858, 1297, 1685, 1956. 
beacen, st. neut., beacon, sign, 

monument, 570; 7iom. been, 3160. 
beacnian, 2v. v., [beckon] indicate; 

2)2). gebeacnod, 140. 
beado, beadu, st. /., battle, war, 

709; gen. beadwe, 1539. 
beado-grlma, lo. m., battle-mask, 

helmet, 2257. 
beado -hrsegl, st. neut., [battle-RAiL] 

war-dress, coat of mail, 552. 
beado-leoma, iv. m., [battle-ray] 

sword, 1523. 
beado-mece, st. m., battle-sword, 

1454. 
beado-rinc, st. m., [battle-]warrior, 

1109. 
beadu-folm, st. f., battle-hand, 990. 
beadu-lac, st. neut., battle-play, 

battle, war, 1561. 
beadu-rof, adj., battle-strong, 

mighty in war, 3160. 
beadu-rlln, [battle-RUNE] quarrel, 

501. 
beadu-scearp, adj., battle-sHARp, 

2704. 
beadu-scrCld, st. neut., [battle- 

shroud] coat of mail, 453. 
beadu-serce, ic. f., battle-SARK, coat 

of mail; ace. s^. beadu-sercean, 

2755. [Sievers § 159. 1.] 
beadu-weorc, st. neut., battle- work, 

battle, 2299. 
beag, beah, ring, circlet, (armlet, 

necklace, etc.); often = VL\oney, 

treasure; 1211, 80, 523, etc.; 

ace. 2)1. beg, 3163. 
beag-gyfa, iv. m., ring-oiver, 1102. 
beag-hroden, adj. (pi^.), ring-adorn- 
ed, adorned with diadem, brace- 
lets, 07' rings, 623. 
beah-hord, st. neut., ring-HOARD, 

894, etc. 
beah-sele, st. m., ring-hall, hall in 

which rings were given, 1177. 



beah-J>egu, st. /., ring-receiving, 
2176 (referring to Hygd's receiv- 
ing from Beowulf the wonderful 
necklace which Wealhtheow gave 
him). 

beah-wri'Sa, w. m., ring- wreath, 
circlet, 2018. 

bealdian, w.v., bear oneself BOLcly, 
2177. 

bealdor, balder, st. m., prince, lord, 
2428, 2567. 

bealo, bealu, st. neut., bale, evil, 
ruin, 2826 ; gen. pi. bealwa, 909, 
bealuwa, 281, bealewa, 2082. 

bealo-cwealm, st. m., BALEful or 
violent death, 2265. 

bealo-hycgende, adj. [yres. 2}art.), 
[BALE-thinking] intending evil, 
2565. 

bealo-hydig, adj., [BALE-minded] 
intending evil, 723. 

bealo-nl?, st. m., [BALE-envy, -hate, 
-mischief] baleful envy, malici- 
ous hatred, 1758, 2404; poison, 
venom, 2714. 

bearhtm, st. m. 

(1) brightness, 1766. 

(2) sound, 1431. 

bearm, st. m., [barm] lap, bosom, 
35, 1137, 2404 (possession). 

beam, st. neut., bairn, child, son, 
150, 469, 3170, etc.; pi. ylda 
beam, 605, gumena beam, 878, 
ni-SSa bearn(a), 1005, "the 
children of men." 

bearn-gebyrdo, st. /., BAiRN-BiRth, 
child-bearing; gen. 946. 

bearu, st. m., grove, wood, 1363. 

beatan, st. v., beat, smite, paw, 
2265; pp. gebeaten, 2359-. 

been, see beacen. 

bed(d), St. neut., bed, 140, 1240, 
etc. 

be-foran, adv., before; of place, 
1412, of time, 2497. 

be-foran, prep., loith ace, before, 
1024. 

beg, see beag. 

begen, ni., ba, /. and neut., num. 
and adj.-pron., both, 536, 1305, 
2196, etc.; gen. bega folces, "of 



160 



BEOWULF. 



the folk of both [peoples]," 1124; 

bega wen, " expectation of both 

things" (I3eowulf's return home 

and revisiting the Danes; see 11. 

18G8— 9), 1873. 
be-gong, be-gang, st. m., extent, 

expanse, compass, circuit, 362, 

860, etc. ; ace. bigong, 2367. 
belgan, st. v., swell with anger, 

anger oneself; pj). gebolgen 

"swollen," 2401, "swollen with 

anger, enraged," 723, 1539, 

2220; 2^1- gebolgne, 1481. 
a-belgan, st. v., anger; j^ret. 

abealh, 2280. 
ge-belgan, st. v., with dat., 

anger; pret. subj. gebulge, 2331. 
ben, St. /., [bene] boon, request, 

428, 2284. 
bena, tv. m., suppliant, 852, 864; 

nom. swa he bena waes, "as he 

had begged," 3140. 
bene, st. /., bench, 327, etc. 
benc-sweg, st. m., BENcn-sound, 

noise from the benches, 1161. 
benc-J>el, st. neut., [bench-thill] 

bench-board, bench, 486, 1239. 
bend, st.m.f., band, bond, 977, 1609. 
ben-geat, st. neut., wound-OATE, 

opening of a wound, 1121. 
benn, st.f., wound, 2724. 
beodan, blodan, st. v. 

(1) announce, 2892. 

(2) offer, give, 385, 1085, 2957. 
a-beodan, st. v., announce, 

390; offer, 668. Sjjecial pas- 
sages : pret. him hsel ahead, 
"bade him hail, wished him 
health," 653; hwlo abead, "bade 
farewell," 2418. 

be-beodan, st. v., bid, com- 
mand, order, 401, 1975. 

ge-beodan, st. v. 

(1) bid, command; inf. het J>a 
gebeodan byre Wihstanes...hfe- 
leSa monegum, "then the son 
of Weohstan ordered that com- 
mand should be given to many 
heroes," 3110. 

(2) proclaim, offer, give, 603, 
2369. 



beod-geneat, st. m., board-com- 
rade, table-companion, 343, 
1713. 

beon, irreg. v., be, usu. tcith afut. 
sense, 183, etc. ; be, happen, 1762, 
etc. ; 2»'es. sg. Bi-d bi'S, 186, etc., 
by«, 1002, 2277; pi. beo«, 1888, 
bio's, 2063 ; imperat. sg. beo, 886, 
etc., bio, 2747. 

beor, St. neut., beer, beer-drinking, 
480, 2041, etc. 

beorgan, st. v., loith dat., defend, 
protect, save, 1445, etc. ; pret. 
pi. burgan, 2599. 

be-beorgan, st. v., with refl. 
dat. and ace. or dat. rei, defend, 
protect (oneself) against, 1746 
(see note on 1747), 1758. 

ge-beorgan, st. v., with dat., 
protect, save ; pret. gebearg, 
2570, gebearh, 1548. 

ymb-beorgan, st. v., [about- 
protect] surround and protect, 
1503. 

beorh, biorb, beorg, st. m., hill, 
mountain, mount, barrow, grave- 
mound, 211, 2241, 2524, 2529, 
2807. 

beorlit, adj., bright, light, shining, 
splendid, 158, 231, etc.; weak 
forms, beorhte, 997, byrhtan, 
1199, etc. 

beorbtost, superl., brightest, 
2777. 

beorhte, adv., BRiGHTly, 1517. 

beorbtian, w. v., /??tm?is., brighten, 
sound clearly, 1161. 

beorn, biorn, st. in., hero, warrior, 
1024, 2404, 2559, etc. 

beornan, st. v.,intrans., burn, 2280 
(see note) ; pres. part, byruende, 
2272. 

for-beornan, st. v., intrans., 
p>ret. for barn, forborn : burn up, 
1616, 2672, etc. 

ge-beornan, st. v., intrans., 
BURN, be burnt, 2697. 

beom-cyning, st. m., hero-KiNG, 
warrior-king, 2148. 

beor-scealc, st.m., BEER-senescHAL, 
steward, 1240. 



I 



GLOSSARY. 



161 



beor-sele, blor-sele, st. m., beer- 

hall, 482, 2635, etc. 
beor-J>egu, st. /., [BEER-taking] 

beer- drinking, 117, 617. 
beot, St. neiit., boast, promise, 80, 

523. 
beotian, 2v. v. 

ge-beotian, tv. v., boast, make 

a boastful promise, 480, 536. 
beot-word, st. neitt., [boast-woRD] 

boastful word, 2510. 
beran, st. v. 

(1) BEAR, carry, wear, 48, 437, 
2055, 2281, etc.; pres. sg.Jdrd, 
byre's, 296, etc. ; pret. pi. b^ron, 
213, etc., bffiran, 2850. 

(2) BEAR, give birth to; pp. gebo- 
ren, born, 1703. 

set-beran, st. v., bear to, carry 
to, bear, 28, 519, etc. 

for-beran, st. v., forbear, re- 
strain, 1877. 

on-beran, st. v., bear off, 
carry away, 2284 ; take off, 990. 
ojj-beran, st. v., bear to, bear, 
579. 
berian, to. v., bare, clear, 1239. 
berstan, st. v., intrans., burst, 
760 (crack), 818, 1121. 

for-berstan, st. v., intrans., 
burst, break in pieces, snap, 
2680. 
betan, iv. v. 

ge-betan, lo. v., amend, make 
good, requite, 1991, 2465; pp. 
pi. gebette, 830. 
betera, adj. compar. (o/god), better, 
469, 1703. 

betost, betst, superl., best, 
453, 3007, etc. ; loeak forms 
betsta, 947, betstan, 1871. 
betllc, arfj., excellent, splendid, 

780, 1925. 
bi, see be. 
bi-, see be-, 
bicgan, see bycgan. 
bid, St. neut., Bioing, tarrying, de- 
lay, 2962. 
bidan, st. v., loitli gen. or abso- 
lutely, BIDE, abide, remain, await, 
wait for, 87, 400, 709, etc. 

W. B. 



a-bldan, sf. v., ivithgen.,\hi-D'E, 
await, 977. 
ge-bldan, st. v. 

(1) iisH. ivith ace. or governed 
clause, BIDE, abide, endure, ex- 
perience, 264, 929, 1618, 1720, 
2445, etc. ; pp. gebiden, 1928 ; iin- 
perat. absolutely, gebide ge, 2529. 

(2) toith gen., wait for; dat. inf. 
o'Sres ... to gebldanne . . . yrfewear- 
das, "to wait for another heir," 
2452. 

on-bldan, st. v., ivith gen., 
aBiDE, await; inf. lasta^ hilde- 
bord her onbidan...worda geHn- 
ges, "let your battle-boards here 
abide the issue of words," 397. 

or-bldan, st. v., aBiDE, wait, 
tarry, 2302. 

biddan, st. v., [bid] ask, beg, pray, 
29, 176, 1994, etc. ; pret. sg. baed 
hine bliSne, "begged him to be 
blithe," 617; loith ace. pers. and 
gen. rei, ic >e... biddan wille... 
aiire bene, "I will ask of thee 
one boon," 427. 

big, see bl. 

bil(l), St. neut., bill, sword, 40, 
1567, 2777, etc. 

bindan, st. v., bind: pj). bunden, 
216, 1285 (see 11. 1531, 1900), 
1900; gebunden, 871, 1531, 1743, 
2111. 

ge-bindan, st. v., bind, 420. 
on-bindan, st. v., unbind ; pret. 
sg. onband beadu-riine, "open- 
ed a quarrel," 501. 

bisgu, bisigu, see bysigu. 

bitan, St. v., bite, cut, 742, 1454, 
etc. 

bite, St. m., bite, 2060, 2259. 

biter, adj., bitter, cutting, sharp, 
furious, 1431, 1746, 2704; dat. 
pi. biteran, 2692. 

bitre, adv., BiTTERly, 2331. 

blac, adj., bleak, bright, brilliant, 
1517. 

blsec, adj., black, 1801. 

blied, St. m., breath, life, pros- 
perity, renown, 1124, 18, 1703, 
1761. 

11 



162 



BEOWULF. 



blsed-agende, adj. {pres. part.), 

abuudance-owNing, prosperous, 

2_013. 
blaed-faest, adj., prosperous, re- 
nowned, 1299. 
blanca, tv. m. , a white horse, 856. 
bleate, adv., miserably, pitifully, 

2824. 
bllcan, St. v., shine, gleam, 222. 
blltJe, adj., blithe, joyous, 617; 

gracious, ivith gen., 436. 
blltJ-heort, adj., blithe of heart, 

joyful, 1802. 
blod, St. neut., blood, 742, etc. 
blodegian, iv. v., make bloody : 

pp. geblodegod, 2692. 
blod-fag, adj. , BLooD-stained, 2060. 
blodig, adj., bloody, 2440, etc. 
blodig-to'S, adj., BLooDY-TooTHed, 

2081. 
blod-reow, adj., BLOOD-fierce, blood- 
thirsty, 17i9. 
blonden-feax,a(:ZJ.,[BLENDed-haired] 

gray-haired, 1594, 1791, 1873; 

loeak nom. sg. blondeu-fexa, 2962. 
bodian, w. v., [bode] announce, 

1802. 
bolca, w. m., gangway, 231. 
bold, St. neut. , building, 997, 1925, 

etc. 
bold-agend, st. m. {pres. part.), 

house-owNer, 3112. 
bolgen-mod, adj., [bulged-Moon] 

angry in mind, enraged, 709, etc. 
bolster, st. m., bolster, 1240. 
bona, bana, lo. m., bane, banes- 
man, slayer, 158, 1968, 2506, 

etc. 
bon-gar, st. m., BANE-spear, deadly 

spear, 2031. 
bord, St. neut., [board] shield, 2524, 

etc. 
bord-hsebbende, adj. {pres. part.), 

[BOARD-HAving] shield- bearing, 

2895. 
bord-breo^Ja, lo. m., [BOARD-cover] 

shield, 2203. 
bord-rand, st. m., [BOARD-]shield, 

2559. 
bord-weal, st. m., [board-wall] 

wall of shields, 2980. 



bord-wudu, st. m., [board-wood] 
shield ; ace. pi. 1243. 

bot, St. /., boot, remedy, help, com- 
pensation, 158, 909, etc. 

botm, St. m., bottom, 1506. 

brad, adj., broad, wide, ample, 
2207, 2978, 3105, etc. 

braedan, w. u.^broaden. 

geond-braBdan, w. v., over- 
spread, 1239. 

breatan, st. v. 

a-breatan, st. v., break up, 
kill, 2930. 

brecan, st. v. 

(1) trans., break, 1100, 1511 (in- 
jure), 2980; pp. pi. 2063. Special 
passages : hine fyrwyt braec, 
"curiosity tormented him (as 
to)," 232, 1985, 2784. 

(2) intraus., break, 2546. 
ge-brecan, st. v., break, crush, 

shatter, 2508. 

to-brecan, st. v., break to 
pieces, knock about, 780, 997. 

|>urli-brecan, st. v., break 

THROUGH, 2792. 

brec)>, St. /., BREAKing, grief, 171. 
-bredwian, iv. v. 

a-bredwian, w. v., overthrow, 
slay, 2619. 
bregdan, st. i\, loith ace. or dat. 

(1) brandish, cast, whirl, drag, 
draw, 707, 794, 1540 (throw); i)r(?i. 
pi. mundum brugdon, "brandish- 
ed your hands," 514 ; pp. broden, 
brogden nisei, "drawn {or decor- 
ated?) sword," 1616, 1667. 

(2) braid, weave; inf. bregdon, 
2167; pp. broden, 552, 1548; 
ace. sg. f. brogdne, 2755. 

a-bregdan, st. v., draw, lift; 
pret. sg. abrted, 2575. 

ge-bregdan, st. v., ivith ace. or 
dat. 

(1) draw; pret. gebraggd, gebrsd, 
1564, 1664, 2562, 2703. 

(2) braid, weave; pp. gebroden, 
1443. 

on-bregdan^ st. v., burst open ; 
pret. sg. onbrSd, 723. 
brego, St. m., prince, lord, king, 



GLOSSARY. 



163 



427, etc.; nom. brego rof cyning, 
"the prince [was] a brave king," 
1925. 

"brego-stol, st. m., [prince-STOOL] 
throne, dominion, 2196, 2370, 
2389. 

breme, adj., [brim] renowned, 18. 

brenting', st. m., high ship, 2807. 

toreost, st. neut., breast, 552, 
etc. 

"breost-gehyg-d, st. neut., breast- 
thought, thought of the heart, 
2818. _ 

breost-gewsedu, st. neut. 2)1., [breast- 
weeds] coat of mail, 1211, etc. 

■breost-hord, st. neut., [breast- 
hoard] breast's treasure, mind, 
thought, 1719, 2792. 

breost-net, st. neut., breast-net, 
coat of chain-mail, 1548. 

breost-weorSung, st. /., breast- 
adornment, 2504 (see 11. 1202 If.). 

"breost-wylm, st. m., [breast- well- 
ing] heaving of the breast, grief, 
1877. 

breotan, st. v., break, kill, 1713. 
a-breotan, st. v., break up, de- 
stroy, kill, 1298, 1599, 2707. 

brim, st. neut., [brim] surge, billow, 
sea, mere, ocean, 28, 570, 847, 
1594, 2803. 

brim-clif, st. neut., [brim-cliff] 
sea-cliff, 222. 

brim-lad, st.f., ocean-way, 1051. 

brim-litJend, st. ni. {pres. part.), 
sea-farer, 568. 

brim-stream, st. m., sea-STREABi, 
1910. 

brim-wisa, w. m., [sea-wisE] sea- 
leader, sea-king, 2930. 

brim-wylf, st. f., she mere-woLF, 
1506, 1599. 

brim-wylm, st. m., mere-WELLing, 
surge, 1494. 

bringan, st. v., bring, 1829, etc. 
ge-bringan, St. r., bring; suhj. 
pres. pi. gebringan, 3009. 

broden, see bregdan. 

broga, 10. m., terror, 1291, etc.; 
gen. sg. 583. 

l)rond, St. m., brand, burning, fire. 



sword, 1454, 2126, 2322, 3014, 
3160. 

bront, adj., high, 238, deep, 568. 
brosniau, w. v., crumble, perish, 

2260. 
brojjor, st. m., brother, 1324, etc.; 

gen. br5«or, 2619. 
brtlcan, st. v., with gen., brook, 

use, enjoy, 1062, 1178, 1953; 

loithout expressed object, 1045, 

1487, etc. 
bran, adj., brown, 2578. 
brtln-ecg, adj., BROWN-EDoed, 1546. 
brtln-fag, adj., BRowN-coloured, of 

brown hue, 2615. 
bryd, st. /'., bride, wife, 2031; ace. 

sg. bryd, 2930, bryde, 2956. 
bryd-btir, st. neut., bride-bower, 

woman's room, 921. 
bryne-leoma, lo. m., BURNing-ray 

(the dragon's vomit of fire), 2313. 
bryne-wylm, st. ni., [BURNing-WELL- 

ing] surge of fire, 2326. 
brytnian, ic. v., distribute ; pret. 

sg. brytnade, 2383. 
brs^tta, w. m., distributer, giver, 

35, 607, etc. 
bryttian, ic. v., distribute, bestow, 

1726. 
bHan, St. v. 

(1) intrans., dwell; inf. biion, 
2842. 

(2) trans., dwell in, inhabit, 
occupy, 3065 ; 2^P- gebun, 117. 

btlgan, St. v., bow, bend, stoop, 
327, (lie at rest) 2598, 2918, 2031, 
etc.; p7'et. sg. beah, 2956; pp. 
gebogen, 2569. 

a-btlgan, st. v., [bow away] give 
■way, start, 775. 

be-btlgan, st. v., [bow about] 
encompass, 93, 1223. 

ge-btlgan, st. v., pret. gebeag, 
gebeah : 

(1) intrans., bow, bend, fall, 1540, 
2567, 2980. 

(2) trans., bow to; pret. sg. sele- 
reste gebeah, "lay down on 
his bed in the hall," 690; so 
1241. 

bunden-beorde, adj., with hair 

11—2 



164 



BEOWULF. 



BOUND up, 3151 (see note on 

3155). 
bunden-stefna, w. m., bound stem, 

bound prow, ship, 1910. 
bUne, 10. f., cup, drinking-vessel, 

2775, 3047. 
bilr, St. neut., bower, room, 140, 

etc. 
burg, burh, st. /., burgh, fortified 

place, castle, palace, city, 53, 

523, 1968, 2433; dat. byrig, 1199 

(see note on 1200). 
burb-loca, w . ?n. , burgh-lock, castle- 
lock, barrier of a castle or city, 

1928. 
burb-stede, st. m., burgh-stead, 

courtyard, 2265. 
burh-wela, w. m., [BURGH-^YEAL] 

wealth of a castle or city, 3100. 
burne, w. /., burn, stream, 2546. 
ToViton, prej)., ivithdat., but, except, 

73, 657, 705. 
bflton, biitan, conj. 

(1) icith subj., unless, 966. 

(2) ivith indie, withouT, but that, 
except, 1560 ; iii elliptical sen- 
tences, 879, 1614. 

bycgan, bicgan, w. v., buy, 1305. 
be-bycgan, w. v., sell, 2799. 
ge-byegan, to. v., buy, obtain, 
973; jjrei. his ealdre gebohte, 
"paid for [it] with his life," 
2481; 2}p-pl- 3014. 

byldan, iv. v., emBOLDEN, encourage, 
1094. 

byme, ^v.f., trumpet; gen. 2943. 

byrdu-scrtid, st. neut., shield-cover- 
ing, shield, 2660. 

byre, st. m., son, boy, youth, 1188, 
2018, 2053, etc. 

bjrrele, st. vi., cup-BEARer, 1161. 

byre^, see beran. 

byrgean, iv. v., taste, 448. 

byrbt, see beorht. 

byrig, see burg. 

bjnrnan, see beornan. 

byrne, w. /., byrny, coat of mail, 
405, etc. 

bjnrn-wiga, tc. m., BYRNY-warrior, 
mailed warrior, 2918. 

bysigu, St. /., [Busmess] trouble. 



affliction ; nom. besigu, 281 ; dat, 
2)1. bisgum, 1743, bysigum, 2580. 

bylJ, see beon. 

bywan, u\ v., prepare, adorn, 2257. 



camp, St. m., battle, 2505. 

can, see cunnan. 

candel, st. /., candle, 1572 (of the 
sun). 

ceald, adj., cold, 1261, etc. 

cealdost, superl., coldest, 546. 

ceap, St. m., [chap] bargain, pur- 
chase, 2415, 2482. 

ceapian, w". i\, [cheapen, chop] 
purchase; pj). geceapod, 3012. 

cearian, iv. v., care, take care, 
1536. J 

cear-sl^, st. vi., [care- journey] m\ 
journey fraught with care, ex- ■ 
pedition that brings sorrow, 2396 
(see Eadgils in "Persons and 
Places"). 

cearu, st. /., care, sorrow, 1303, 
3171. 

cear-wylm, -wselm, st. m., [care- 
WELLing] surge of care, wave of 
sorrow, extreme grief, 2821, 2066. 
[Sievers § 159, 2.] 

ceaster-biiend, st.m., castle-dweller, 
denizen of a city, 768. 

cempa, w. m., champion, fighter, 
1312, etc.; dat. 2044. 

cene, adj., keen, bold, brave, 768. 
cenost, superl., keenest, bold- 
est, 206. 

cennan, w. v. 

(1) beget, bear, bring forth, 12, 
943. 

(2) declare ; imperat. sg. reft, cen 
]>ec, 1219. 

a-cennan, ?r. v., beget, bear, 
1356. 
cen'Su, St. /'., keenucss, boldness, 

2696. 
ceol, St. m., KEEL, ship, 38, etc. 
ceorfan, st. v., carve. 

be-ceorfan, st. v., ivitli ace. 
pers. and dat. rei, cut off, 1590, 
2138. 



GLOSSARY. 



165 



-ceorl, St. m., churl, man, 202, 2444, 

2972, etc. 
ceosan, ciosan, st. v., choose, ac- 
cept, 2376, 2818; 2^P- pl- geco- 
rone, 206. 

ge-ceosan, st. i\, choose, 1201 
(see note on 1200), 1758, 2469, 
etc.; dat. inf. geceosenne, 1851. 
cigan, w. v. 

a-clgan, w. v., call, summon, 
3121. 
cirran, iv. v. 

on-cirran, iv. v. 

(1) trans., turn, change, 2857. 

(2) intrans., turn, return, 2951, 
2970. 

clif, St. neut., cliff, 1911. 

clomm, clamm, st. )>i., clasp, grip, 
963, 1335, 1502. 

cnawan, st. i\ 

ge-cnawan, si, ?;., know, recog- 
nise, 2047. 

on-cnawan, st. v., know, recog- 
nise, 2554. 

cnilit, St. VI., [knight] boy, 1219. 

cniht-wesende, adj. {pres. part.), 
being a boy or youth, 372, 535. 

cnyssan, lo. v., crash, clash; pret. 
pi. cnysedan, 1328. 

col, adj., COOL. 

colra, compar., cooler, 282, 
2066. 

coUen-ferli^, -fer^S, adj., [swollen- 
minded] of proud spirit, high- 
minded, bold-minded, 1806, 2785. 

€on, const, see cunnan. 

corner, st. neut., troop, guard, 
crowd, 1153, 3121. 

costian, w. v., loith gen., try, prove, 
2084. 

craeft, st. m., might, strength; 
skill, CRAFT ; 699, 982, 2168, 2221 
(mass), etc. ; dat. pi. deofles crtef- 
tum, "with devil's devices, ''2088. 

crseftig, adj., [crafty] strong, 
powerful, 1466, 1962. 

cringan, st. v., cringe, fall, 635, 
1113. 

ge-cringan, st. v., cringe, fall ; 
pret. sg. gecrong, 1568, 2505, ge- 
crang, 1337, gecranc, 1209. 



cuma, w. m., coMer, 1806. 

cuman, st. i\, pret. c(w)5m: come, 
23, 376, 430, 569, 731, 1382, 
2058, etc. ; subj. pres. pi. cymen, 
3106; pret.pl. cwomon, 239, etc., 
cwoman, 650; pp. pi. cumene, 
361. Often 7oith foil inf. (which 
is sometimes best translated by 
a pres. part.), 268, 710, etc. 
be-cuman, si. 1'. , |;rei. bec(w)om : 

(1) COME, 115, 192, 2992, etc. 

(2) with. ace. pers., befall, 2883. 
ofer-cuman, overcome; ^:)ret. 

sg. ofercwom, 1273; pret. pi. 

ofercomon, 699 ; pp. 845. 
cumbol, St. m., standard, banner, 

2505. 
cunnan, st.-w. v., pres. sg, 1st, Srd, 

con, can, 2nd, const: 

(1) ivith ace. or clause, know, be 
acquainted with, 359, 372, 392, 
418, 1180, 1377, 1739, etc.; with 
ace. and clause, 1355. 

(2) ivith inf., know how to, be 
able to, 50, 90, 182, 1746, etc. 

cunnian, w. v., icith ace. or gen., 

try, make trial of, explore, 508, 

1426, 1444, 1500, 2045. 
ell's, adj. {pp. of cunnan), known, 

well known, famous, 150, 867, 

1912, etc. 
ctl'8-lice, adv., openly. 

ctt'S-lIcor, compar., more open- 
ly, 244. 
cwealm, st. m., [QUELLing] murder, 

death, 107, 3149. 
cwealm-bealu, st. neut., death-BALE, 

deadly evil, 1940. 
cwealm-cuma, iv. m., murderous 

coMer, 792. 
cweccan, iv. v., [quake] brandish, 

235. 
c-wellan, lo. v., quell, kill, 1334. 
a-cwellan, w. v., quell, kill, 

886, etc. 
ewen, st.f., queen, wife, 62, etc. 
cwen-llc, adj., queenly, womanly. 

1940. 
cwe'Ban, st. v., say, speak, 2041; 

pret. cwae'S, "quoth," 315, etc. 
a-cwetJan, st. v., sa^', speak; 



166 



BEOWULF 



pres. sg. acwyS, 2046; pret. sg. 
acwae'S, "quoth," 654. 

ge-cwe?Jan, st. v., say, speak, 
535, 2664; pret. sg. gecwae'S, 
"QUOTH," 857, etc. 

cwic, cwico, adj., quick, living, 
alive, 98, 2314, 3093, etc. 

cwi'San, st. v., with ace, lament, 
mourn, 2112, 3171. 

-cwj^, see -cwe^an. 

cyme, st. vt., coMing; pL 257. 

cymen, see cuman. 

cym-lice, adv. 

cym-llcor, compar., in more 
COMELY fashion, more fitly, 38. 

cyii(n), St. iieiit., kin, race, 98, 107, 
421, etc. 

cyne-dom, st. vi., KiNgcoM, 2376. 

cyning, kyning, st. m., king, 11, 
619, 3171, etc. 

cyning-bald, adj., [king-bold] roy- 
ally bold, 1634. 

cynn, st. neut., only in pi. {of 
adj. cyn(n), "aKiN, suitable"), 
customs, courtesies, etiquette, 
613. 

cypan, u\ v., sell. 

ge-cypan, w. v., buy, purchase, 
hire, 2496. 

cyssan, ic. v. 

ge-cyssan, w. v., kiss, 1870. 

cyst, St. /., [choosing] choice, 
choiceness, choice quality, ex- 
cellence, pick, 673, 802, 867, 923, 
etc. 

cyKan, ic. v., make known, show, 
659, etc.; 2^P- gecylSed, "made 
known, famed," 262, 700, 1971, 
*etc. 

ge-cyUan, w. v., make known, 
257, 354. 



D. 



dad, s^ /., DEED, act, 181, etc.; 
ace. deed, 585, etc., dssde, 889; 
gen. pi. hafa'5...dffida gefondad, 
"has experienced deeds (of viol- 
ence?)," 2454. 

dsed-cene, adj., [deed-keen] bold 
in act, 1645. 



dsed-fruma, ic. m., [DEED-chief] doer 

_of deeds, 2090. 
dsed-hata, ic. m., [DEED-HATer] one 
who shows his hatred in deeds, 
275. 
dseg, St. m., DAY, 197, 485, 3159, 
etc. 

daeges, gen. of dseg used ad- 
verbially, by day, 1935, 2269. 
dseg-hwil, st. /., day-while, day; 
ace. pi. he daeg-hwila gedrogen 
hsefde eor'San wynne, "he had 
spent his days of earth's joy," 
2726. 
dseg- rim, st. neut., [day-bime] num- 
ber of days ; nom. dogera daeg- 
rim, "the number of his days," 
_823. 
dsel, St. m., deal, part, portion, 

_share, 621, 1740, 2843, etc. 
dselan, tv. v., deal, divide, distri- 
bute, share, 80, 2534, etc. 

be-d^lan, w. v., u-ith dat. rei, 
deprive, bereave, 721, 1275. 

ge-dselan, iv. v., deal out, 71; 
divide, part, 731, 2422. 
darotJ, St. m., dart, javelin, 2848. 
dead, adj., dead, 467, etc. 
deagan, st. v., dye ; pret. deatS-fffige 
deog, "the doomed one dyed [the 
mere]," 850. 
deah, see dugan. 
deall, adj., proud, 494. 
dear, dearst, see durran. 
dea«, St. m., death, 441, 2269, 

2843, etc. 
deatJ-bedd, st. neut., death-bed, 

2901. 
deatS-cwalu, st. /., [DEATH-quelling] 

violent death, murder, 1712. 
deatS-cwealm, st. m., [DEATH-quel- 
ling] violent death, slaughter, 
1670. 
dea'8-dseg, st. m., death-day, 187, 

885._ 
deatJ-fsege,a4/., [death-fey] doomed 

to death, 850. 
dea'S-sctla, tv. m., DEATH-shadow, 

deadly sprite, 160. 
dea'S-werig, adj., death-weary, 
dead, 2125. 



GLOSSARY. 



167 



dealS-wIc, st. neut., [death-wick] 
dwelling of death, 1275. 

deman, w. v., deem; adjudge, 687; 
appraise, 3174. 

demend, st. m., judge, 181. 

denn, st. neut., den, 2759, 3045. 

deofol, St. m., devil, 756, etc. 

deogol, see dygel. 

deop, St. neut., deep, 2549. 

deop, adj., deep, 509, 1904. 

dcor, dior, adj., bold, brave, dire, 
1933, 2090. 

deorc, adj., dark, 160, 275, etc. 

deore, see dyre. 

deor-llc, adj., bold, 585. 

delJ, see don. 

-digan, see -dygan. 

diope, adv., deepIj, 3069. 

diore, see dyre. 

disc, St. m., DISH, 2775, 3048. 

dogor, St. neut., day, 219, 2200, 2573, 
etc.; dat. sg. dogore, 1797, dogor, 
1395 (see note) ; gen. pi. dogora, 
88, dogera, 823, ddgra, 1090. 

dogor-gerim, st. neut., number of 
days, 2728. 

doMor, St. /., DAUGHTER, 375, etc. 

dol-gilp, St. m., [DOLtish yelp] 
foolish boast, 509. 

dol-llc, adj., rash, desperate, au- 
dacious, 2646. 

dol-scea^5a, w. m., DOLtish scATHer, 
foolish or rash foe, 479. 

dom, St. m., doom, judgment, 441, 
1098, etc. ; free-will, choice, 895, 
2147, etc. ; glory, 885, 2666, etc. 
Special passages: aefter dome, 
"according to custom, or merit," 
1720; dreah aefter dome, "lived, 
employed himself, according to 
right, or honour," 2179. 

dom-leas, adj., [glory-LESs] inglo- 
rious, 2890. 

don, irreg. v., do, make, take, esteem, 
put, lay, 444, 1116, 1828, etc.; 
pres. sg. de'5, 1058 ; pret. sq. dyde, 
etc., 44, 1676, 2809, etc. Special 
passages: him Hunlafing hilde- 
leoman ... on bearm dyde, ' ' the son 
of Hunlaf thrust the sword into 
his [Hengest's] breast," 1144 (see 



note); ne him baes wyrmes wig 
for wiht dyde, eafo^ ond ellen, 
"he esteemed the worm's war- 
fare as naught, its strength and 
courage," 2348. 

ge-don, St. v., do, make, put, 
esteem, 2090, 2186; pres. sg. 
gede-5, 1732. 

dorste, pret. of durran. 

draca, iv. m. 

(1) DRAKE, dragon, 892, 2088; 

(2) the drake or dragon, the slay- 
ing of which forms Beowulf's 
third great exploit, 2211, etc. 

-dr»dan, sL v. 

on-drsedan, st. v., dread, 1674, 
2275; pret. ondred, 2347. 

dreah, see dreogan. 

dream, st. m., [dream] joy, mirth, 
88, 99, etc. 

dream-leas, adj., joyLESS, 1720. 

drefan, z(7. v., trouble, stir, 1904; 
pp. gedrefed, 1417. 

dreogan, st. v., [dree] do, go 
through, experience, endure, 
suffer, enjoy, 589, 1470, 2179 
{see dom), etc. ; imperat. sg. 
dreoh, 1782 ; pret. sg. dreah, 13i; 
pret. pi. drugon, 798, 1966; pp. 
gedrogen, "spent," 2726. Spe- 
cial passage: sund-nytte dreah, 
"(did swimming-office, i.e.) 
swam," 2360. 

a-dreogan, st. v., endure, 3078. 

dreor, st. m., blood, 447. 

dreor-fah, adj., blood-stained, 485. 

dreorig, driorig, adj., [dreary] 
bloody, 1417, 2789. 

dreosan, st. v. 

ge-dreosan, st. v., fall, sink, 
fail, decline, 1754, 2666. 

drepan, st. v., strike, hit; pret. sg. 
drep, 2880; pp. drepen, 1745, 
dropen, 2981. 

drepe, st. v., stroke, blow, 1589. 

drifan, st. v., drive, 1130, 2808. 
to-drlfan, st.v., drive asunder, 
545. 

driht-, see dryht-. 

drihten, see dryhten. 

drlncan, st. v. drink, 742, 1233, 



168 



BEOWULF. 



1945, etc. ; 2>P- druncen, "drunk, 
having drunk {iiot necessarily 
intoxicated)," 531, etc. ; pi. 
druncne, 480, etc. 

drinc-fset, see drync-fset. 

drohtotJ, St. m., way of life, calling, 
756. 

dropen, see drepan. 

drtlsian, u\ v., become turbid?, sub- 
side?, 1630. 

dryht-bearn, st. neiit., [noble bairn] 
noble youth, noble scion; ace. 
2035. 

dryhten, drihten, st. m. 

(1) lord, chieftain, 1484, 1050, 
etc.; dat. dryhtne, 2482, etc., 
dryhten (?), 1831. 

(2) Lord (of the Deity), 108, etc. 
dryht-gmna, driht-guma, lo. m., 

[clansman] warrior, noble war- 
rior, noble man, 99, 1790, etc. 

dryht-llc, driht-llc, adj., lordly, 
courtly, royal, noble, excellent, 
892; tceak neut. drihtlice wif, 
1158. 

drylit-ma'Sum, st. m., lordly trea- 
sure, splendid treasure, 2843. 

[dryht-,] driht-scype, st. vi., [war- 
rior-SHip] heroic deed, 1470. 

dryht-sele, driht-sele, st.m., lordly 
hall, warrior-hall, 485, etc. 

dryht-sibb, st. /., troop-peace, 
peace between bands of warriors, 
2068. 

drync-fset, drinc-fset, st. n., [drink- 
vat] drinking-vessel, 2254, 2306. 

drysmian, ic. v., darken, grow 
dark, 1375. 

dtlfan, St. v., dive. 

ge-dtlfan, st. v., dive into, 

sink into ; j^ret. sg. gedeaf, 2700. 

J>urli-dtlfan, st. v., dive 

THROUGH, swim through; pret. 

sg. Jjurhdeaf, 1619. 

dugan, st.-w. v., pres. sg. indie. 
deah, 369, etc.; pres. sg. subj. 
duge, 589, etc. ; pret. sg. dohte, 
1344, 1821, etc. : be Douonty, 
avail, 369, 573, etc., tcith gen. 
526; treat (with dat.), 1821 ; rely, 
1839. 



dugulJ, St. /., DOUGHtiness, the 
DOUGHtY, doughty warriors, noble 
warriors, 498, 2020, etc.; often 
coupled ivith geogo^, "the youth- 
ful", 160, etc. ; nom. pi. dugu'Sa, 
2035; dat. pi. for dugeSum, "in 
virtue of doughtiness, by dint of 
doughty deeds," 2501; dugu"Sum, 
"doughtily, or to the doughty," 
3174. 

*durraii, st.-io. v., dare; pres. sg. 
dear, dearst, 684, 621; pres. subj. 
dyrre, 1379; ^jrei. s(j. dorste, 
1462, 2848, etc. 

duru, st.f., DOOR, 388, 721. 

dwellan, lo. v., mislead, deceive, 
hinder ; pres. sg. dweleS, 1735. 

dyde, dydon, see don. 

dygan, w\ v. 

ge-dygan, ge-digan, iv. v., 
survive, escape, endure, 300, 
578, 661, etc. 

dygel, deogol, adj., secret, hidden, 
275, 1357. 

dyhtig, adj., doughty, 1287. 

dynnan, iv. v., din, resound; piret, 
sg. dynede, 767, etc. 

dyre, deore, adj., dear in both 

senses, costly and beloved, 560, 

1528, 1879, etc.; mm. diore, 

1949; gen. sg. f. deorre, 488. 

deorest, superl, dearest, 1309. 

dyrne, adj., secret, hidden, 271, 
1879, etc. 

dyrre, see durran. 

dyrstig, adj., daring, bold; ivith 
gen. 2838'. 

E. 

eac, adv., eke, also, 97, etc.; once 
ec, 3131. 

eacen, adj. {pp. of *eacan), [EKEd] 
great, extensive, mighty, power- 
ful, 198, 1621, 1663, 2140. 

eacen- or sef tig, adj., enormously 
strong, immense, 2280, 3051. 

eadig, adj., rich, prosperous, 1225, 
2470. 

eadig-llee, adi\, happily, 100. 

eafor, see eofor. 



GLOSSARY. 



169 



eafora, eafera, ic m., child, sou, 
12, 375, etc.; pi. descendants, 
successors, 1710: dat. pi. eal'e- 
ran, 1185. 

eafolJ, St. neut., strength, might, 
902, etc.; ace. pi. eofo'So, 2534; 
dat. pi. eafe'Sum, 1717. Special 
passage: ic him Geata sceal 
eafoS ond ellen...gu}>e gebeodan, 
"I shall proclaim to him in war 
the strength and courage of the 
Geats," 602 (see note). 

eage, w. neut., eye, 726, etc. 

eagor-stream, st. m., water-STREAM, 
513. 

eahta, num., eight, 1035; gen. 
eahta sum, "one of eight, with 
seven others," 3123. 

eahtian, iv. 'v., consider, deliberate 
about, esteem, watch over, rule: 
jxres. pi. ehtiga'5, 1222 ; pret. sg. 
eahtode, 1407 ; pret. pi. eahtedon, 
172, eahtodan, 3173; pp. geaeh- 
ted, 1885. 

eal(l), adj., all. 111, 523, 652, 705, 
914, 2739; nom. sg. f. eal, 1738; 
neut. pi. eal, 486; uninjiected, 
2042, 3164. In some instances it 
is impossihle to say certainly 
ivhether the word is an adj. or an 
adv.'. n, 1230, 1567, 1620, 2241. 
Substantively, sg. and pi. : 145, 
649, 2162, 2794, 1727 (all things), 
2461 (everything) ; gen. pi. ealra, 
"in all," 3170; toith gen. 744, 
835, 1057, 1122, 2149, 2727. 

eal, adv., all, 1708, 680 {see 
J?eah). 

ealles, adv. {gen. o/"eall), all, 
altogether, 1000, 1129. 

eald, adj., old, 72, 357, 1776, etc.; 
ace. 2^1- neut. ealde, 2330. Special 
passages: eald Metod, "our God 
of old, " 945 ; gold-maSmas heold 
eald under eorSan, "the old 
[dragon] held gold-treasures 
under the earth," 2415. 

yldra, compar., elder, older, 
468, etc. 

yldesta, weak superl., eldest, 
oldest, 258, etc. 



ealder-, see under ealdor-. 

eald-gesegen, st. f., old saga, old 
tradition, 869. ' 

eald-gesItJ, st. m., old comrade, 
853. 

eald-gestreon, st. neut., old trea- 
sure, 1381, etc. 

eald-hlaford, st. m., old lord (Beo- 
wulf), 2778. 

ealdor, aldor, st. m., [alder- in 
alderman] chief, lord, prince, 
sovereign, 56, 346, 369, 1644, 
1848, 2920, etc. 

aldor-leas, adj., princeLESs, 
without a chief, iS. 

aldor-Jiegii, st. m., [prince- 
thane] chief thane, 1308. 

ealdor, aldor, st. neut., life, 1371, 
1442, etc.; vitals, 1434. Special 
phrases: to aldre, "for life, for 
ever, always," 2005, 2498; awa 
to aldre, " for ever and ever," 955. 
aldor-bealu, st. neut., life-BALE, 
death, 1676. 

aldor-cearu, st. f., life-CARE, 
906. 

aldor-dseg, ealder-dseg, st. m., 
life-DAY, day of life, 718, 757. 

aldor-gedal, st. neut., life-part- 
ing, death, 805. 

ealdor-gewinna, w. m., [life-wiN- 
Ner] life-adversary, 2903. 

ealdor-leas, aldor-ieas, adj., life- 
LESs, 1587, 3003. 

eal-fela, o.dj., [ALL-many] very 
many, with gen., 883; ace. eal- 
fela... worn, "a very great num- 
ber," 869. 

ealgian, w. v., defend, protect, 796, 
1204, etc. 

eall, see eal. 

eal(l)-gylden, (idj., all-golden, 
1111, 2767. 

eall-Irenne, adj., all-iron, 2338. 

ealo-benc, ealu-benc, st. /., ale- 
bench, 1029, 2867. 

ealo-drincend, st. m. {pres. part.), 

ALE-DRINKCr, 1945. 

ea-lond, st. neut., water-LAND; ace. 
ea-lond dtan, "the sea-board," 
2334. 



170 



BEOWULF. 



ealo-wsBge, ealu-wsege, st. neut., 

ALE-stoup, ale-can, tankard of 

ale, 481, 495, 2021. 
ealu-scerwen, st. /,, ALE-dearth, 

tenor as of a dearth of ale, 

great terror, 769. 
earn, st. m., ["ebie" Spenser] uncle, 

mother's brother, 881. 
eard, st. m., country, estate, home, 

abode, dwelling, 56, 104, 1621 

(expanses), 1727, 2198, 2493, 

2736, etc. 
eardian, ir. v. 

(1) intrans., dwell, rest, 3050. 

(2) trans., inhabit, 166; inf. wic 
eardian, "take up his abode," 
2589. 

eard-lufu, w. /., home-LovE, dear 
home?, 692. [Sievers § 279, N. 

1-] 
eard-weall, st. m., land- wall, 1224. 
earfotJ, st. neut., hardship, hard 

battling, endurance ; ace. i^l. 

earfet5o, 534. 
earfo^J-lIce, adv., hardly, with 

difficulty, 86, etc. ; with trouble, 

sorrowfully, 2822. 
earfotJ-^rag, st. /., time of stress, 

time of tribulation, 283. 
earg, adj., cowardly; gen. abso- 
lutely, earges SI'S, "coward's 

way," 2541. 
earm, st. m., akm, 513, etc. 
earm, adj., wretched, 2368, 2938; 

iveakfem. earme, 1117. 

earmra, compar. , more wi-etch- 

ed, 577. 
earm-beag", st. m., ABM-ring, arm- 
let, 2763. 
earm-hread, st. /., ARM-ornament, 

1194. 
earm-llc, adj., wretched, miserable, 

807. 
earm-sceapen, adj. {jU^-), wretched- 

SHAPEN, miscreated, miserable, 

1351, 2228. 
earn, st. m., eagle, 3026. 
eart, abt, 352, 506^ 2nd sg. pres. 

indie, o/ wesan (q. v.). 
eastan, adv., from the east, 569. 
eatol, see atol. 



ea'Se, yUe, adj., easy, pleasant, 228, 
1002, eic.;' once e«e, 2586. 

eatSe, adv., easily, 478, etc. 

eatJ-fynde, adj., easy to find, 138. 

eawan, see ywan. 

eaxl, St. /., [axle] shoulder, 835, 
etc. 

eaxl-gestealla, w. m., shoulder- 
comrade, bosom friend, 1326, 
1714. 

ec, see eac. 

ece, adj., eternal, 108, etc. 

ecg, St. /., EDGE (of a weaj)on), 
sword, 1106, 2506, etc. 

ecg-bana, ic. m., [edge-bane] slayer 
with a weapon, sword-slayer, 1262, 

ecg-hete, st. m., edge-hate, sword- 
hate, hatred leading to war, 84, 
1738. 

ecg-)>racu, st.f., EDOE-onset, sword- 
onset, armed attack, 596. 

ed-hwyrft, st. m., return, change, 
reverse, 1281. 

edre, see »dre, st. f. 

ed-wenden, st. /., return, change, 
1774, 2188. 

edwit-llf, St. neut., life of reproach, 
life of infamy, 2891. 

efn, adj., even. 

on efn, with dat., even with, 
beside, 2903. 

efnan, sefnan, w. v., achieve, per- 
form, accomplish, do, make, 1041, 
1254, etc.; j^P- geasfned, 3106; 
a"5 waes geaefned, "the oath was 
sworn," 1107. 

ge-sefnan, ic. v., perform, etc., 
538. 

efne, adv., even, 943, etc. 

efstan, w. v., hasten, 1493, etc. 
["Beitrage," x. 506.] 

eft, adv., AFTer, afterwards, again, 
back, 56, 135, 123, 296, etc. 

eft-cyme, st. m., back-coMing, re- 
turn, 2896. 

eft-sItJ, St. m., back-journey, return, 
1332, etc. 

eg-clif, St. neut., sea-CLiFF, 2893. 

egesa, st. m., fear, terror, 784, etc.; 
ace. egsan, 276. 

eges-fuU, adj., terrible, 2929. 



i 



GLOSSARY. 



171 



eges-llc, adj., terrible, 1649, etc. 

egl, adj., [AiL=:a spike or awn of 
barley] claw, 987. 

egsa, see egesa. 

egsian, ic. v., cause terror, affright; 
})ret. egsode eorl, " the earl caused 
terror," 6. 

eg-stream, st. m., water-stream, 
ocean current, 577. 

ehtan, tv. v., with gen., pursue, 
159, 1512. 

ehtigat$, see eahtian. 

elde, see ylde. 

eldo, see yldo. 

el-land, st. neut., alien land, strange 
land, 3019. 

ellen, st. m. neut., strength, courage, 
bravery, 573, 893, 2706, etc.; 
dot. sg. elne, sometimes best 
rendered by an adv., "courage- 
ously," 2676 ; sometimes ivith 
strictly adverbial force, "quickly," 
1967, "absolutely," 1097, "al- 
together," 1129. 

ellen-dsed, st. /., [strength-DEED] 
deed of strength or courage, 876, 
900. _ 

ellen-ggest, st. m., [strength- ghost] 
powerful sprite, 86. 

ellen-llce, adv., mightily, courage- 
ously^2122. 

ellen-maerUu, st. /., [might-great- 
ness] fame for strength or cour- 
age, feat of strength, 824, 1471. 

ellen-rof, adj., courage - strong, 
famed for strength or courage, 
340, 1787, etc. 

ellen-sloc, adj., [strength -sick] 
strengthless, 2787. 

ellen-weorc, st. neut., strength- 
woKK, deed of might or courage, 
661, etc. 

elles, adv., else, otherwise, 138, 
etc. 

ellor, adv., ELsewhithEK, 55, etc. 

ellor-gast, ellor-giest, st. m., [else- 
wliither-GHOST] sprite living else- 
where, alien sprite, 807, 1349, 
1617, 1621. 

ellor-sflJ, St. m., journey elsewhither, 
death, 2451. 



elne, see ellen. 

elra, adj. {compar. o/*ele), another, 
752. 

el-^eodig, adj., of alien nation, 
foreign, 336. 

ende, st. m., end, 822, 1734, etc. ; 
ace. hsefde eor'S-scrafa ende ge- 
nyttod, "had had the last of his 
earth-caves," 3046; dat. eorluni 
on ende, "to the earls at the 
end (of the high table?, i.e. the 
noblest)," 2021. 

ende-dseg, st. m., end-day, day of 
death, 637, etc. 

ende-dogor, st. m., END-day, day 
of death, 2896. 

ende-laf, st. /., [END-LEAving] last 
remnant, 2813. 

ende-lean, st. neut., END-reward, 
final reward, 1692. 

ende-sieta, iv.m., [END-sitter] coast- 
guard, 241. 

ende-stsef, st. m., [end-staff] end ; 
ace. on ende-stffif, "towards, in, 
the end," 1753. 

endian, lo. v. 

ge-endian, w. v., end; pp. 
geendod, 2311. 

enge, adj. , narrow, 1410. 

ent, St. m., giant, 1679, etc. 

entisc, adj., gigantic, 2979. 

eode, eodon, see gan. 

eodor, st. m. 

(1) fence, barrier ; ace. pi. under 
eoderas, "under the barriers, 
into the house," 1037, 

(2) protector, lord, prince, 428, 
etc. ; nom. eodur, 663. 

eofer, eofor, st. m., boar, figure of a 
boar upon a helmet, 1112, 1328 ; 
ace. eafor, 2152. 

eofer-spreot, st. m., boar-spear, 
1437. 

eofor-llc, St. neut., boar-LiKEness, 
figure of a boar upon a helmet ; 
pi. 303. 

eofo'S, see eafotJ. 

eolet, St. m. or neut., sea (?) ; gen. 
>aw£es sund liden eoletes set ende, 
"then was the sound traversed 
at the far side of the sea," 224. 



172 



BEOWULF. 



eom, AM, see wesan. 
eorclan-stan, st. m., precious stone, 

1208. 
eored-geatwe, st. f. pi., troop- 
trappings, military equipments, 

2866. 
eorl, St. m., earl, noble, warrior, 

6, 248, etc. 
eorl-gestreon, st. neut., earls' 

treasure, 2244. 
eorl-gewsede, st. ?iei/i., [earl- weeds] 

armour, 1442. 
eorllc ( = eorl-lic), adj., earl-like, 

noble, 637. 
eorl-scipe, st. m., earlship, cou- 
rage, heroic deeds, 1727, 2133, 

etc. 
eorl-weorod, st. neut., [EARL-host] 

warrior-band, 2893. 
eormen-cynn, st. neut., [extend- 
ed, enormous kin] mankind, 

1957. 
eormen-gTund, st. neut., [enormous 

ground] the whole broad earth, 

859. 
eormen-laf, st. neut., [enormous 

LEAving] immense legacy, 2234. 
eorre, see yrre. 
eortJ-cyning, st. m., earth-king, 

earthly king, 1155. 
eortS-draca, w. m., earth-drake, 

earth-dragon, 2712, etc. 
eor^e, ic. /., earth, world, 92, 2834, 

etc. 
eor'S-htls, st. neut., earth-house, 

2232. 
eor^-reced, st. neut., EARTH-house, 

earth-hall, 2719. 
eorfl-scrsef, st. neut., EARTH-cave; 

(fen. pi. eor'S-scrafa, 3046. 
eorU-sele, st. m., EARTH-hall, 2410, 

etc. 
eorC-weall, st. m., earth-wall, 

2957, etc. 
eoriJ-weard, st. m., EARTH-posses- 

sion, land-property, locality, 

2334. 
eoten, eoton, st. m., eoten, giant, 

monster, enemy, 112, 421, 668, 

761, 902, etc. 
eotenisc, eotonisc, adj., gigantic, of 



a giant, 1558, 2979 ; ace. etonisc, 

2616. 
eoten-weard, st. /., [eoten- ward] 

ward or watch against a monster; 

ace. eoten-weard ahead, "offered 

watch against Grendel," 668 (see 

note). 
eow, pers. pron., ace. anddat.pl. 

(o/Ki), YOU, 391, 2865, etc. 
eowan, see ywan. 
eower, pers. pron., gen. pi. {of]>\\), 

of YOU, 248, etc. 
eovrev,poss. adj., your, 257, etc. 
eowic, pers. pron., ace. pi. (o/]>u), 

YOU, 317, 3095. 
est, st.f., favour, grace, 958, 2165, 

etc. ; ace. Jjaet ic his arest 'Se est 

gesasgde, " that I should first give 

thee his kindly greeting," 2157; 

dat. pi. estum, loith adverbial 

force, "graciously, gladly, 

'kindly," 1194, 2149," 2378. 
este, adj., gracious; with, gen. hyre 

. . . este wiere bearn-gebyrdo, ' ' was 

gracious to her in her child- 
bearing," 945. 
etan, st. v., eat, 444, 449. 

Jjurli-etaii, .si. ik, eat through; 

p>p. pi. >urhetone, 3049. 
etonisc, see eotenisc. 
e'8-beg'ete, adj., [easy-BEooiten] 

easily got, 2861. 
e15e, see eatJe. 
e^Jel, St. m., native land, fatherland. 

land, estate, 520, 1730, etc. 
eiJel-riht, st. neut., land-RiGHT, 

2198. 
elJel-stol, St. m., [fatheiiand-sTOOL] 

native seat; jyl. country, 2371. 
elSel-turf, st.f., native turf, native 

soil; dat. eSel-tyrf, 410. 
etJel-weard, st. m., fatherland- 

WARDen, guardian of his country, 

616, 1702, 2210. 
etJel-wyn, st. /., land- joy, home 

joy, 2885; ace. e'5el-wyn, 2493. 
e^-gesyne, y15-gesene, adj., [easy-] 

manifest, easilv visible {not seen, 

2}p.), 1110, 1244. 



GLOSSARY. 



178 



facen-stsef, st. m., treachery, 1018. 

fsec, St. neut., period of time, 2240, 

fseder, st. m., fathek, 55, 316 (of 
God), etc.; ge)i. fseder, 911. 

fsederen-mseg-, st. m., father's 
kinsman, kinsman on the father's 
_side, 1263. 

faege, adj. fey, doomed, 846, etc. 

fsegen, adj., fain, glad, 1633. 

fseger, adj., fair, beautiful, 522, etc. 

fsegere, fsegre, adv., fairIj, be- 
comingly, courteously, 1014, 
J.788, etc. 

-f8egon,_see -feon. 

fseli'S, fpehlSo, st. f. , feud, hostility, 
2403, 2999; ace. fsehSe, 153, etc., 
_fffiglr5e, 2465, fseh'So, 2489. 

fsBlsian, lo. v., cleanse, 432, etc.; 
pp. gefffilsod, 825, etc. 

f»mne, 2v. /., bride, lady, 2034, 
2059. 

fser, St. neut., craft, vessel, 33. 

fEr, St. m., FEAR, sudden danger, 
_1068, 2230. 

fjer-gripe, st. m., fear-grip, sudden 
_grip, 738, etc. 

fser-gryre, st. m., [FEAR-terror] 
sudden terror, terror of sudden 
danger, 174. 

fseringa, adv., suddenly, 1414, etc. 

fser-nl'S, st. m., [FEAR-malice] sud- 
den mischief, sudden horror, 476. 

fsest, adj., fast, 303, 1742, etc.; 
often with dat. 1290, 1878, etc. 

fsestan, iv. v., fasten. 

be-fsestan, iv. v., commit to, 
1115. 

fseste, adv., fast, 554, etc. 

fsestor, compar., faster, 143. 

fsesten, st. neut., fastucss, strong- 
hold^ 104, etc. 

fsest-raed, adj., [fast-rede] firm- 
purposed, steadfast, 610. 

faet, St. m., vat, vessel, flagon, 2761. 

fait, St. neut., plating, gold-plate, 
_716, 2256. 

fseted, fsBtt, adj. {pp.), plated, gold- 
plated, 333, etc. 

fated-hleor, adj., with bridle 
covered with plates of gold, 1036. 



fiet-gold, St. neut., plated gold, 1921. 

fsitt, see fated. 

fse'Sm, St. m., [fathom] embrace, 
bosom, lap, 185, 188, 1393, etc. ; 
power, 1210. 

fsetJmian, w. v., embrace, 2652, etc. 

fag, fah, adj., stained, coloured, 
variegated, bright, shining, 305, 
1615, 1631, 2217, 2701, 420 
(blood-stained), 1038 (bedecked), 
2671 (flashing), etc. ; ace. sg. m. 
fagne, fahne, 725, 446, etc. 

mh, fag, adj. : 

(1) hostile, 554; nom. he fag wi'S 
God, "he a foe to God," 811. 
Substantively, foe ; ace. sg. m. 
fane, 2655; gen. pi. fara, 578, 
1463. 

(2) guilty, outlawed, 978, 1001, 
1263. 

fahne, see fag, fah. 

fami(g) -heals, adj., FOAMY-necked, 
218, 1909. 

fandian, see fondian. 

fane, see fah, filg. 

-fangen, see -fon. 

fara, see fah, fag. 

faran, st. v., fare, go, 124, 1404, 
1895, etc.; dat. inf. farenne,1805. 
ge-faran, st. v., fare, 738. 

faro^J, St. )u., tide, stream, flood, 
28, etc. 

fea, pi. adj., few; ace. [ivith gen.) 
tea worda, 2246, 2662; gen. fe- 
ara, 1412,3001 ; dat. feaum, 1081. 

-feah, see -feon. 

fealh, see feolan. 

feallan, st. v., fall, 1070, etc. 
pret. sg. feol(l), 772, 2919, etc. 

be-feallan; j)P' befeallen, "de- 
prived, bereft," 1126, 2256. 
ge- feallan, st. v. 

(1) intrans., fall, 1755. 

(2) trans., fall to, fall on to, 
2100, 2834. 

fealo, see fela. 

fealu, adj., fallow, yellow, dun; 
ace. sg. m. fealone, 1950; /. 
fealwe, 916 ; ace. pi. fealwe, 865. 

fea-sceaft, adj., wretched, desti- 
tute, 7, etc. 



174 



BEOWULF. 



feax, St. neut., hair, hair of the 

head, 1647; dat. fexe, 2967. 
fedan, 2v. v., feed. 

a-fedan, iv. v., bring up, 693. 
-fegon, see -feon. 
-feh, see -feon. 
feh«, see fon. 
fel, St. f. , FILE ; gen. pi. fela lafe, 

"leavings of files, i.e. swords," 

1032. 
fela, St. neut., indecL, much, many, 

586, 2106. 

Usu. loitli gen. sg. or pi. 16-4, 809, 

876, 929, 992, 1060, 1888 ; fealo, 

2757 ; see also worn. 

Used as an adj. qualifying worn 

(q. v.), 530, etc. 
fela, adv., much, greatly, 1385, 

2102, 3025, 3029, 694 {see micel). 
fela-geomor, adj., very sad, 2950. 
fela-hror, adj., very vigorous, 27. 
fela-modig, adj., [very moody] very 

brave, 1637. 
fela-synnig, adj., very sixful, 1379. 
fell, St. neut., fell, skin, 2088. 
fen(n), st. neut., fen, moor, 104, 

2009, etc. 
fen-freo^5o, st.f., FEN-refuge, 851. 
feng, St. m., clutch, grasp, 578, 1764. 
feng, see fon. 

fengel, st. m., prince, 1400, etc. 
fen-gelad, st. neut., FEN-path, 1359. 
fen-lili1$, St. neut., FEN-slope; ^yl. 

fen-hleotiu, 820. 
fen-hop, St. neut., FEN-retreat, 

"sloping hollow with a fenny 

bottom" (Skeat), 764. 
feoh, St. neut., fee, property, 

money; dat. sg., feo, 156, etc. 
feoh-gift, -gyft, st. /., fee-gift, 

gift of money, valuable gift, 21, 

1025, etc. 
feoh-leas, adj., fee-less, not to be 

atoned for with money, 2441. 
feohtan, st. v. 

ge-feohtan, st. v., fight, 1083. 
feohte, 10. f., fight, 576, 959. 
feolan, st. v., penetrate; pret. sg. 

fealh, 1281, 2225. 

aet-feolan, st. v., cleave, stick; 

pret. ffitfealh, 968. 



-feon, St. V. 

ge-feon, st. v., rejoice; pret. 
sg. gefeah, 109, etc.^ gefeh, 827, 
etc. ; pret. pi. gefaegon, 1014, 
gefegon, 1627. 

feond, St. m., fiexd, foe, 101, 164, 
etc. 

feond-grap, st. /., FiEND-grip, foe's 
grasp, 636. 

feond-scaUa, lo. m., [FiEND-scATHer] 
dire foe, 554. 

feond-scipe, st. m., fiendship, en- 
mity, 2999. 

feor, adj., fak, 1361, 1921. 

feor, adv., fak, afar, 42, 542, 808, 
1221, etc.; once feorr, 1988; of 
time, "far back," 1701. 

fyr, feor, compar., farther, 143, 
252, 1340. 

feor-btlend, st. m. (pres. part.), far 
dweller, dweller afar; pi. 254. 

feor-cy'8'8, st. f., far country; j;/. 
feor-cy-5-5e, 1838. 

feorh, St. m. neut., life, 73, 439, 
1152 (bodies), 1210, 2040, etc.; 
gen. feores, 1433, etc. ; dat. feore, 
1843, etc. ; dat. pi. feorum, 73, 
etc. Special passages: ace. ferh 
{see wrecan), 2706; was in feorh 
dropen, "was mortally wounded," 
2981; widan feorh, "ever," 2014; 
dat. to widan feore, "ever," 933. 
feorh-bealu, -bealo, st. neut., 
life-BALE, deadly evil, 156, 2077, 
etc. 

feorh-benn,sf. f., life-wound, deadly 
wound, 2740. 

feorh-bona, iv. m., [life-BANE] mur- 
derer, 2465. 

feorh-cynn, st. neut., life-KiN, gene- 
ration or race of men, 2266. 

feorli-genI"Sla, w. m., life-foe, deadly 
foe, 969, etc. 

feorh-last, st. in., life-step, 846. 

feorh-legu, st. /., LAving down of 
life; ace. nu ic on ma'Sma hord 
mine bebohte frode feorh-lege, 
"now that in exchange for the 
hoard of treasures I have sold 
the laying down of my old life," 
2800. 



GLOSSARY. 



17, 



feorh-seoc, adj., life- sick, mortally 

wounded, 820. 
feorh-sweng, st. m., [life-blow] 

deadly blow, 24S9. 
feorh-wund, st. /., life-wouND, 

deadly wound, 2385. 
feorm, st. /., food, sustenance, 451. 
feormend, st. m. {pres. part.), 

polisher; pi. 2256. 
feormend-leas, adj., polisher-LESS, 

wanting the furbisher, 2761. 
feormian, ic. v. 

(1) polish; subj. pres. 2253. 

(2) eat, devour; pp. gefeormod, 
744. 

feorr, see feor. 

feorran, adv., from aFAK, 

(1) of space, 361, etc. 

(2) of time, 91, 2106 (of old 
times). 

feorran-cund,«rfj.> come from aFAR, 

1795. 
feor-weg, st. m., far way, distant 

land, 37. 
feower, num., four, 59, 1637, etc. 
feower-tyne, num., fourteen, 1641. 
feran, 2v. v., fare, go, 27, 839, etc.; 

subj. jjres. pL, feran, 254. 
ge-feran, lo. v. 

(1) trans., go to, reach, gain, 
bring about, 1221, 1855, 2844, 
3063. 

(2) intrans., fare, behave; pret. 
pi., frecne geferdon, "they be- 
haved daringly," 1691. 

ferh, 2706, see feorh. 

ferh, St. m., [farrow] boar, figure 

of a boar on a helmet, 305. 
ferhtJ, St. m., heart, mind, etc., 754, 

1166, 3176, etc. 
ferh'S-frec, adj., bold-minded, 1146. 
ferh'B-genl'Sla, ?r. m., life-foe, deadly 

foe, 2881. 
ferian, w. v., [ferry] bear, carry, 

bring; pres. pi. ferigea^, 333; 

pret. pi. feredon, 1154, etc., fy- 

redon, 378 ; pp. pi. geferede, 361. 
aet-ferlan, w. v., bear off, 1669. 
ge-ferian, lo. v., bear, bring, 

1638, etc.; imperat. pi. 1st, ge- 

ferian, "let us bear," 3107. 



of- ferian, iv. v., bear off, 1583. 
oiJ-ferian, to. v., bear away, 

save, 2141. 
fetel-Mlt, St. neut., belted hilt, 

1563. 
fetian, iv. v., f-etcs; pp. fetod, 1310. 
ge-fetian, u\ v., fetch, bring, 

2190. 
fetJa, IV. m., trooj) on foot, troop of 

warriors, troop, 1327, 1424, 2544, 

etc. 
feUe, St. neut., movement, pace, 

970. 
fetJe-cempa, iv. m., foot-champion, 

foot-warrior, 1544, etc. 
fe^Se-gest, st. m., foot-GUEST, 1976. 
fetJe-last, st. m., [movement-track] 

foot-track, 1632. 
fe'Ser-gearwa, st. f. ^j/., feather- 
gear, 3119. 
fe'Se-wig, St. m. , foot-war, battle on 

foot, 2364. 
fex, see feax. 
fif, mwi., FIVE, 545; injiected, fife, 

420. 
flfel-cynn, st. neut., monster-KiN, 

race of monsters, 104, 
fif-tene, num., fifteen; ace. fyf- 

tyne, 1582; injiected gen., flf- 

tena sum," with fourteen others," 

207. 
fiftig, num., fifty; as adj. 2209; 

with gen. 2733; injiected gen. sg. 

fiftiges, 3042, 
fiudan, St. -v., find, 7, 207, etc. ; 

obtain, prevail, 2373 : inf. swa 

hyt weortJlicost fore-snotre men 

findan mihton, "as very wise 

men could most worthily devise 

it," 3162. 

on- findan, st. v., find out, per- 
ceive, observe, discover, 750, 1293, 

1890, etc. 
finger, st. m., finger, 760, etc. 
firas, St. )n. pi., men, 91, etc.; gen. 

pi. fyra, 2250. ["Beitrage" x. 

487.] 
firen, fyren, st. /., crime, violence, 

137, 915, etc.; ace. fyreue, 153, 

2480, etc., firen, 1932. 

dat. pi. fyrenum, "by crimes, 



176 



BEOWULF. 



criminally, maliciously," 1744, 

2441. _ 

fyren-dsBd, st. /., crime-DEED, 

deed of violence, 1001, 1669. 
fyren-^earf, st. /., [crime-need] 

dire distress, 14. 
firgen-, see fjrrgen-. 
flsesc, St. neut., flesh, 2424. 
flsisc-lioma, to. w., FLESH-covering, 

body, 1568. 
flan, St. m., arrow, barb, 2438, 

3119. 
flan-tooga, u-. m., arrow-Bow, 1433, 

etc. 
fleali, see fleon. 
fleam, st. m., flight, 1001, etc. 
fleogan, st. v., fly, 2273. 
fleon, St. v., flee, 755, etc.; pret. 

sg., xoith ace, fleah, 1200 (see 

note), 2225. 

be-fleon, st. v., ivith ace, flee, 

escape from ; dat. inf. no )piet 

y'Se by^ to befleonne, "that (fate 

or death) will not be easy to 

escape from," 1003. 

of er- fleon, st.v., flee from ; inf. 

nelle ic beorges weard oferfleon 

fotes trem, "I will not flee from 

the barrow's warden a foot's 

space," 2525. 
fleotan, st. v., float, swim, 542, etc. 
flat, St. neut., floor, floor of a hall, 

hall, 1025, 1086, 1540, etc. 
flet-rsest, st. /., floor-REST, bed in a 

hall, 1241. 
flet-sittend, st. m. (pres. part.), 

floor-sitter, hall-sitter, 1788, 2022. 
flet-werod, s^ neut., [floor-host] 

hall-troop, 476. 
fliht, St. VI., FLIGHT, 1765. 

flitan, St. v., [sc. elite] contend, 

strive, 916; pret. sg. 2nd, 507. 
ofer-flltan, st. v., ovERcome, 

517. 
flod, St. m., FLOOD, 545, etc. 
flod-ytJ, St. /., FLOoD-wave, 542. 
flor, St. m., FLOOR, 725, etc. 
flota, w. m., [FLOATer] bark, ship, 

210, etc. 
flot-here, st. m., [FLOAT-army] fleet, 

2915. 



flyman, ic. v., put to flight ; pp. 
geflymed, 846, etc. 

-foh, see -fon. 

folc, St. neut., folk, nation, people, 
warriors, army, 14, 55, 262, 
1855, 2393, etc. The plural is 
sometimes used loith the same 
meaning as the singular, 1422, 
etc.; of. leod, leode. 

folc-agend, st. m. {pres. part.), 
[roLK-owNer] folk-leader, 3113. 

folc-cwen, st.f., folk-queen, 614. 

folc-cyning, st. m., folk-king, 2733, 
etc. 

folc-red, st. m., folk-rede ; ace. 
folc-red fremede, "did what was 
for the public good," 3006. 

folc-rilit, St. neut., folk-right, 
public right, 2608. 

folc-scaru, st.f., folk-share, public 
property?, 73. 

folc-stede, st. m., folk-stead, 76 
(Heorot) ; ace. folc-stede fara, 
"the field of battle," 1463. 

folc-toga, ic. m., FOLK-leader, 839. 

fold-bold, St. neut., earth-building, 
hall on the earth, 773. 

fold-btlend, st. m. {pres. part.), 
earth-dweller, 309; pi. fold- 
buend, 2274, fold-biieude, 1355. 

folde, 10. /'., earth, ground, world, 
96, 1196, 2975. 

fold-weg, St. m., earth-wAY, 866, 
etc. 

folgian, ID. v., follow, pursue, 
1102, 2933. 

folm, st.f., hand, 158, etc. 

fon, St. v., seize, take, receive, 
grapple, clutch, 438; pres. 3rd, 
fehS oSer tu, " another suc- 
ceeds," 1755 ; 2>"'«^- feng, 1542, 
tcitli dat. 2989. 

be-fon, bi-fon, st. v., seize, 
seize on, embrace, encircle, en- 
compass ; 2^P- befongen, 977, 
1451, 2274, etc., bifongen, 2009, 
befangen, 1295, etc. 

ge-fon, St. v., with ace, seize ; 
piret. gefeng, 740, 1563, 2215, 
2G09, 3090, etc. 

on-fon, St. v., usu. ivith dat., 



GLOSSARY. 



177 



receive, take, seize, 911; im- 
perat. sg. onfoh, 1169; pret. on- 
feng, 52, 1214, etc.; he onfeng 
hraSe inwit-)>ancum ond wi^ 
earm gesEet, "he (Grendel) quick- 
ly seized [Beowulf] with hostile 
intent and sat on, fixed, came 
down on, his arm" {or, as Grein, 
"Beowulf quickly received the 
malignant monster, and sup- 
ported himself on his arm"), 748. 

J>urli-f6n, St. ik, with ace, 
[seize through] penetrate, 1504. 

witJ-fon, St. v., icith dat., 
grapple with ; pret. wi-S-feng, 760. 

jrmbe-fon, st. v., with ace, 
[seize about] encircle, enclose; 
pret. ymbefeng, 2691. 
fondian, fandian, w. v., ivith gen., 
search out, prove, experience ; 
pp. gefandod, 2301, gefondad, 
2454. 
for, prep. 

(1) loith dat., before, 358, 1026, 
1120, 2020, 1649, 2990; before 
or because of, 169, 2781 ; foe, 
out of, from, through, because 
of, on account of, about, 110, 
338-9, 385, 508, 832, 951, 965, 
1442, 1515, 2501 (in virtue of), 
2549, 2926, 2966, etc. ; for (pur- 
pose), 382, 458. 

(2) with ace, for, instead of, as, 
947, 1175, 2348. 

foran, adv., beroRE, to the fore, 
forwards, 984, 1458. Special 
passage: \>e him foran ongean 
linde bseron, "who bare their 
linden-shields forwards against 
him," 2364. 

ford, St. m., ford, 568. 

fore, prep., with dat., bcFORE, 1215; 
for, through, because of, 136, 
2059j_ of, about, 1064. 

fore-maere, adj., [FORE-great]. 

fore-marost, superl. , most 
famous of all, 309. 

fore-mihtig, adj., [fore-mighty] 
over-powerful, 969. 

fore-snotor, adj. [fore -prudent] 
very wise, 3162. 

W. B. 



fore-^anc, st. m., FOREthought, 

1060. 
forht, adj., fearful, afraid, 754, 

2967. 
forma, adj. superl. {of fore), first, 

716, etc. 
forst, St. m., frost, 1609. 
fori$, adv., forth, forward(s), awaj', 

on, 45, 210, 745, 1718, 1795, 

2289 {see to, adv.), 3176, etc.; 

of time, henceforth, from now, 

948, 2069. 
for-'Sam, for-tJan, for-Uon, adv., 

FOR THAT, therefore, 418, 1957, 

2645, 2741, 3021, etc. 
for-|>on t>e, co7ij., because, 503. 
for'S-gesceaft, st. /., [FORTH-crea- 

tion] future world or destiny, 

1750. 
for-J)on, see for-?Jam. 
for'S-weg, St. m., forth-way, way 

forth, 2625. 
fot, St. m., FOOT, 500, 7405, etc. 
fot-gemearc, st. neut., foot-mark, 

foot-length, foot; gen. sg. fif- 

tiges fot-gemearces lang, "fiftv 

feet long," 3042. 
f5t-last, St. m., FooT-track, 2289. 
fracod, adj., worthless, 1575. 
-frsegen, see -frignan. 
frsegn, see frignan. 
frsetwa, fraetwe, st. f. pi., [fret-] 

adornments, jewels, fretted ar 

mour, 3, 37, 896, 1208, 2163 

etc.; dat. fraetwum, 2054, etc. 

frffitewum, 962. 
frsetw(i)an, lo. v., [fret] adorn, 76 

pp. gefraetwod, 992. 

ge-fr8etw(i)aii, w. v., adorn 

pret. sg. gefraetwade, 96. 
fram, see from, 
frea, w. m., lord, 271, etc.; of the 

Deity, the Lord, 27, 2794. 
frea-drihten, st. m., lord and master, 

796. 
ftea-wine, st.m., lord-friend, friend- 
ly ruler, 2357, etc. ; ace. 2438. 
frea-wrasn, st. /., lordly chain, 

noble chain, 1451. 
freca, w. m., wolf, bold man, war- 
rior, 1563. 

12 



178 



BEOWULF. 



frecne, adj., [Sc. frack] daring, 
audacious, 889, 1104, 2689; 
dangerous, dread, fearful, 1359, 
1378, 2250, 2537. 

frecne, adv., daringly, fiercely, 959, 
1032, 1691. 

fremde, adj., foreign, 1691. 

freme, adj., forward, strenuous, 
1932. 

fremman, w. v., frame, do, per- 
form, accomplish, bring about, 
try, 3, 101, 1003, 2514 (see note), 
etc. ; further, support, 1832 : 
pret. fremede, 3006, etc. ; pp. ge- 
fremed, 954, etc., ace. f. gefre- 
mede, 640. 

ge-fremman, w. v., frame, do, 
work, etc., 174, 636, 1315, 2449, 
etc.; pret. hine mihtig God...for^ 
gefremede, "him mighty God ad- 
vanced," 1718. 

freo-burh, st. /., free burgh, free 
city, noble city, 693. 

freod, St./., friendship, 2476, 2556. 

freo-dryhten, st. m., noble lord, 
1169, 2627. 

freogan, ic. v., love, 948, 3176. 

freo-lic, adj., [free-like] noble, 
615; fern, freolicu, 641. 

freond, st. m., friend, 915, etc. 

freond-lar, st. /., friend-lore, 
friendly counsel, 2377. 

freond-la|>u, st. f., FRiENDly in- 
vitation, 1192. 

freond-llce, adv. 

freondllcor, compar., in a more 
friendly way, in friendlier wise, 
1027. 

freond-scipe, st. m. , friendship, 
2069. 

freo-wine, st. m., noble friend, 430. 

freo'Bo, st. /"., protection, peace; 
ace. freo^o, 188, 1174; freo«e, 
"compact," 1707. 

freotJo-burh, st. /., protecting 
BURGH, peaceful city, city of re- 
fuge, 522. 

freotlo-wong, st. m., peace-plain, 
field of peace, 2959. 

freo'Su-webbe, lo.f., peace-WEAver, 
1942. 



frio1$o-W8Br, friotJu-waBr, st. /., 

peace-compact, treaty of peace, 
1096, 2282. 

fritJu-sibb, st. /., peace-kin, 
peace-bringer, 2017. 

fretan, st. v., [fuet] devour, con- 
sume, 1581, etc. 

fricgean, iv. v., ask; inf. fricgcean, 
1985 ; pres. part, fricgende, 2106. 
ge-fricgean, ic. v., learn, 2889, 
etc.; pres. subj. gefricge, 1826. 

friclan, u\ v. , seek for, 2556. 

frignan, frinan, st. v., ask, in- 
quire, 351 ; imperat. sg. frin, 
1322 ; pret. sg. fraegn, 236, etc. 

ge-frignan, st. v., learn, hear 
of; 2>>'ef' sg., gefrasgn, 194, etc., 
gefraegen, 1011; pret. pi. gefrii- 
non, 2, etc., gefrungon, 666; pp. 
gefrunen, 694, etc., gefrasgen, 
1196. Ofteji followed by ace. 
and inf. 74, 1969, etc. 

frinan, see frignan. 

frioUo-, frio^Su-, fritJu-, see freotJo-. 

frod, adj., old, wise, 1306, 279, etc. 

frofor, St. /., solace, comfort, 14, 
etc.; ace. frofre, 7, etc., frofor, 
698. 

from, adj., forward, keen, bold, ■ 
1641, etc.; rich, 21. % 

from, fram, prep., tcith dat., from, 
away from, 420, 541, 1635, 2565, 
etc.; of, concerning, 532, 581, etc. 
Following its case, 110, etc. 

from, fram, arfr.,away, forth, 754, 
2556. 

fruma, iv. m., beginning, 2309. 

frum-cyn, st. neut., [first kin] lin- M 
eage, origin, 252. I 

frum-gar, st. m., [first-spear, cf. 
Lat. primipilus] chieftain, 2856. 

frum-sceaft, st. /., first creation, 
beginning, 45, etc. 

-frtlnen, -frungon, -frtlnon, see 
-frignan. 

fugol, St. m. , FOWL, bird, 218, etc. 

ful, adv., FULL, very, 480, etc. 

ful(l), St. neut., cup, beaker, 615, 
etc.; ace. y'Sa ful, "the waves' 
cup, i.e. the sea," 1208. 

full, adj., FULL, 2412. 



GLOSSARY. 



179 



fultum, St. m., help, aid, 698, 2662, 
etc. 

fundian, iv. v., hasten, intend, 
strive to go, 1137, 1819. 

furtJum, adv., first, 323, etc.; at 
first, formerly, 1707. 

furtJur, adv., further, 254, etc, 

ftls, adj., ready, eager, longing, 
1241, 1475, etc.; hastening, in- 
clined, 1966 ; nom. leofra manna 
fiis, "longing for the dear men," 
1916. 

ffls-llc, adj., ready, prepared, 1424, 
etc. ; neut. i^l. fuslicu, 232. 

fyf-tyne, see fif-tene. 

fyll, St. m., FALL, 1544, 2912. 

fyUan, ic v. 

a-fyllan, w.r., fill up, fill, 1018. 

fyllan, w. v. 

ge-fyllan, iv. v., fell, 2655; 
jyret. pi. gefyldan, 2706. 

fyllo, St. /., FILL, 562, 1333, etc. 

fyl-werig, ad,j., fall-weary, weary 
to the point of falling, 962. 

fyr, see feor, adv. 

fyr, St. neut., fire, 185, etc. 

f^ras, see firas. 

fyr -bend, st. m.f., fire-band, 722. 

fyrd-gestealla, iv. m., army-com- 
rade, 2873. 

fyrd-hom, st. m., army-coat, coat 
of mail, 1504. 

fyr6.-hT3Sgl, st. neut., [army-RAiL] 
armour, 1527. 

fyrd-hwset, adj., [army-active] war- 
like, brave; pi. fyrd-hwate, 1641, 
2476. 

fyrd-leotJ, st. neut., army-lay, war- 
song, 1424. 

lyr-draca, ic. m., fire-drake, fire- 
dragon, 2689. 

fsrrd-searu, st. neut., [army-] ar- 
mour, 2618; pi. 232. 

f3rrd-wyiUe, adj., [army-woRTHy] 
war- worthy, distinguished in war, 
1316. 

fyren, see firen. 

fyrg-en-beam, st. m., [mountain- 
beam] mountain-tree, 1414. 

fyrgen-holt, st. m., mountain-HOLT, 
mountain-wood, 1393. 



f3n:gen-stream, firgen- stream, st. 
m., mountain - stream, 1359, 
2128. 

fyr-heard, adj., fire-hard, fire- 
hardened, 305. 

fyrian, see ferian. 

fyr-leoht, St. neut., firelight, 1516. 

fyxmest, adv. superl. (o/fore), fore- 
most, first, 2077. 

fyrn-dagas, st. m. pi., former days, 
days of old, 1451. 

fyrn-geweorc, st. neut., former 
WORK, ancient work, 2286. 

fym-gewinn, st. neut., former strife, 
ancient strife, 1689. 

fyrn-mann, st. m., former man, man 
of old, 2761. 

fyrn-wita, w. m., former counsellor, 
old counsellor, 2123. 

iyrst, St. m., time, space of time, 
76, 545, etc. 

fyrtJran, lo. v., further; pp. fraet- 
wum gefyr'Sred, "furthered by, 
fraught with, jewels," 2784. 

fyr-wet, -wyt, st. neut., curiosity, 
232, etc. 

fyr--wylm, st. m., FiRE-WELLing, 
surge of fire, 2671. 

fysan, tv. v., make ready, prepare ; 
jyp. gefysed, 630, etc. ; winde 
gefysed, "impelled by the wind," 
217. From fus. 



gad, St. neut., lack, 660, etc. 
gsedeling, st. m., relative, comrade, 

2617, 2949. 
gsest, see gist. 
gSBSt, see gast. 
gas's, see gan. 
galan, st. v., sing, sound, 786, 1432; 

p7'es. sg., gsele'S, 2460. 

a-galan, st. v., sing, ring; pret. 

agol, 1521. 
galdor, see gealdor. 
galga, 10. m., gallows, 2446. 
galg-mod, adj., [sad-MooD] sad in 

mind, gloomy, 1277. 
galg-treow, st. neut., gallows-tree, 

2940. 



12—2 



180 



BEOWULF. 



gamen, see gomen. 
gamol, see gomol. 

gan, irreg. v., go, 395, etc. ; pres. 
indie. '6rd, gas's, 455; pres. subj. 
ga, 1394; pret. eode, 358, 493, 
etc. ; imperat. ga, 1782 ; pp. 
sy'S'San hie togffidre gegan hsef- 
don, "after they had closed in 
strife," 2630. (See also gongan.) 

fuU-gan, St. v., loith dat., follow 
and aid; pret. sceft...flane full- 
eode, " the shaft followed and 
aided the barb," 3119. 

ge-gan, st. v., pret. geeode, 
geiode (2200): 

(1) GO {intrans.), 1967, 2676. 

(2) GO {trans.), make, venture, 
1277, 1462. 

(3) gain (by going), obtain, 1535 ; 
with dependent clause, 2917. 

(4) happen, 2200. 

ofer-gan, st. v., icith ace, go 
OVER, 1408, 2959. 
o^J-gan, St. v., GO (to), 2934. 
ymb-gan, st. v., icith ace, go 
about, go around, 620. 

gangan, see gongan, 

ganot, St. 111., GANNET, diver, 1861. 

gar, St. m., spear, javelin, 328, etc. 

gar-cene, adj., spear-KEEN, spear- 
bold, 1958. 

gar-cwealm, st. m., [spear-quelling] 
death by the spear, 2043. 

gar-holt, st.neut., spear-HOLT, spear- 
shaft, spear, 1834. 

gar-secg, st. ?»., [spear-man, cf. 
Neptune] ocean, 49, etc. 

gar-wiga, tv. m., spear-warrior, 
2674, etc. 

gar-wlgend, st. m. {pres. part.), 
spear- warrior, 2641, 

gast, St. VI., GHOST, sprite, devil, 
133, 1747, etc. ; gen. pi. gasta, 
1357, gsesta, 1123. 

gast-bona, w. m., [ghost-bane] 
soul-slayer, the devil, 177, 

ge, conj., and, 1248, 1340; with 
swylce, 2258; correl. ge...ge, 
"both... and," 1248, 1864. 

ge, pers. pron. {pi. of )>u), ye, you, 
237, etc. 



geador, adv., toGETHER, 835; icith 

astsomne, 491. 
on geador, tooETHER, 1595. 
ge-sehtla, iv. m., or ge-aehtle, w. /., 

high esteem, 369. 
geald, see gyldan. 
gealdor, st. neut. : 

(1) sound, blast, 2943. 

(2) incantation; dat. galdre, 3052. 
gealp, see gilpan. 
geap, adj., spacious, extensive, 

roomy, 836, 1800. 
gear, st. neut., tear, 1134. 

geara, gen. pi. (in adverbial 

sense), of yore, formerly, 2664. 
geard, st. m., yard ; always pi. in 

"Beowulf," courts, dwelling- 
place, 13, 265, 1134, etc. 
gear-dagas, st. m. pi., yore-days, 

days of yore, 1, 1354. 
geare, see gearwe. 
gearo, gearu, adj., yare, ready, 

prepared, 77, 1109, 1914, etc.; 

with gen. 1825; ace. sg. f. gearwe, 

1006 ; pi. gearwe, 210, etc. 
gearo, adv., well, 2748. 
gearo-folm, adj., ready-handed, 

2085. 
gearwe, geare, well, 265, 2656, etc.; A 

icith ne, "not at all," 246. V 

gearwor, compar.,-moxe readily, 

3074, 
gearwost, siiperl., best, 715, 
-geat, see -gitan. 
geato-lle, adj., stately, splendid, 

215, 1401, etc, 
geatwa, st. f. pi., garniture, 3088, 
ge-bedde, w.f., BED-fellow, 665. 
ge-brsec, st. neut., [break] crash, 

2259. 
ge-brotJor, ge-brotSru, st. m. pi., 

BROTHERS, 1191. 

ge-byrd, st. neut., fate, 1074, 

ge-cynde, adj., [kind] natural, he- 
reditary, 2197, 2696, 

ge-dal, St. neut., severance, parting, 
3068. 

ge-defe, adj., meet, fitting, 561, etc; 
friendly, 1227, 

ge-draeg, st. neut., [dray = squirrel's 
nest ?] band, tumult, 756. 



GLOSSARY. 



181 



ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. neut., band, 
troop, 118, 431, etc. 

ge-fsegra, compar. adj., more fair?, 
more dear; nom. he... wear's... 
freondum gefaegra ; hine fyren 
onwod, " he (Beowulf) became 
more dear to his friends ; him 
(Heremod) crime assailed," 915. 

-gefan, see -gifan. 

ge-fea, w. m., joy, 562, etc. 

ge-feoht, St. neut., fight, 2048, etc. 

ge-flit, St. neut., "FLixing," contest, 
ma_tch, 865. 

ge-frsBge, adj., renowned, notorious, 
5o,_2481. 

ge-frsege, st. neut., hearsay; dat. 
{instr.) sg. mine gefrffige, "as I 
have heard oi' learned," 776, etc. 
[Cf. "mien escientre," Chanson 
de Roland.] 

gegn-cwlde, st. m., reply, 367. 

gegnum, adv., forwards, straight, 
direct, 314, 1404. 

gehtUo, see giohtJo. 

ge-liwa, pron., with gen., each, each 
one ; ace. gehwone, gehwane, 
294, 2397, etc. ; dat. m. gehwam, 
gehwEem, 88, 1420, etc.; dat. f. 
gehwiere, 25. Masc. form with 
dependent gen. of fern, or neut. 
n. 800, 1365, 2838, 2765. 

ge-hwaer, adv., everywHERE, 526. 

ge-hwse'Ser, pron., eiiHER, 584, etc.; 
nom. neut. an wig gearwe ge est 
ham ge on herge, ge gehwae^er 
Jsara efne swylce msela, "ready 
for war both at home and in the 
field, and either (i.e. both) of them 
even at such times," 1248. 

ge-hwylc, ge - hwelc, adj. -pron. , 
xoith gen. pi., each, 98, 148, 732, 
805, 1090, 1705, etc. 

ge-hygd, st. neut., thought, 2045. 

ge-hyld, st. neut., protection, 3056. 

ge-lac, St. neut., play, 1040, etc. 

ge-lad, St. neut., [lode] path, 1410. 

ge-lang, see ge-long. 

ge-lenge, adj., belonging to, 2732. 

ge-llc, adj., LIKE, 2164. 

ge-llcost, superl., likest, most 
like, 218, 1608, etc. 



ge-16me, adv., frequently, 559. 

ge-long, ge-lang, adj. ; gelong (ge- 
lang) set >e, " aLONG of, dependent 
on,_thee," 1376, 2150. 

ge-maene, adj., common, in com- 
mon, 1784, etc. 

ge-mede, st. neut., consent, 247. 

ge-met, st. neut., measure, power, 
ability, 779, etc. 

ge-met, adj., meet, 687, etc. 

ge-meting, st.f., meeting, 2001. 

ge-mong, st. m., troop, 1643. 

ge-mynd, st. /., reMiNner, memo- 
rial, 2804, etc. 

ge-myndig, adj., MiNnful, 613, etc. 

gen, adv., aoAiN, yet, still, 734, 
2070, 3006, etc.; often with >a, 
mi, 83, 2859, etc. 

gena, adv., still, 2800, etc. 

ge-neahlie, adv., enough, 783; fre- 
quently, 3152. 

genehost, superl., very often. 
Special passage : genehost braegd 
eorl Beowulfes ealde lafe, "many 
an earl of Beowulf's drew his old 
sword," 794. 

ge-nip, St. neut., mist, 1360, etc. 

ge-nog, adj., enough, 2489, etc. 

genunga, adv., wholly, utterly, 
2871. 

geo, glo, lu, adv., formerly, 1476, 
2459, 2521. 

geoc, St. /., help, 177, etc. 

geocor, adj., dire, sad, 765. 

geofon, gifen, gyfen, st. neut., 
ocean, 362, 1394, 1690, etc. 

geofu, see gifu. 

geogo'S, giogoS, St. /., youth, time 
of youth, 160, 2426, etc.; gen. 
iogo«e, 1674. 

geogcS-feorh, st. neut., YOUTH-life, 
days of youth, 537, etc. 

geolo, adj., YELLOW, 2610. 

geolo-rand, st. m., yellow buckler, 
yellow shield, 438. 

geo-meowle, w. /., former virgin, 
bride, spouse, 3150; ace. io-meow- 
lan, 2931. 

geomor, glomor, adj., sad, 49, 
3150, etc. ; /. geomuru, 1075. 

geomore, adv., sadly, 151. 



182 



BEOWULF. 



geomor-llc, adj., [srcI-like] sad, 

2444. 
geomor-mod, glomor-mod, adj., 

[sad-MOOD] sad-minded, sorrow- 
ful, 2044, 2267, etc. 
geomrian, tc. v., lament, 1118. 
geomuru, see geomor. 
geond, pre}}., icith ace, [yond] 

throughout, 75, etc. 
geong, giong, arfy., young, 13, 2446, 

etc.; dat. sg., geongum, 2044, 

etc., geongan, 2626. 

gingsest, superl., youngest, 

last ; iceak, 2817. 
geong, 2743, see gongan. 
geong, see gongan. 
georn, adj., YEAENing, eager, 2783. 
georne, adv., eagerly, gladly, 66, 

etc. ; well, 968. 

geornor, compar., more surely, 

821. 
geo-sceaft, st. f., [former shaping] 

fate, 1234. 
geosceaft-gast, st. m., [former- 

shaping-GHOST] demon sent by 

fate, 1266. 
geotan, st. v., pour, rush, 1690. 
ge-rad, adj., skilful, 873. 
ge-rllm-llce, adv., eoomIly. 

ge-rttmllcor, compar., more 

roomily, more at large, 139. 
ge-rysne, adj., befitting, 2653. 
ge-saca, w. m., adversary, 1773. 
ge-sacu, St. /., strife, 1737. 
ge-scad, st. neiit., difference, 288. 
gescaep-hwll, st. /., [sHAped while] 

fated hour, 26. 
ge-sceaft, st.f., [shaping] existence, 

1622. 
ge-sceap, st. neiit., shape, 650; 

destiny, 3084 
ge-scipe, st. neiit., fate, 2570. 
ge-selda, ic. m., hall-fellow, com- 
rade, 1984. 
ge-slU, St. m., comrade, 29, etc. 
ge-slyht, St. neut., slaying, encoun- 
ter, 2398. 
ge-streon, st. neut., possession, 

treasure, 1920, 3166, etc. 
gest-sele, st. m., GUEST-hall, 994. 
ge-sund, adj., sound, safe and 



sound, 1628, etc. ; with gen. si^a 
gesunde, " safe and sound on 
your journeys," 318. 

ge-swlng, St. neut., swing, eddy, 
848. 

ge-syne, adj., evident, visible, 1255, 
etc. 

ge-s3mto, st. /., souNcness, health, 
1869. 

-get^see -gitan. 

ge-taese, adj., quiet, pleasant, 1320. 

getan, iv. v., slay, destroy; inf. 
cwae^, he on mergenne meces ec- 
gum getan wolde, sume on galg- 
treowum fuglum to gamene, 
* ' quoth, he would destroy [them] 
in the morn with the edges of 
the sword, [hang] some on gal- 
lows-trees for a sport for birds," 
2940. ["Beitrage" X. 313.] 

ge-tenge, adj., touching, lying on, 
2758. 

ge-trum, st. neut., troop, 922. 

ge-try-we, adj., tkue, faithful, 1228. 

ge-^ing, St. neut. : 

(1) terms, pi. 1085. ■ 

(2) issue, 398, 709 ; gen. pi. ge- ■ 
J>ingea, "fates," 525. ™ 

ge-J>61it, St. in., THOUGHT, resolu- 
tion, 256, 610. 
ge-J>onc, St. m., thought, 2332. 
ge-)>ring, st. neut., eddy, whirlpool, 

2132. 
ge-)>wsere, adj. gentle, 1230. 
ge-J>yld, st.f., patience, 1395, etc. 
ge-))ywe, adj., [iHEwy] wonted, 

customary, 2332. 
ge-wade, st. neut., [weeds] armour, 

292. 
ge-wealc, st. neut., [walk] rolling, 

464. 
ge-weald, st. neut., wiELning, power, 

control, 79, 808, 2221 {see mid), 

etc. 
ge-wealden, adj. {pp.), subject, 

1732. 
ge-wef, St. neut., web, woof; 2)1. 

gewiofu, 697. 
ge-weorc, st. neut., work, 455, etc. 
ge-wider, st. neut., weather, storm, 

tempest; pi. 1375. 



GLOSSARY. 



183 



ge-win(n), St. neut., strife, struggle, 

133, etc. 
ge-winna, iv. m., striver, foe, 1776. 
ge-wiofu, see ge-wef. 
gewis-ilce, adv. 

gewis-llcost, superL, most cer- 
tainly, 1350. 
ge-witt, St. neut., wit(s), senses, 

2703^ head, 2882. 
ge-wittig, adj., [witty] conscious, 

3094. 
ge-wrixle, st. neut., exchange, 1304. 
ge-wjrrht, st. neut., desert, merit; 

pi. 2657. 
gid(d), gyd(d), st. neut., glee, lay, 

dirge, 151, 868, 1065, 3150, 

etc. 
gif, gyf, conj., if, 442, 944, etc.; if 

= whether, 272, etc. 
gifan, giofan, st. v., pret. geaf, 

geafon, pp. gyfen : give, 49, 64, 

1719, etc. 
a-gifan, st. v., give back, 355, 

2929. 

set-gifan, st. v., give (to), ren- 
der, 2878. 

for-gifan, st. v., give, 17, etc. 
of-gifan, of-gyfan, st. v., give 

up, leave, 1600, 2251, 2588, etc.; 

pret. pi. ofgefan, 2846. 
gif en, see geofon. 
gife'Se, gyfe'Se, adj., given, granted, 

2U9, 555, etc. 
gifetJe, 7ieut. used as a noun, 

thing granted, fate, 3085. 
gif-heall, st. f. , GiFt-HALL, 838. 
gifre, adj., greedy, 1277. 

gifrost, superl., greediest, 1123. 
gif-sceatt, st. m., GiFt-tribute, trea- 
sure, valuable gift, 378. 
gif-stol, St. m., GiFt-STooL, throne, 

168, etc. 
glfu, St. /., GiFt, 1173, 1271, etc.; 

gen. pi. gifa, 1930, geofena, 1173 ; 

dat. pi. geofum, 1958. 
gigant, St. in., giant, 113, etc. 

["Beitrage" x. 501.] 
gilp, gylp, St. m., [yelp] boast, 

829, 1749, etc. 
gilpan, gylpan, st. v., [yelp] boast, 

586, 2006, 2583, etc. 



gilp-cwide, st. m., [vELP-speech] 
boasting speech, 640. 

gilp-hlseden, adj. (pp.), [yelp-laden] 
vaunt-laden, 868. 

gylp-spraec, st. /., [yelp- 
speech] boasting speech, 981. 

gylp word, st. neut., [yelp- 
word] boastful word, 675. 

gim, St. VI., gem, 2072. 

gim-faest, see gin-fsest. 

gimme-rlce, adj., gem-RiCH, rich in 
jewels, 466. 

gin-fsest, gim-fsest, adj., [wide- 
fast] ample and lasting, 1271 
(see note), 2182. 

gingsest, see geong. 

-ginnan, st. v. 

on-ginnan, st. v., beoiN, under- 
take, attempt, 244, 409, 2878, 
etc.; pret. sg. ongan, 100, etc.; 
ongon, 2790. 

glo, see geo. 

giofan, see gifan. 

giogo^J, see geogo'8. 

giohtJo, St. f., sorrow, care; dat. 
giohSo, 2267, gioh^e, 2793, 
geht^o, 3095. 

glomor, see geomor. 

giong, see geong. 

-giredan, see -gyrwan. 

gist, gyst, gsest, st. m., guest, 
stranger, 102, 1138, 2228, etc. 

git, pers.pron. {dual of]>n), ye two, 
508, etc. 

git, gyt, adv., yet, still, hitherto, 
536, 944, 956, etc. 

-gitan, St. v., pret. -geat, -geaton, 
an-gitan, see on-gitan. 
be-gitan, st. v., get, get at, 
seize, befall, 1068, 2249, etc.; 
pret. sg. beget, 2872; pret. subj. 
(sg. for pi.) begeate, 2130. Spe- 
cial passage: ferh'S-frecan Fin 
eft begeat sweord-bealo sli'Sen, 
"dire sword-bale afterwards be- 
fell the bold-minded Finn," 1146. 
for-gytan, st. v., fobget, 1751. 
on-gitan, on-gytan, st. v. 

(1) get hold of, seize; pret. sg. 
angeat, 1291. 

(2) get hold of with the mind. 



184 



BEOWULF. 



perceive, 14, 1431, 1723, 2748, 
etc.; inf. ongyton, 308. 

gladian, w. v., glisten, 2036. 

glsed, adj., [glad] gracious, 58,2025, 
etc. 

glsed-man, adj., benignant, court- 
eous, 367 (see note). 

glsed-mod, adj., glad of mood, 1785. 

gled, St. /., GLEDE, ember, fire, 
2312, etc. 

gled-egesa, w. m., GLEDE-terror, 
terror of fire, 2650. 

gleo, St. neut., glee, 2105. 

gleo-beam, st. m., [glee-beam] 
harp, 2263. 

gleo-dream, st. m., [glee-dream = 
joy] mirth, 3021. 

gleo-mann, st. m., gleeman, min- 
strel, 1160. 

glldan, St. v., glide, 515, etc. 

to-glldan, St. v., [glide asun- 
der] fall to pieces, 2487. 

glitinian, w. v., GLiiter, glisten, 
gleam, 2758. 

glof, St.f., GLOVE, 2085. 

gnea^J, adj., niggardly, 1930. 

gnorn, st. m., sorrow, 2658. 

gnornian, w. v., mourn, 1117. 

be-gnornian, iv. v., with ace, 
bemoan, 3178. 

God, St. m., God, 13, etc. 

god, adj., GOOD, 11, etc.; pi. gode, 
"good men," 2249. With gen., 
wes bu lis larena god, "be thou 
good to us in guidance," 269. 

god, St. neut., good, goodness, good 
thing, good gift, 20, 1952, etc.; 
dat. pi. manig o^erne godum ge- 
grettan, "many a one [shall] 
greet another with good things," 
1861. 

god-fremmend, st. m. (pres. part.), 
[GOOD-FRAMing] framcr of good, 
one who acts well or bravely, 
299. 

gold, St. neut., gold, 304, etc. 

gold-siht, St. /., treasure in gold, 
2748. 

gold-fag, -fah, adj., GOLDen-hued, 
adorned with gold, gold-bro- 
caded, 994, 1800, 2811. 



gold-gyfa, w. m., GOLD-Giver, 2652. 

gold-hroden, adj. (pp.), gold- 
adorned, 614, etc. 

gold-hwset, adj., [ooLD-active] 
greedy for gold, 3074 (see note). 

gold-ma'Sum, st. m., gold -treasure, 
2414. 

gold-sele, st. m., GOLD-hall, 715, 
etc. 

gold-weard, st. m., [gold-ward] 
guardian of gold, 3081. 

gold -wine, st. m., gold -friend, 
prince, 1171, etc. 

gold-wlanc, adj., ooLD-proud, 1881. 

gombe, IV. f., tribute, 11. 

gomen, gamen, st. neut., game, 
mirth, joy, 1160, 2459, etc. 

gomen-wa15, st. /., [oAME-path] 
joyous journey, 854. 

gomen-wudu, st. m., [game-wood] 
harp, 1065, etc. 

gomol, gomel, gamol, adj., old, 
gray, aged, ancient, 58, 2112, 
3095, etc.; iveak gomela, gamela, 
1792, 2105, etc.; gen.pl. gomelra 
lafe, "the heirlooms of their 
late [fathers]," 2036. 

gamol-feax, adj., gray-haired, 
608. 

gongan, gangan, st. v., [gang] go, 
314, 1974, etc.; imperat. geong, 
2743; pret. geong, 925, etc., 
glong, 2214, etc.; gang, 1009, 
etc. ; gengde, 1401, 1412 ; pp. 
gegongen, 822, 3036; inf. gan- 
gan cwomon, "came going, 
marching," 324; so 711, 1642, 
1974. (See also gan.)- 

a-gangan, st. v., go forth, be- 
fall, 1236. 
ge-gangan, ge-gongan, st. v. : 

(1) gain (by going), obtain, 2536; 
pp. gegongen, 3085, with depend- 
ent clause, 893 ; dat. inf. gegau- 
nenne, 2416. 

(2) come to pass, happen, 1846; 
pp. gegongen, 2821. 

gr»dig, adj., gbeedy, 121, etc. 
gr»g, adj., GRAY, 330, etc. 
gr»g-ni»l, adj., marked, etched, 
or coloured with gray, 2682. 



GLOSSARY. 



185 



grses-molde, w. /., GEAss-eaith, 

grass-plain, 1881. 
gram, adj., angry, fierce, 424, 765, 

etc. 
grap, St. /., grasp, claw, 438, 836, 

etc. 
grapian, w. v., gbope, gripe, grasp, 

1566, 2085. 
greot, St. m., grit, earth, 3167. 
greotan, st. v., {Sc. greet] weep, 

1342. 
gretan, w. v., pret. grette: greet: 

(1) salute, 347, etc. 

(2) approach, seek out. attack, 
touch, 168, 803, 1995, 2736, 
3081, etc. 

ge-gretan, w. v., greet, 1980, 

etc.; inf. gegrettan, 1861. 
grim(ni), adj., grim, 121, etc.; dat. 

X>1. grimman, 1542. 
grim-helm, st. m., visored HELMet, 

334. 
grira-lle, adj., grim[-like], 3041. 
grimman, st. v., snort, rage, hurry; 

pret. pi. grummon, 306. 
grimme, adv., GRiMly, terribly, 

3012, etc. 
grindan, st. v. 

for-grlndan, st. v., grind down, 

grind to pieces, ruin, destroy ; 

with dat., 424; loith ace. 2335, 

2677. 
gripan, st. v., gripe, grasp, seize, 

1501. 
for-grlpan, st. v., with dat., 

grip[eJ to death, 2353. 
witJ-grlpan, st. v., gripe at, 

oppose ; inf. wi'S '5am aglfficean . . . 

gylpe wi'Sgrlpan, "maintain my 

boast against the monster {lit. 

with boast oppose)," 2521. 
gripe, St. m., grip, 1148, etc. 
grom-heort, adj., fierce-HEARTed, 

hostile-hearted, 1682. 
grom-hydig, adj., angry-minded, 

hostile-minded, 1749. 
growan, st. v., grow; pret. sg. 

greow, 1718. 
grund, St. m., ground, earth, bot- 
tom, 1367, 1404, etc. 
grund-btlend, st. m. {pres. part.), 



[GROUND-dweller] inhabitant of 

earth, 1006. 
grund-hyrde, st. m., [ground-herd] 

guardian of the bottom (of the 

mere), 2136. 
grund-sele, st. m., GROUND-hall, 

hall or cave at the bottom (of the 

mere), 2139. 
grund-wong, st. m., GRouND-plain, 

plain, floor (of a cave), bottom 

(of a mere), 1496, 2588, 2771. 
grund-wyrgen, st.f., [GRouND-she- 

wolf] she-wolf at the bottom (of 

a mere), 1518. 
gryn, st. neut., snare ( = 0.E. grin), 

0?- sorrow ( = 0.E. gyrn,q.v.), 930. 
grjrre, st. m. , terror, terrible deed, 

384, 591, 3041, etc. 
gryre-broga, w. vi., GRisly terror, 

horror, 2227. 
gryre-fah, adj., [oRisly-stained] 

horribly bright, 2576. 
gryre-geatwa, st. f. pi., GRisly 

trappings, warlike trappings, 324. 
gryre-giest, st. m., GRisly guest, 

terrible stranger, 2560. 
gryre-leoU, st. neut., GRisly lay, 

terrible song, 786. 
gryre-llc, adj., grisly, terrible, 

1441, etc. 
gryre-slU, st. m., GRisly journey, 

terrible expedition, 1462. 
guma, w. m., man, 73, 652, 2821, 

etc. 
gum-cynn, st. neut., [man-KiN] 

race, tribe, or nation of men, 260, 

944. 
gum-cyst, st.f., manly virtue, 1723, 

etc. ; dat. pi. gum-cystum godnc, 

"munificent," 1486. 
gum-dream, st. m., joy of men, 2469. 
gum-dryhten, st. m., lord of men, 

1642. 
gum-fe'Sa, w. m., troop of warriors 

on foot, 1401. 
gum-mann, st. m., [man-]MAN, 

1028. 
gum-stol, St. m., [groom-stool] 

throne, 1952. 
gel's, St. /., war, battle, 483, etc.; 

dat., 603, etc. 



186 



BEOWULF. 



gtl'S-beom, st. m., war-hero, 314. 

gtl'K-'bill, St. neut., war-BiLL, 803, 
etc. 

glltJ-byrne, u-. f., war-BYENY, coat 
of mail, 321. " 

gUtJ-cearu, st. /., war-CARE, war- 
sorrow, 1258. 

g-fltJ-craeft, st. m., war-CRAFT, war- 
might, 127. 

gUtJ-cynlng, -kyning, st. m., war- 
KiNG, 199, 1969, etc. 

gtWS-dea'S, st. m., war-DEATH, death 
in battle, 2249. 

gH'S-floga, IV. m., war-FLier, 2528. 

gUtJ-freca, w. m., war-wolf, 2414. 

gtHJ-fremmend, st. m. {pres. part.), 
war-FRAMer, warrior, 246. 

gtitJ-geatwa, -getawa, st.f. pi., war- 
raiment, war-gear, war-equip- 
ments ; ace. gii'S-getawa, 2636 ; 
dat. gii^'-geatawum, 395. [Sievers 
§ 43, N^ 4.] 

giUJ-gewsBde, st. neut., war-WEEDS, 
armour, 2623, etc. ; nom. pi. 
giiS-gewffidu, -gewsedo, 227, 2730, 
etc. 

gH'S-geweorc, st. neut., war-woRK, 
battle-work, warlike deed, 678, 
etc. 

gH'S-helm, St. m., war-HELMet, 2487. 

gtl'8-horn, st. neut., war-HORN, 
1432. 

gti'8-liretS, st.f., war-fame, 819. 

gtltS-kyning, see gll'8-cyning. 

giltJ-lSotJ, St. neut., war-lay, battle- 
song, 1522. 

gil'8-m6d, adj., [war-Mooc] of war- 
like mind; pi. gii^-mod, 306. 

gtH$-rfflS, St. VI., [war-RACE] attack 
in war, storm of battle, 1577, 
etc. 

gtlt5-rgo(u)w, adj., war-fierce, 58. 

gClt$-rinc, st. m., warrior, 838, etc. 

gftU-rSf, adj., war- famed, 608. 

glll'8-scear, st. m., [war-sHABE] 
slaughter in battle, 1213. 

glUJ-scea'Sa, w. m., war-scAiner, 
battle-foe, 2318. 

gtHJ-searo, st. neut., war-armour, 
215, 328. 

gdU-sele, St. m., war-hall, 443. 



gH^J-sweord, st. neut., war-swoRD, 

2154. 
gUfJ-wgrig, adj., war-WEARY, dead, 

1586. 

gtl'8-wiga, IV. m., warrior, 2111. 

glUJ-wine, St. m., [war-friend] 
sword, 1810, 2735. 

gyd(d), see gid(d). 

gyddian, w. v., recite, chant, 630. 

gyf, see gif. 

gyfan, see gifan. 

gyfen, n., see geofon. 

gjfeji,pp., see gifan. 

gyfeVe, see gife'Be. 

gyldan, st. v., pret. geald : yield, 
pay, repay, 11, 1184, 2636, etc. 

a-gyldan, st. v., offer (oneself, 
itself); pret. j'a me seel ageald, 
"when the opportunity offered 
itself to me," 1665 ; so 2690. 

an-gyldan, st. v., pay for, 
1251. 

for-gyldan, st. v., repay, re- 
quite, atone for, 114, 956, 1054. 

gylden, adj., golden, 47, etc. 

gylp, see gUp. 

gylpan, see gilpan. 

gyman, w. v., xoith gen., heed, 
care, incline to, 1757, 1760, 
2451. 

for-gyman, w. v., with ace, 
neglect, despise, 1751. 

gyn(n), adj., wide, spacious; ace. 
m. sg. gynne, 1551. 

gyrdan, lo. v., gird, 2078. 

gyrede, etc., see gyrwan. 

gyrn, st. neut., sorrow, 1775. 

g3nrn-wracu, st. /., revenge for 
harm, 1138, 2118. 

gyrwan, w. v., pret. gyrede, pp. 
gegyr(w)ed: gear, prepare, equip, 
adorn, 994, 1472, 2087, etc.; pp. 
pi. gegyrede, 1028, etc. 

ge-gyrwan, w. v., gear, pre- 
pare, 38, 199 ; pret. pi. ge- 
giredan, 3137. 

gyst, see gist. 

gystra, adj., yester, 1334. 

gyt, see git. 

gytsian, w. v., be greedy, covet, 
1749. 



GLOSSARY. 



187 



H. 

habban, iv. v., pret. haefde: have, 
383, 658, etc. ; often as auxiliarij, 
106, etc. Pres. 1st, hafu, 2523, 
hafo, 2150, 3000; 2nd, hafast, 
953, etc. ; drd, hafa'S, 474, etc. 
Negative form of sul^. pres. pi. 
naBbben, 1850. 

for-habban, w. v., keep back, re- 
tain, refrain, 2609; i?t/. ne meahte 
WEefre mod forhabban in hre^re, 
i.e. he loas dying, 1151. 

wilJ-babban, w. v., wiTHstand, 
resist, 772. 

had, St, m., [-hood] condition, 
quality, manner, wise, 1297, 
1335, etc. 

bador, st. m., retreat?, 414 (see 
note). 

bador, atZj. , clear-voiced, sonorous, 
497. 

badre, adv., clearly, brightly, 1571. 

bsef, St. neut., sea, mere; pi. heafo, 
2477. 

bsefen, see bebban. 

bseft, St. m., captive, 2408. 

bsefta, 10. m., captive ; ace. haefton, 
788. 

bseft-mece, st. m., [HAFT-sword] 
hilted sword, 1457. 

bseg-steald, st. m., bachelor, liege- 
man, young warrior, 1889. 

b»l, St. f. : 

(1) HEALth, good luck, 653, 1217. 

(2) omen, 204. 

bsele, St. m., man, hero, warrior, 

1646, etc. ; ace. pi. 719. 
bseletJ, St. m., man, hero, warrior, 

52, etc. 
biilo, st.f., HEALth, HAIL, farewell, 

2418. 
bserg-trsef, st. neut., idol-tent, 

heathen fane, 175. 
bsest, adj., violent, 1335. 
bii'Sen, adj., heathen, 179, 852, 

etc. 
bsi'Ben, st. m., heathen, 986. 
b»tS-stapa, lo. m., HEATH-sTEpper, 

stag, 1368. 
bafa, imperat. sg. of babban. 



bafela, bafala, beafola, iv. m., 

head, 446, 672, 2679, etc. 
bafen, see bebban. 
bafenian, w. v., heave, uplift; pret. 

hafenade, 1574. 
bafo, hafu, see habban. 
hafoc, St. m., hawk, 2263. 
haga, tc. m., [haw] hedge, enclosure, 

entrenchment, 2892, 2960. 
bal, adj., whole, hale, safe and 

sound, 300, etc. Specialpassages : 

wes...hal, "hail,"407; loith gen. 

hea^o-laces hal, " safe and sound 

from the strife," 1974. 
halig, adj. holy, 381, etc. 
hals, see heals, 
ham, St. m., home, 717, 2325, etc.; 

locative, to ham, "at home," 

374. 
bamer, see homer. 
bam-weor?5ung, st. /., HOME-adorn- 

iug, that which graces a home, 

2998. 
hand, see bond, 
hangian, see bongian. 
bar, adj., hoar, hoary, gray, 887, 

etc.; gen. hares hyrste, "the old 

man's (Ongentheow's) harness," 

2988. 
bard-, see beard-, 
hat, adj., hot, 2781, etc.; dat. sg. 

haton, 849; nom. wyrm hat ge- 

mealt, "the dragon melted in its 

heat," 897. 

hatost, superl., hottest, 1668. 
hat, St. neut., heat, 2605. 
hatan, st. v.: 

(1) order, command, bid, 293, 
386, etc.; pret. sg. heht, 1035, 
etc., het, 198, etc.; pp. "Sa wses 
haten hrej^e Heort innan-weard 
folmum gefraetwod, "then it was 
commanded that the inside of 
Heorot should quickly be adorned 
by hands," 991. 

(2) name, call, 102, etc.; suhj. 
pres. pi. hatan, 2807. 

ge-batan, st. v.,usu. loith ace, 
promise, vow, 1392, 2024, etc.; 
ivith gen. 2989; pret. gehet, 175, 
2937, etc. 



188 



BEOWULF. 



hatian, lo. v., with ace, hate, 
pursue with hatred, 2319, 2466; 
pres. part, swa J?ec hetende 
hwilum dydon, "as they, hating 
thee, whilom did," 1828. 

he, heo, hit, pers. pron., he, she, 
IT, 7, 1215, 3167, 2377, 1875, etc. 
Less usnal forms are : f. hio, 
2019, etc. ; neut. hyt, 2248, etc. ; 
ace. m. hyne, 28, etc. ; dat. f. 
hyre, 2175, etc. ; pi. hi, 28, 3163, 
etc., hig, 1085, etc., hy, 307, etc.; 
fjen. pi. hiora, 2599, etc., hyra, 
2040 ; dat. pi. hym, 1918. Used 
reflexivehj, 26, 301, 2948, 2949, 
2976, etc. Alliterating, he, 505. 
Possessive dat. 40, etc. 

hea, see heah. 

hea-burh, st. /., high bukgh, city, 
1127. 

heafo, see hsef. 

heafod, st. neut., head, 48, etc. ; 
dat. pi. heafdon, 1242. 

heafod-beorg, st. /., HEAD-protec- 
tion ; ace. sg. 1030 {see wala). 

heafod-mSg, st. m., HEAD-kinsman, 
near relative, 588 ; gen.pl. heafod- 
maga, 2151, 

heafod-segn, st. neut., HEAD-sign, 
2152 (see note). 

heafod weard, st. /., head-ward, 
guard over the head, 2909. 

heafola, see hafela. 

heah, adj., high, 57, etc. ; ace. sg. 
in. heanne, 983 ; gen. dat. hean, 
116, 713 ; dat. sg. m. heaum, 
2212; pi. hea, 1926. Denoting 
position, heah ofer horde, "high 
above the hoard," 2768. 

heah-cyning-, st. m., high king, 
1039. 

heah-gestreon, st. neut., high trea- 
sure, splendid treasure, 2302. 

heah-lufu, w. /., high love, 1954. 

heah-sele, st. m., high hall, 647. 

heah-setl, st. neut., high settle, 
high seat, throne, 1087. 

heah-stede, st. m., high stead, 
high place, 285. 

heal(l), St. f., HALL, 89, etc.; pi. 
healle, 1926. 



heal-sem, st. neut., HALL-house, 
78. 

healdan, st. v., with ace, pret. 
heold, 2183, etc., hiold, 1954: 
HOLD, keep, guard, protect, have, 
possess, inhabit, 103, 230, 296, 
788, 948, 1079, 1227, 1705, 2377 
(support), 2389, 2430, 2909, 3043, 
3166, etc.; rule, 57, 1852; subj. 
sg. for pi. 2719 {hold xiip). Special 
passages : 1031 {see wala) ; Geata 
leode hrea-wic heoldon, "the 
corpses of the Geats covered the 
field," 1214; 3084 (see note); 
sceft nytte heold, "the shaft did 
its duty," 3118. 

be-healdan, st. v., with ace, 
HOLD, guard, 1498. Special pas- 
sages: (sundor-)nytte beheold, 
• ' minded, attended to, the (special) 
service," 494, 667 ; hry'S-swy^ 
beheold mseg Higelaces, "Hy- 
gelac's kinsman beheld great 
distress," or "great distress pos- 
sessed Hygelac's kinsman (as 
to)," 736. 

for-healdan, st. v., icith ace, 
rebel against, 2381. 

ge-healdan, st. v., loith ace, 
HOLD, have, keep, guard, rule, 
317, 658, 911, 2293, 2856, 3003, 
etc.; pret. he geheold tela, "he 
ruled [it] well," 2208. 

healf, St. /., HALF, side, 800, etc. 

heal-gamen, st. neut., hall-game, 
hall-mirth, 1066. 

heall, see heal. 

heal-reced, st. neut., HAi,L-house, 
palace, 68, 1981. 

heals, St. m., neck, 1872, etc. ; dat. 
sg. halse, 1566. 

heals-beag, -heah, st. ?n., neck-ring, 
carcanet, 1195, 2172. 

heals-gebedda, ic. m. /., beloved 
BED-fellow, wife, 63. 

healsian, w. v., entreat, 2132. 

heal-sittend, st. m. {pres. part.), 
HALL-siTTer, 2015, etc. 

heal-J>egn, st. in., hall-thane, 142, 
etc. 

heal-wudu, st. m., hall-wood, 1317. 



GLOSSARY. 



189 



hean, adj., abject, ignominious, 
despised, 1274, 2183, etc. 

hean, heanne, see heah. 

heap, St. m., heap, band, company, 
335, 400, etc. 

heard, adj., hard, hardy, strong, 
brave, cruel, severe, 166, 322, 
842, 432, 540, 1574, 1807, etc.; 
dat. pi. heardan, 963 ; gen. pi. 
"of the brave," 988. With gen. 
" brave in," 886, 1539, etc. Special 
passage : haet hire wi'5 halse heard 
grapode, " so that the hard [sword] 
griped at her neck," 1566. 

heardra, compar., harder, 576, 
etc. 

hard-fyrde, adj., hard to carry, 
heavy, 2245. 

hearde, adv., hard, 1438. 

heard-ecg, adj., HARD-EooEd, 1288. 

heard-hicgende, adj. {pres. part.), 
[hard - thinking] brave-minded, 
bold of purpose, 394, etc. 

hearra, st. m., harm, insult, 1892. 

hearm-sca^Ja, w. m., [HARM-scATHer] 
harmful foe, 766. 

hearpe, iv.f., harp, 89, etc. 

heatJerian, w. v., restrain, confine; 
pp. hergum gehea^erod, "con- 
fined in idol-fanes (-groves), i.e. 
accursed," 3072. 

heatJo-, see heatJu-. 

heaBo-byrne, iv. f., battle-BTRNY, 
coat of mail, 1552. 

liea'Ko-deor, adj., battle-brave, bold 
in fight, 688, etc. 

healSo-fyr, heaUu-fyr, st. neiit., 
battle-FiRE, 2522, 2547. 

hea'So-grim, adj., battle-OEiM, 548, 

heatJo-lac, st. neut., battle-play, 584, 
etc. _ 

heaUo-maBre, arfy., battle-great, fam- 
ous in war, 2802. 

liea'Ko-rses, st. m., [battle-RACE] rush 
of battle, 526, etc. 

heaUo-reaf, st. neut., battle-dress, 
armour, 401. 

heaUo-rinc, st. m., warrior, 370, 
2466. 

heaWo-rof, adj., battle-strong, war- 
renowned, 381, 864. 



heaBo-sceard, adj., battle-notched, 
battle-gashed, 2829. 

hea^So-seoc, adj., battle-sicK, wound- 
ed in battle, 2754. 

hea'So-steap, adj., [battle -steep] 
towering or bright in battle, 1245, 
2153. 

hea'So-swat, st. m., battle-swEAT, 
blood shed in battle, 1460, etc. 

hea'Ko-torht, adj., battle -bright, 
clear in battle, 2553. 

heatJo-wied, st. /., [battle- weeds] 
battle-dress, armour, 39. 

heatJo-weorc, st. neut., battle- work, 
2892. 

hea^o-wylm, st. m., [battle- wELLing] 
flame-surge, surging of fire, 82, 
2819. 

lieatJu, St. /., sea, ocean, 1862. 

hea'Bo-llSeiid, st. m. {pres. 
part.), ocean-farer, sea-farer, 1798, 
2955. 

hea'Bu-sweng, st. m., [battle-swing] 
battle-stroke, 2581. 

heawan, st. v., hew, 800. 

ge-heawan, st. v., hew, cleave, 
682. 

hebban, st. v., pp. hafen, hsefen : 
HEAVE, raise, lift, 656, 1290, 3023. 
a-hebban, st. v., upheave, up- 
lift, 128, etc. 

hedan, w. v., with gen., heed; pret. 
ne hedde he l^aes heafolan, "he 
heeded not the head (of the 
dragon)," 2697. 

ge-hedan, lo. v., ivith gen., ob- 
tain, 505. 

hefen, see heofon. 

-began, ic. v. 

ge-hegan, iv. v., decide, 425. 

heht, see hatan. 

liel(l), St. /., HELL, 101, 852, etc. 

helan, st. v. 

be-helan, st. v., hide ; pp. be- 
holen, 414. 

hell-bend, st. m.f., hell-bond, 3072. 

helm, St. m., [helm]: 

(1) helmet, 672, etc. 

(2) covert, protection, 1392. 

(3) protector, king, 371, etc.; 
God, 182. 



190 



BEOWULF. 



helm-berend, st. m. {pres. part.), 

[HELM-BEARiug] lielmet-wearer, 

2517, etc. 
helmian, lo. v. 

ofer-helmian, ic. v., with ace, 

ovERhang, overshadow, 1364. 
help, st.f., HELP, 551, etc. 
helpan, st. v., help, 2340, etc. 
helpe, 10. f., HELP, 2448 (see note). 
hel-iUna, lo. m., sorcerer, 163. 
heofon, st. m., heaven, 52, etc.; 

dat. hefene, 1571. 
heolfor, st. neut., gore, 849, etc. 
lieolster, st. neut., darkness, 755. 
heonan, heonon, adv., HENce, 252, 

1361. 
lieora, gen. pi. of he (q. v.). 
-heoran, lo. v. 

a-heoran?, 2v. v., rescue?, 

2930. 
heorde, see bunden-heorde. 
heore, adj., canny, pleasant, 1372. 
lieoro, beoru, st. m., sword, 1285. 
heoro-blac, adj., [sword-BLEAK] 

sword-pale, 2488. 
lieoro- dreor, heoru-dreor, st. m., 

sword-blood, 487, 849. 
heoro-dreorig, adj., [sword-DREARY] 

sword-gory, 935, etc. 
heoro-glfre, adj. , [sword-greedy] 

fiercely greedy, 1498. 
heoro-grim, heoru-grim, adj., 

[sword-GRiM] fiercely grim, 1564, 

1847. 
heoro-liocylit, adj., [sword-HOOKed] 

savagely barbed, 1438. 
beoro-sweng, st. m., [sword-swing] 

sword-stroke, 1590. 
heorot, st. m., hart, 1369. 
heoro-wearli, st. vi., [sword-wolf] 

fierce wolf, 1267. 

Moro-dr3nic, st. m., sword- 

DRINK, 2358. 

Moro-serce, w. /., [sword-sABK] 

shirt of mail; ace. hioro-sercean, 

2539. [Sievers § 159. 1.] 

hioro-weallende, adj. {pres. 

part.), [sword-] fiercely WELLing; 

ace. sg. m. -weallende, 2781. 
heorr, st. m., hinge, 999. 
heorte, w. /., heart, 2270, etc. 



beoru, see heoro. 

beortJ-geneat, st. m., HEARXH-com- 

rade, 261, etc. 
becS, St. /., dais, 404. 
ber,ady., HERE, hither, 244, 397, etc. 
here, St. m., army; dat. sg. herge, 

2347, 2638; on herge, "in the 

field," 1248. 
bere-broga, iv. m., army-terror, 

fear of war, 462. 
here-bjo-ne, to. /,, army-BYRNY, 

coat of mail, 1443. 
bere-grlma, iv. m., army-mask, 

visored helmet, 396, etc. 
bere-net, st. neut., army-NET, coat 

of ring-mail, 1553. 
bere-niS, st. m., army-hate, hosti- 
lity, 2474. 
bere-pad, st. /., army-coat, coat of 

mail, 2258. 
bere-rinc, st. m., army-man, war- 
rior, 1176. 
bere-sceaft, st. m., [army-sHAFT] 

spear, 335. 
bere-sped, st.f., [army-sPEED] suc- 
cess in war, 64. 
bere-stral, st. m., army-arrow, 

war-arrow, 1435. 
bere-S3a-ce, to. f. , army-sARK, shirt 

of mail, 1511. 
bere-wad, st. /., [army-wEEDs] 

armour, 1897. 
bere-w»sma, w. m., army-might, 

prowess in war; dat. pi. here- 

wffismun, 677. 
bere-wlsa, to. m., [army-wisE] 

army-leader, 3020. 
berg, St. m., idol-grove, idol- fane, 

3072 {see hea'Serian). 
berge, n., see bere. 
berge, v., see berian. 
berian, to. v., icith. ace, praise, 

honour, 182, etc.; pres. subj. 

herige, herge, 1833, 3175. 
bete, St. m., hate, 142, etc. 
bete-llc, adj., full of hatred, hate- 

ful, 1267. 
bete-nltJ, st. tn., HATE-enmity, bitter 

enmity, 152. 
bete-sweng, st. m., hate-Wow; ^jZ. 

hete-swengeas, 2224. 



GLOSSARY. 



191 



hete-Hnc, st. m., HATE-thought, 
malice, 475. 

hettend, st. m. {pres. part, of 
hatian), HATer, foe, 3004. 

M, pi. o/he (q. v.). 

-hicgan, see -hycgan. 

hider, adv., hithek, 240, etc. 

hig, 2?Z. o/he (q. v.). 

liige, see hyge. 

-Mgian, to. v. 

ofer-Mgian, w. v., befool?, 
make over-arrogant?; inf. sine 
ea'Se maeg. . .gum-cynnes gehwone 
oferbigian, 2766. 

hild, St. /., battle, war, 452, etc.; 
prowess in battle, 2952. 

liilde-bil(l), st. neut., battle-BiLL, 
sword, 557, etc. 

Mlde-bord, st. neut., [battle-BOARD] 
shield, 397, etc. 

hilde-cyst, st. /., [battle-virtue] 
bravery in battle, 2598. 

hilde-deor, -dior, adj. , battle-brave, 
bold in battle, 312, 834, 3111, etc. 

hilde-freca, hild-freca, iv. m. , battle- 
wolf, 2205, 2366. 

hilde-geatwe, st. f. pi., battle- 
trappings, equipments for war, 
armour, 674, 2362. 

hilde-gicel, st. m., battle-icicLE ; 
dat. pi. 'Sa )>ast sweord ongan 
aefterhea^o-swatehilde-gicelum... 
wanian, "then the sword began 
to dwindle in icicles of steel in 
consequence of the blood (of 
Grendel)," 1606. 

hilde-grap, st. /., battle-grasp, war- 
clutch, 1446, etc. 

hilde-hlemm, -hlsemm, st. m., 
battle-crash, crash of battle, 2201, 
2351, 2544. 

hilde-leoma, w. m., battle-ray: 

(1) battle-flame (of the dragon), 
2583. 

(2) flashing sword, 1143. 
hilde-mece, st. m., battle-sword; 

pi. hilde-meceas, 2202. 
Mlde-mecg, st. m., battle-man, 

warrior, 799. 
hilde-riis, st. m., [battle-BACE] rush 

of battle, 300. 



hilde-rand, st. m., battle-shield, 
1242. 

hilde-rinc, st. m., battle-man, war- 
rior, 986, etc. 

Mlde-ssed, adj., battle-sated, 2723. 

Mlde-sceorp, st. neut., battle-dress, 
armour, 2155. 

hilde-setl, [battle-sETTLE] battle- 
seat, saddle, 1039. 

hilde-strengo, st. /., battle- 

STRENGth, 2113. 

hilde-swat, st. m., [battle-swEAT] 
war-breath (of the dragon), 2558. 

hilde-tux, st. m., battle-TUSK, 1511. 

hilde-wsepen, st. m., battle-WEAPON, 
39. 

hilde-wlsa, to. m., [battle-wiss] 
battle-leader (Hnaef), 1064. 

hild-freca, see hilde-freca. 

Mld-fruma, st. m., battle-chief, 
1678, etc. 

hild-lata, lo. vi., [battle-LATE] lag- 
gard in battle, 2846. 

hilt, St. m. neut., hilt, sword-hilt, 
1574, etc. ; pi. (of a single 
weapon; cf. "Julius Caesar" 
V. 3. 43) 1574, 1614. 

hilte-cumbor, st. neut., [niLT-ban- 
ner] staff-banner, 1022. 

Mlted, adj., hilted, 2987. 

hindema, superl. adj., HiNDMOst, 
last, 2049, etc. 

Wn-ffls, adj., [hence-ready] eager 
to be gone, 755. 

Mo = heo, /e«i. o/he (q. v.). 

Mofan, w. v., lament; pres. part. 
3142. 

Mold, see healdan. 

Mora, gen. pi. of he (q. v.). 

More-, see heoro-. 

Madan, st. v., lade, load, lay, 1897, 
2126, etc.; inf. hladon, 2775. 

ge-Madan, st. v., lade, load; 
pret. gehleod, 895. 

Msest, St. neut., [last] load, freight, 
52. 

MsBW, Maw, St. m., [low, in place- 
names] mound, burial-mound, 
cavern, 1120, 2411, 3157, etc. 

Maford, st. m., lord, 267, etc, 

Maford-leas, adj., lobd-less, 2935. 



192 



BEOWULF. 



Maw, see hlaew. 

hlealitor, st. m., laughter, 611, 
etc. 

hleapan, i>t. v., leap, gallop, 864. 
a-hleapan, st. v., leap up, 
1397. 

hleo, St. in., [lee] refuge, protec- 
tion, protector (used of a chieftain 
or king), 429, 791, etc. 

Meo-burli, st. /., protecting burgh 
or city, 912, etc. 

-hleod, see -Madan. 

hleonian, tv. v., lean, slope, 1415. 

hleor-berge, lo.f., cheek-guard, 304. 

Meor-bolster, st. m., [cheek-] 

BOLSTER, 688. 

hleotan, st. v., loith ace, get by 

LOT, 2385. 
hleotJor-cwyde, st. m., [sound- 
speech] courtly speech, ceremo- 
nious speech, 1979. 
hlldan, st. v. 

to-hlldan, st. v., spring apart; 

jjp. pi. tohlidene, 999. 
hliehhan, st. v. 

a-hliehhan, st. v., laugh 

aloud ; pret. sg. ahl5g, 730. 
Mlfian, 10. v., tower, 2805; pret. 

hlifade, 81, etc., hhuade, 1799. 

["Beitrage" x. 502.] 
hlim-bed, st. neut., leaning bed, 

(last) resting-place, 3034 (see 

note). 
lilit$, St. neut., cliff, slope, 1892, 

3157. 
Wild, adj., loud, 89. 
hlyn, St. m., din, noise, 611. 
hlynnan, hlynian, iv. v., resound, 

roar, crackle, 2553 ; pret. hlynode, 

1120. 
hlynsian, w. v., resound, 770. 
liljrtm, St. VI., lot, 3126. 
hnaegan, iv^ v. 

ge-hnfflgan, lo. v., xcith ace, 

fell, vanquish, 1274, 2916. 
hnah, adj., mean, base, illiberal, 

1929. 
linagra, linahra, co nt/^a?-., lower, 

inferior, 677, 952. 
hnitan, st. v., encounter, clash, 

1327 ; pret. pi. hnitan, 2544. 



hof, St. neut., court, dwelling, lodge, 

residence, manor, mansion, 312, 

1236, 2313, etc. 
hofian, w. v. 

be-hofian, lo. v., loith gen.y 

[behove] need, 2647. 
hogode, see hycgan. 
-hohsnian, w. v. 

on-hohsnian, w. v., check, 1944. 
hold, adj., friendly, gracious, 290, 

376, etc.; faithful, loyal, 290, 

1229, etc. 
holinga, adv., without reason, 1076. 
holm, St. m., ocean, sea, mere, 48, 

etc. 
holm-clif, St. neut., sea-CLiFF, 230, 

etc. 
holm-wylm, st. m., [sea-wELLing] 

sea-surge, 2411. 
holt, St. neut., holt, wood, 2598, 

etc. 
holt-wudu, St. m., holt-wood; 

wood, forest, 1369; wood (mate- 
rial), 2340. 
homer, hamer, st. m., hammer, 

1285; gen. pi. homera lafe, 

"leavings of hammers, i.e. 

swords," 2829. 
hon, St. V. 

be-hon, st. v., trans., hang 

with ; pp. behongen, 3139. 
bond, hand, st. /., hand, 558, 656, 

etc. 

hand-bona, -bana, ic. m. , [hand- 
bane] hand-slayer, 460, 1330. 
hand-gemsene, adj., [hand- 

common] hand to hand; nom. 

neut. >ffir unc hwile wffis hand- 

gemsene, "there we two engaged 

a while hand to hand," 2137. 

[Ger. hand-gemein.] 

hand-gewriUen, adj. {pp.), 

HAND-wREATHed, haud-twisted ; 

pi. 1937. 

hand-sporu, st. /., hand-spur, 

claw, 986. 
hond-gemot, st. neut., hand-meet- 

ing, hand to hand fight, 1526, 

2355. 
hond-gesella, iv.m., HAND-comrade, 

1481. 



GLOSSARY. 



193 



hond-gestealla, hand-g-estealla, w. 

m., HAND-comrade, 2169, 2596. 

hond-geweorc, st. neut., hand- 
work, 2835. 

hond-lean, hand-lean, st. in., hand- 
requital, hand-reward, 1541,2094. 

hond-locen, adj. (i^p.), HAND-LocKed, 
322,^51. 

hond-raes, st. m., [hand-race] hand 
to hand fight, 3072. 

hond-scolu, hand-scolu, st.f., [hand- 
shoal] hand-troop, followers, 1317 
(see note), 1963. 

hond-wundor, st. neut., [hand-won- 
der] wonderful handiwork, 2768. 

-hongen, see -hon. 

hongian, hangian, iv. v., hang, 
1363, 1662, etc. 

hord, St. 111. neut., hoard, treasure, 
887, 912, etc. 

liord-sern, st. neut., HOARD-hall, 
treasure-cave, 2279, etc. 

hord-burli, st. /., hoard-burgh, 
wealthy city, 467. 

liord-gestreon, st. neut., hoard- 
treasure, 1899, etc. 

hord-raadm ( = -ma'5uin), st. m., 
HOARD-treasure, hoard-jewel ; dat. 
2)1. nffinigne ic under swegle 
selran hyrde hord-madmum hse- 
le>a, "I heard of none better 
under the sky among the hoard- 
jewels of heroes," 1198. 

hord-weard, st. m., [hoard-ward] 
guardian of a hoard or treasure, 
1047 (of the king), 2293 (of the 
dragon), etc. 

hord-wela, to. m., hoard-weal, 
wealth of treasure, 2344, 

hord-weorKung, st. /., [hoard- 
honouring] honouring by gifts, 
valuable reward, 952. 

hord-wynn, st. /., HOARD-joy, joy- 
giving hoard, 2270. 

horn, St. m., horn, 1369, etc. 

hom-boga, lo. vi., horn-bow, 2437. 

horn-geap, adj., with wide inter- 
vals between (the horns on) the 
gables, 82. 

hom-reced, st. neut., [noRN-house, 
i.e.] a house with horns on the 

W. B. 



gables, or a house with gables, 

704. 
hors, St. neut., horse, 1399. 
hos, st.f., bevy, 924. 
hotJma, 10. m., grave, 2458. 
hra, St. neut., corpse, 1588. 
hrsedllce, adv., hastily, quickly, 

356, etc. 
hrsegl, St. neut., [rail] dress, arm- 
our, 1195, etc. 
hra-fyl, st. m., fall of corpses, 

slaughter, havoc, 277. 
hra^Je, hraetJe, adv., ["rathe"] 

quickly, hastily, 224, 740, 1437, 

etc. ; hre'Se, 991 ; ra^e, 724. 
hratJor, compar., [rather] more 

quickly, 543. 
hream, st. m., noise, clamour, 1302. 
hrea-wlc, st. neut., [corpse-wiCK] 

abode of corpses, 1214 (see heal- 

dan). 
hrefn, st. m., raven, 1801, etc. 
hremig, adj., exultant, 124, etc.; 

pi. hremge, 2363. 
hreoh, adj., rough, fierce, cruel, 

sad, 1564, 2180 ; dat. sg. m. lueon, 

1307, hreoum, 2581; pi. hreo, 

543. 
hreoh-mod, adj., of fierce mood, 

of sad mood, 2132, 2296. 
hreosan, st. v., fall, 1074, 1430, etc. 
he-hreosan, st. v., deprive; pp. 

pi. behrorene, 2762. 
hreotJan, st. v., cover, clothe, adorn; 

pp. hroden, gehroden, 304, 495, 

etc. 
hreow, st. /., distress, grief, 2129, 

2328. 
hreran, to. v. 

on-hreran, w. v., rouse, arouse, 

stir up, 549, 2554. See hror. 
hretJ, St. m. neut., glory, renown; 

ace. 2575. 
hre'Se, see hra'Be. 
hreiJer, st. m., breast, heart, 1446, 

1745, 2113, 2442, etc. 
hrefler-healo, st. neut., heart-BALE; 

nom. J'ffis >e )?incean maeg Jjegne 

monegum...hre)?er-bealo hearde, 

"as it may seem heavy heart - 

woe to many a thane," 1343. 

13 



194 



BEOWULF. 



lireiJ-sigor, st. m., triumphant vic- 
tory, 2583. 
hrlmig, adj., rimy, covered with 

hoar-frost; pi. hrimge, 1363 (see 

note). 
hrlnan, st. v., iisu. w. dat., touch, 

lay hold of, 988, 2270, etc. ; subj. 

X>ret. sg. )?eah ^e him wund hrine, 

"though the wound touched him 

close," 2976. 
bring, St. m., king, ring-mail, 1202, 

1503, etc.; nom. byrnan hring, 

"ring-mail of the byrny, ringed 

byrny," 2260. 
hringan, iv. v., ring, rattle, 327. 
hring-boga, iv. m., [ring-bow] one 

that bends himself in the shape 

of a ring (the dragon), 2561. 
hringed, adj. {pp.), ringed, 1245; 

inflected 2615. 
hringed- stefna, lo. m., ring-stem- 

med ship (with rings on its 

prow), 32, 240, etc. 
hring-iren, st. neut., ring-iron; 

nam. hring-iren scir song in 

searwum, "the bright iron rings 

raug in the armour," 322. 
hring-mal, st. neut., RiNG-sword, 

1521, 1_564. 
tiring-msel, adj., RiNG-adorned, 

2037. 
hring-naca, w. m., [RiNG-bark] ship 

with a ringed prow, 1862. 
hring-net, st. neut., [ring-net] shirt 

of mail made of rings, 1889, etc. 
hring-sele, st. m., RiNG-hall, 2010, 

3053, etc. 
hring-weortJung, st.f., RiNG-adorn- 

ment, 3017. 
hroden, see lireotJan. 
hrof, St. m., roof, 926, 983, etc. 
hrof-sele, st. m., Roored hall, 1515. 
liron-fix, St. m., whale-FisH, whale, 

540. 
hron-rad, St./., whale-ROAD, sea, 10. 
hror, adj., stirring, valorous, strong, 

1629. 
liro'Bor, st. m., benefit, kindness, 

comfort, joy, 2171, 2448. 
hrtlse, tc.f., earth, 2247, etc. 
hrycg, St. m., ridge, back, 471. 



hryre, st. m., fall, destruction, 
1680, etc. 

hrysian, ic. v., rattle, 226. 

lift, adv., HOW, 3, etc. 

hund, St. m., hound, 1368. 

bund, num., with gen., HUNored, 
2278, etc. 

htlru, adv., indeed, especially, at 
least, 182, 369, 862 (however), 
etc.; now, 3120. 

hlls, St. neut., house, 116, etc. 

htltJ, st.f., booty, plunder, 124. 

hwa, m. andf., hwset, neut., interr. 
and indef. pron., who, what, any 
(one), somewhat, 52, 3126, etc. 
With gen. hwaet...hyn^o, "what 
humiliation," 474; swulceshwffit, 
"somewhat of such (matter)," 
880; fines hweet, "somewhat only, 
a part only," 3010. Special pa>i- 
sages : nah hwa sweord wege, 
"I have no one who may wear 
sword," 2252; dat. hwam, "for 
whom," 1696; instr. to hwan 
sy'S'San wear^ hond-ras hseleSa, 
"to what issue the hand-fight of 
heroes afterwards came," 2071. 

hwader, see hwyder. 

liwar, adv., where, anywhere, 
2029. Special passages: wundur 
hwar i^onne, "it is a wonder 
(mystery) anywhere when," 3062 ; 
with swa following, "whereso- 
ever, " 762 (see note, and cf. 797) ; 
elles hwffir, "elsewhere," 138. 

hwset, adj., active, keen, bold; 
weak hwata, 3028 ; dat. hwatum, 
2161; pi. hwate, 1601, etc. 

hwset, pron., see hwa. 

hwset, interj., what!, lo!, 1, 530, 
etc. 

hwsetSer, arfj.-^jro??., whether, which 
of two; nom. gebide ge...hw8e5er 
sel m8Bge...uncer twega, "await 
ye whether of us twain may the 
better," 2530; ace. f. on swa 
hwse'Sere hond...swa him gemet 
Hnce," "on whichsoever hand it 
may seem to him meet," 686. 

hwseBer, hwse^Jre, conj., whether, 
1314, 1356, etc. 



GLOSSARY. 



195 



liW8e?J(e)re, adv., however, yet, 555, 
578, etc.; anyway, however that 
may be, 574 ; loith swa >eah, 
2442. 

hwan, see hwa. 

hwanan, hwanon, adv., whencc, 
257, 333, et_c. 

hwar, see hwaer. 

hwata, hwate, hwatmn, see hwset, 
adj. 

hwealf, St. /., vault, 576, etc. 

hwene, adv., a Httle, a trifle, 2699. 

hweorfan, st. v., turn, wander, die, 

264, 1980, 2832 (whirl), 2888 

(roam), etc.; inf. hworfan, 1728. 

set-hweorfan, st. v., return, 

2299. 

ge-hweorfan, st. v., turn, go, 
1210, 1679, 1684, 2208. 

geond-hweorfan, st. v., tra- 
verse, 2017. 

ond-hweorfan, st. v., turn 
against ; pret. nor San wind...ond- 
hwearf, "a wind from the north 
turned against [us]," 548. 

ymbe-hweorfan, st. v., with 
ace, turn about, go round, 2296. 

liwergen, adv., in elles hwergen, 
"ELSEwhere," 2590. 

liwettan, w. v., whet, urge, en- 
courage, 204, 490. From hwaet. 

liwll, St. /., WHILE, space of time, 
146, 1495, etc. ; dat. pi. used ad- 
verbially, hwilum, "at whiles, 
sometimes, whilom," 175, 864, 
867, etc.; "at one time... at an- 
other," 2107-8-9-11. 

liwit, adj., WHITE, flashing, 1448. 

hwopan, st. v., cry out, mourn; 
pret. hweop, 2268. 

hworfan, see hweorfan. 

hwyder, hwseder, adv., whither, 
163, 1331. 

liwylc, adj.-pron., which, what, any, 
274 {see witan), 1986, 2002; with 
gen. 1104, 2433. 

swa hwylc swa, see swa. 

hwyrfan, lo. v., move, 98. 

hwyrft, St. m., going, turn; dat. pi. 
"in their goings, or to and fro," 
163. 



hycgan, iv.v., think, resolve (upon); 
p7'et. hogode, 632. 

for-Mcgan, w. v., roRgo, reject, 
despise, 435. 
ge-hycgan, w. v., think, 1988. 
ofer-hyegan, lo. v., scorn, 
2345. 

hydan, to. v., hide, 1372, 2766; 
bury, 446. 

ge-hydan, lo. v., hide, 2235, 
3059. 

hyge, Mge, st. m., mind, heart, 
soul, 267,_755, 3148, etc. 

hige-maetJ, st. /., mind-honour, 
heart-reverence, 2909. 

hige-metJe, adj., wearying the 
soul or mind, 2442. 

liige->ilitig, adj., great-hearted, 
746. 

hige-Jjrymm, st. m., [mind- 
strength] magnanimity, 339. 

hyge-bend, st. m.f., mind-BOND; dat. 
pi., hj'ge-bendum faest . . . dyrne 
langa'S, "a secret longing fast 
in the bonds of his mind," 1878. 

hyge-glomor, adj., sad at heart, 
2408. 

hyge-rof, hige-rof, adj., strong of 
mind or heart, valiant, 204, 403. 

hyge-sorg, st. f., sorrow of mind 
or heart, 2328. 

hyht, St. m., hope, 179. 

hyldan, lo. v., heel over, incline 
(oneself), lie down; pret. 688. 

hyldo, St. /., favour, friendliness. 
670, 2293, etc.; a_£c. hyldo ne 
telge...Denum unfaecne, "I rec- 
kon not their faithfulness for the 
Danes sincere," 2067. Cf. hold. 

hym, dat. pi. of he (q. v.). 

hynan, iv. v., humiliate, harm, 
2319. From hean. 

hyne, ace. sg. m. of he (q. v.). 

hynSo, hynUu, st. /., humiliation, 
166, 277, 475, 593. 

hyra, gen. pi. o/he (q. v.). 

hyran, w. v., hear, learn, 38, 62, 
273, 1197, etc.; with dat. pers., 
obey, 10, etc. 

ge-hyran, iv. v., hear, learn, 
255, 290, 785, etc. 

13—2 



196 



BEOWULF. 



hyrdan, w. v. 

a-hyrdaii, w. v., harden, 1460. 
Ii3n:de, st. m., [herd] keeper, guaxd- 

ian, etc., 610, 2505, etc.; nom. 

wuldres Hyrde, "the King of 

glory," 931. 
byre, geii. and dat. sg. f. of he 

(q. v.). 

h3rrst, St. /., harness, accoutrement, 

adornment, 2988, 3164. 
hyrstan, lo. v., adorn; pp. "dight, 

jewelled," 672, 2255. 
hyxtan, re. v., hearten, embolden; 

tvith refl. pron., 2593. 
hyse, St. m., youth, 1217. 
hyt, St. f. ?, heat, 2649. 
hyt, neut. of he (q. v.). 
hytJ, st.f., HYTHE, haven, 32. 
113^*0, see note on 1. 3155. 
hylJ-weard, st. m., [hythe-ward] 

guard of the haven, 1915. 

I. 

ic, pers. pron., I, 247, etc.; ace. 
mec, me; gen. min; dat. me; 
dual nam. wit ; ace. uncit, unc ; 
gen. uncer ; dat. unc ; pi. nom. 
we; ace. usic; gen. lire, iiser; 
dat. us, ilrum. 

lege, adj., golden?, costly?, mas- 
sive?, 1107. 

Idel, adj., [idle] deprived; nom. 
lond-rihtes...idel, "deprived of 
land-right," 2888. 

Idel-hende, adj., iDLE-HANDed, 
empty-handed, 2081. 

ides, st.f., woman, lady, 620, 1259, 
etc. 

iernan, st. v. 

be-iernan, st. v., run, occur; 
2}ret. him on mod beam, "it oc- 
curred to him," 67. 

on-ieman, st. v., spring open; 
pret. onarn, 721. 

in, prep., in, with dat. (of rest) and 
aec. (of motion) : 
(1) ivith dat., in, on, 13, 25, 87, 
89, 324, 443, 1029, 1952, 2505, 
2599, 2635, 2786, 3097, etc.; 
after its case, 19 ; of time, 1. 



(2) with ace, into, 60, 185, 1210, 

2935. 
in innan, see innan. 
in, adv., in, 386, 1037, 1644, etc. ; 

once inn, 3090. 
in, St. neut., inn, dwelling, 1300. 
inc, pers. pron. [dat. dual of\>\\), to 

you two, 510. 
incer, pers. pron. [gen. dual of \>vi), 

of you two, 584. 
incge, adj., weighty?, 2577 (see 

note). 
in-frod, adj., very old, 1874, 2449. 
in-gang, st. m., entrance, 1549. 
in-genga, lo. m., iN-goer, invader. 

1776. 
in-gesteald, st. m., house-property, 

1155. 
inn, see in, adv. 

innan, adv., withiN, inside, 774, etc. 
in innan, within ; with pre- 
ceding dat. 1968, 2452. 

on innan, within, 2715; xcith 

preceding dat. 1740. 

)>fflr on innan, therein, there - 

within, in there, 71, 2089, etc. 
innan-weard, adj., inward, inside, 

interior, 991, 1976. 
inne, adv., iNside, within, 390, 642, 

1866, etc. ; therein, 1141. 
J»ser inne, therein, 118, etc. 
inne-weard, adj., inward, interior, 

998. 
inwid-sorg, see inwit-sorh. 
inwit-feng, st. m., hostile grasp, 

1447. 
inwit-gsest, st. m., hostile guest, 

foe, 2670. 
inwit-hrof, st. m., hostile roof, 

3123. 
inwit-net, st. neut., hostile net, 

cunning snare, 2167. 
inwit-nltJ, st. neut., hostile hate, 

malicious enmity, 1858, 1947. 
inwit-scear, st. m., hostile attack, 

inroad, 2478. 
inwit-searo, st. neut., hostile cun- 
ning, 1101. 
inwit-sorh, inwid-sorg, si./, [hostile 

sorrow] sorrow caused by a foe, 

831, 1736. 



GLOSSARY. 



197 



inwit-'Kanc, st. m., hostile or mali- 
cious thought, 749 {see onfon). 

-lode, see -gan. 

iogotJ, see geogo'8. 

lo-meowle, see geo-meowle. 

Iren, st. neut., ikon, sword, 892, 
etc.; f/ew. jjZ., irena, irenna, 673, 
802, etc. 

Iren, adj., of iron, 1459, 2778. 

Iren-bend, st. m. /., iron-band, 774, 
998. 

Iren-byrne, 2v. /., iron-byrny, coat 
of iron mail, 2986. 

Iren-heard, adj., iron-hard, 1112. 

Iren-)>reat, st. m., iRON-band, troop 
of armed men, 330. 

Is, St. neut., ICE, 1608. 

isern-'byrne, w. /., byrny of iron, 
coat of iron mail, 671. 

Isern-scflr, st. /., iron-snowER, 
3116. 

is-gebind, st. neut., icE-bond, 1133. 

Isig, adj., ICY, 33. 

lu, see geo. 

lu-monn, st. m., former man, man of 
olden times, 3052. 



K. 
kyning, 620, 3171, 665, see cyning. 



la, interj., lo, 1700, etc. 

lac, St. neut., gift, offering, booty 

prey, 43, 1584, etc. 
lacan, st. v., play, fight, fly, 2832 

2848. 
lad, St. f., [lode] way, faring, jour 
_ney, 569, 1987. 
Igedan, w. v., lead, 239, etc.; pp 

gelffided, 37. 

for-lsBdan, lo. v., lo. ace, mis 

lead; pret. pi., forlseddan, 2039. 
l»fan, w. v., leave, 1178, 2315 
_etc. 

ISBn, St. neut., loan, 1810. 
l»n-dagas, st. m., loan-days, fleet 

ing days, 2341, etc. 
Isene, adj., fleeting, transitory 

3177, etc. 



laeran, to. v., teach, 1722. 

ge-lSBran,^.^., teach, persuade, 
give (advice), 278, 415, etc. 
lass, compar. adv., less, 1946, 487 
{see se). 

)>y l»s, couj., lest, 1918. 
lassa, compar. adj., less, lesser, 
fewer, 1282, 2571; dat.pl. Isessan, 
43. Absolutely, for Isessan, "for 
less," 951. 

laesest, superl. adj., least, 
__2354. 
IsBStan, w. V. : 

(1) withdat., LAST, hold out, 812. 

(2) with ace, do, perform, 2663. 
ful-lSstan, 10. v., loith dat., 

help ; xyres. sg. 1st ful-leestu, 
2668. _ 
ge-l8Bstan, lo. v. : 

(1) loith ace. or dat., serve, 24, 
2500. 

(2) usu. with ace, do, perform, 
fulfil, etc., 1706, 2990, etc. 

ge-lsested, pp. of laestan or 
geleestan, "performed," 829. 
Iset, adj., [late] slow; loith gen. 
_1529. 

laetan, st. v., let, allow, 48, etc. 
a-latan, st. v., let, 2665; let 
go, leave, 2591, etc. 

for-lStan, st. v., let, 970, etc.; 
let go^792; leave (behind), 2787. 
of-lsetan, st. v., leave, 1183, 
etc. 

on-lstan, st. v., loosen, 1609. 
laf, St. /., LEAving, heirloom, be- 
quest (often a sword), 454, 795, 
1032, 2036, 2829, 2936, 3160, 
etc. 
lafian, w. v. 

ge-lafian, lo. v., refresh, 2722. 
lagu, St. m., lake, 1630. 
lagu-crseftig, adj., [sea-CRA¥TY] skil- 
ful as a sailor, 209. 
lagu-str»t, st.f., [sea-sTREET] way 

over the sea, 239. 
lagu-stream, st. m., sea-STREAM, 

current, tide, 297. 
lah, see leon. 
land, see lond. 
lang, see long. 



198 



BEOWULF. 



langa*, st.f., LONGing, 1879. 

lange, see longe. 

lar, St. /., LOKE, instruction, guid- 
ance, 1950; gen. pi. lara, 1220, 
larena, 269. 

last, St. m., track, trace, 132, etc. 
on last, icitli preceding dat., 
in the tracks of, behind, 2945. 

latJ, adj., [loth] loathIj, loath- 
some, LOATHed, hateful, hated, 
hostile, 134, 511, 2315, 2467, 
etc.; dat. 2)1' la'Sau, 1505. 
Often used absolutely, foe, loathed 
foe, 550, 841, 1061; gen. pi. 
242; loeak, se la«a, 2305; la-g 
wits la>um, "foe with foe," 440; 
SBfter la'Sum, "after the loathed 
foe," 1257; neut. fela ic la^es 
gebad, "much hostility o?" evil I 

• endured," 929. 

laSra, compar., more LOAinly, 
more hateful, 2432. 

latJ-bite, st. m., foe-BiTE, wound, 
1122. 

latS-geteona, w. m., evil-doer, 
monster, 559, 974. 

laU-lIc, adj., LOATHLY, 1584. 

leaf, St. nent., leaf, 97. 

leafnes-word, st. neut., leave-word, 
permission, pass-word?, 245. 

-leah, see -leogan. 

lean, st. neut., reward, 114, 951, 
1021, 2145, etc. 

lean, st. v., w. ace, blame; pres. 
sg. 3rd lyhf), 1048 ; pret. log, 203, 
etc. 

be-lean, st. v., with ace. ret 
and dat. 2>6rs., dissuade from, 
prohibit, 511. 

leanian, ic. v., with ace. rei and 
dat. pers., pay for, repay, reward 
for, 1380, 2102. 

leas, adj., [-less]: 

(1) tcith gen., lacking, deprived 
of, 850, 1664. 

(2) false, 253. 
leogan, w. v. 

a-lecgan, ic.v., lay, lay down, 
lay aside, 34, 3020, etc. 
leg, see llg. 
leger, st. neut., [lair] lying, 3043. 



-leh, see leogan. 

lemian, iv. v., lame, trouble ; pret, 

sg. with pi. nom., lemede, 905. 
leng, see longe. 
lenge, adj., long, 83. 
lengest, see longe. 
lengra, see long. 

leod, St. m., prince, chief, 341, etc. 
leod, St. f., people, nation, 596, 

599, etc.; pi. leoda, 3001. See 

leode. 
leod-bealo, st. neut., [nation-BALE] 

national evil, 1722 ; gen. pi. 

-bealewa, 1946. 
leod-burg, st. /., [nation-BURGH] 

chief city; acc.pl. -byrig, 2471. 
leod-cyning, st. m., nation-KiNG, 

king of a people, 54. 
leode, St. m. pi., people, 24, 362, 

etc. See leod, st. f. 
leod-fruma, 2c. m., nation-chief, 

prince of a people, 2130. 
leod-gebjrrgea, lo. m., protector of 

a people, 269. 
leod-hryre, st. m., fall of a prince 

or people, 2030, 2391. 
leod-sceaVa, w. m., scATHer of a 

people, national foe,, 2093. 
leod-scipe, st. in., [people-sHip] 

nation, 2197, 2751. 
leof, adj., LIEF, dear, 31, etc. 
leofa'S, see libban. 
leof-llc, adj., dear, beloved, pre- 
cious, 2603, 1809. 
leogan, st. v., lie, belie, 250, 3029. 
a-leogan, st. v., icith ace. rei, 

bcLiE, falsify; pret. aleh, 80. 
ge-leogan, st. v., ivith dat, 

pers., deceive ; ^?-ef. geleah, 2323. 
leoht, St. neut., light, brilliance, 

569, 727, etc. 
leoht, adj., light, bright, flashing, 

2492. ' 
leoma, iv. in., gleam, ray, 311, 1570, 

etc. 
leomum, see 11m. 
leon, St. v., lend; ^^ret. lah, 1456. 
on-leon, st. v., ivith gen. rei 

and dat. piers., lend; pret. onlah, 

1467. 
leornian, w. v., learn, devise, 2336. 



GLOSSARY. 



199 



laosan, st. v., lose. 

be-leosan, st. v., deprive; p}}. 

beloren, 1073. 
for-leosan, st. v., ivith dat., 

LOSE, 1470, etc. 
leolS, St. neut., lay, 1159. 
leo^Jo-crseft, st. m., [limb-CRAFT] 

hand-craft; dat. pi. segn...gelo- 

cen leo'So-crffiftum, "a banner 

woven by skill of hand," 2769. 
leoUo-syrce, limb-SARK, shirt of 

mail, 1505, etc. 
lettan, lo. v., tcith ace. pers. and 

gen. rei, let, hinder, 569. 
libban, w. v., pres. sg. lifatS, lyfa'S, 

leofa'5; subj. lifige; pret. lifde, 

\j{de; pres. part, lifigende: live, 

57, etc. 
lie, St. n., [lych] body, corpse, 967. 
licg(e)an, st. v., lie, lie down, lie 

low, lie dead, 40, 1343, 2051, 

2388, etc.; fail, 1041. 
a-licg(e)an, st. v., fail, cease, 

1528, 2886. 
ge-licg(e)an, st. v., be still, be 

lulled, 3146. 
llc-homa, llc-liama, iv. m., [lych- 

covering] body, 812, 1007, etc. 
lician, ic. v.,ivith dat., [like] please, 

639, etc. 
lic-sar, St. neut., body-soRE, wound 

in the body, 815. 
lic-syrce, w. /., body-SARK, shirt of 

mail, 550. 
lid-mann, st. m., sea-MAN, seafarer, 

1623. 
lif, St. neut., life, 97, etc. 
lifatJ, etc., see libban. 
lif-bysig, adj., [life-busy] in the 

throes of death, 966. 
lif-dagas, st. m. pi., life-days, 793, 

etc. 
Lif-frea, iv. m., LiFE-lord, Lord of 

life, 16. 
lif-gedal, st. neut., LiFE-parting, 

death, 811. 
lif-gesceaft, st. /., [life -shaping] 

destiny, 1953, etc. 
Iif-wra15u, st. /., life -protection, 

971, 2877. 
lif-wynn, st. /., LiFE-joy, 2097. 



llg, leg, St. m., flame, 83, 2549, 
etc. ; dat. ligge, 727. 

llg-draca, leg-draca, iv. m., flame- 
DRAKE, flaming dragon, 2333, 
3040. 

llg-egesa, lo. m., flame-terror, 2780. 

Uge-tom, St. m. , [LYing-anger] pre- 
tended insult, 1943. 

ligge, see llg. 

llg-y«, st.f., flame-wave, 2672. 

lim, s^ 7ieut., limb, branch; dat. 
pi. leomum, 97. 

limpan, st. v., happen, befall ; 
pret. lomp, 1987. 

a-limpan, st. v., befall, occur, 
622, 733. 
be-limpan, st. v., befall, 2468. 
ge-limpan, st. v., befall, hap- 
pen, 76, 626 (be fulfilled), 929 
(be given), etc. 

ge-lumpen, pp. of limpan or 
gelimpan, "fulfilled," 824. 

lind, St. f., LiNDen, shield (made of 
linden), 2341, etc. 

lind-gestealla, w. m., shield-com- 
rade, comrade in arms, 1973. 

lind-habbend, st. m. {pres. part.), 
[LiNDen-HAving] shield-warrior, 
245, etc. 

lind-plega, lo. m., LiNoen-PLAY, 
battle, 1073, etc. 

lind-wiga, lo. m., LiNoen-warrior, 
shield-warrior, 2605. 

linnan, st. v., tcith gen. or dat., 
cease, depart, be deprived, 1478, 
2443. 

liss, st.f., favour, 2150. 

list, st.f, cunning; dat. pi. adver- 
bially, 781. 

llSan, St. v., go; pp. liden, "tra- 
versed," 233 {see eolet). 

ll«e, adj., gentle, mild, 1220. 

llVost, superl., gentlest, mild- 
est, 3182. 

Il9eud, St. m. {pres. part.), [going] 
sailor, 221. 

ll^J-wage, St. neut. , stoup of drink 
(ale or cider?), 1982. 

loceu, see Itlcan. 

locian, lo. v., look, 1654. 

lof, St. m., praise, 1536. 



200 



BEOWULF. 



lof-diid, St. /., praise-DEED, deed 

worthy of praise, 24. 
lof-georn, adj., YEARNing for praise, 
lof-geomost, superl. , most eager 
for praise, 3182. 
log, see lean, 
lomp, see limpan. 
lond, land, st. neut., land, 221, 
2197, etc. 

land-fruma, w. m., LAND-chief, 
ruler of a land, 31. 

land-gemyrcu, st. neut. ^jZ., 
LAND-MARKS, boundaries, 209. 

land-geweorc, st. neut., land- 
work, stronghold, 938. 

land-waru, st. f. , LAND-people ; 
pi. land-wara, "people of the 
land," 2321. 

land-"weard, st. m., [land- 
ward] guardian of a country, 
1890. 
lond-buend, land-btlend, st. m. 
(pres. part.), LAND-dweller, 95, 
1345. 
lond-riht, st. neut., land-right, 
right of a citizen or freeholder, 
2886. 
long, lang, adj., long, 16, 2093, 
3043, etc, 

lengra, compar., longer, 
134. 
longe, lange, adv., long, 31, 1061, 
etc. 

leng, compar., LONoer, 451, 
974, etc. 

lengest, sujperZ., longest, 2008, 

2238. 

long-gestreon, st. neut., [LONG-pos- 

session] treasure of long ago, 

2240. 

long-sum, adj., [long-some] lasting 

long, 134, etc. 
losian, lo. v., escape, 1392, etc. 
mean, st. v., lock, interlock, weave; 
pp. locen, gelocen, "LocKed, of 
interlocked rings," 1505, 1890, 
2769, 2995. 

be-ltlcan, st. v., lock, secure; 
pret. beleac, 1132, 1770. 



on-ltican, st. v., unlock; pret. 
onleac, 259. 
to-lflcan, St. v., destroy, 781. 
lufen, St. f. , hope, 2886, 
lufian, 10. v., LOVE, 1982. 
luf-tacen, st. neut., love-token, 

1863. 
lufu, 10. f., love, 1728. 
lungre, adv. : 

(1) quickly, hastily, 929, 1630, etc. 

(2) quite, 2164. 

lust, St. m. , [lust] pleasure, joy; ace. 
on lust, dat. pi. lustum, "with 
joy, with pleasure," 618, 1653. 

lyfan, IV. V. 

a-iyfan, lo. v., entrust, permit, 
655, 3089. 

ge-iyfan, xo. v., bcLiEVE in, trust 
for, rely on; loith dat. piers. 909; 
loith dat. rei, 440; loith ace. rei, 
608 ; >aet heo on ©nigne eorl 
gelyfde fyrena frofre (ace), 
"that she believed in any earl 
for comfort from crime," 627; 
him to Anwaldan are (ace.) 
gelyfde, "believed in favour from 
the Almighty for himself," 1272. 

lyfatJ, lyfde, see libban. 

Ijrft, St. 711. f. neut., [lift] air, 1375, 
etc. 

l3^t-floga, 10. m., [LiFT-FLier] flier 
in the air, 2315. 

lyft-geswenced, adj. {pp.), wind- 
urged, driven by the wind, 1913. 

lyft-wynn, st. /., [LiFT-joyJ joy in 
the air, 3043. 

lysan, w. v. 

a-iysan, w. v., loose, loosen, 
1630. 

lystan, w. v., impers., loith ace. 
pers., list; pret. 1793. 

lyt, neut. adj. or n., indecl., few, 
2365; with qen. 1927, 2150, 
2882, 2832 {dat.). 

lyt, adv., LiTTle, 2897, 3129. 

lytel, adj., LITTLE, 1748, 2097, etc.; 
ace. f. lytle hwile, "but a little 
while," 2030. 

lyt-hwon, adv., LiTTle, 204. 



GLOSSARY. 



201 



M. 

ma, compar. adv., with gen., 504, etc. 

madmas, etc., see niatJ(S)um. 

mseg, see magan. 

mffig, St. m., kinsman, blood-rela- 
tive, 408, etc. ; _/;/. magas, etc., 
1015, etc.; dat. pLmRgum, 1178, 
etc., niffigum, 2353. 

maeg-burg, st. /., [kin-BUBGH] 
family; gen. mseg-burge, 2887. 

msege, see magan. 

msegen, 2654, see magan. 

msegen, st. neut., main, strength, 
445, etc. 

msegen-agende, adj. {pres. part.), 
[MAiN-owning] mighty, 2837. 

maegen-byr^Jen, st.f., main-burden, 
great burden, 1625, etc. 

msegen-crseft, st. m., main-craft, 
mighty strength, 380. 

msegen-ellen, st. neut., main- 
strength, great courage, 659. 

maegen-fultum, st. m., MAiN-aid, 
strong help, 1455. 

msegen-rffis, st. m., [main-race] 
mighty onslaught, 1519. 

msegen-strengo, st. /., main- 
STBENGth; dat. 2678. 

msegen- wudu, st. m., [main- 
wood] spear, 236. 

msegU, st.f., MAID, woman, 943, etc. 

mgeg-wine, st. m., kinsman-friend ; 
pi. 2479. 

mael, st. neut., [meal]: 

(1) time, occasion, 316, etc. 

(2) sword, 1616, 1667. 
msel-cearu, st.f., time-cARE, 189. 
mal-gesceaft, st.f., [time-shaping] 

appointed time, 2737. 
m»nan, vk v., [mean]: 

(1) icith ace, declare, proclaim, 
857, 1067. 

(2) trans, and intrans., moan, 
bemoan, mourn, lament, 1149, 
2267, 3149, 3171. 

-msenan, tv. v. 

ge-m»nan, w.v., violate, 1101. 
msenigo, see menigeo. 
m»re, adj., great, famous, notori- 
ous, 103, 762, 1301, 1474, 1598, etc. 



_ mgerost, superl., greatest, 898. 

msBrtSo, mgerlJu, st. f., greatness, 
glory, fame, 504, 659, 678, etc. ; 
greatness, great deed, deed of 
glory, exploit, 408, 2134, 2645; 
dat. pi. adverbially, gloriously, 
2514. 

msest, St. m., mast, 36, etc. 

m»st, see mara. 

mate, adj., small. 

m»tost, superl., smallest, 1455. 

maga, w. m., son, man, 943, 978, 
1474, etc. 

*magan, st.-ic. v., may, can, be 
able; pres. sg. 1st and 3?-d! maeg, 
277, etc., In'd meaht, 2047; pres. 
subj. sg. maege, 2530, etc., ^jZ. 
maegen, 2654 ; j^r^t- meahte, 542, 
648, etc., mihte, 190, 308, etc., 
mehte, 1082, etc. With gan 
omitted, 754. Special passage : 
ne meahte, "it was not possible, 
no one could," 2547. 

mage, w.f, kinswoman, 1391. 

mago,si. m., kinsman, son, 1465, etc. 

mago-driht, st. /., kindred-troop, 
band of warriors, 67. 

mago-rinc, st. m., kinsman-war- 
rior, warrior, 730. 

mago-J>egn, magu-J>egn, st. m., kins- 
man-THANE, 293, 408, 1405, 1480, 
etc. 

man(n), see mon(n). 

man, st. neut., [moan] wickedness, 
crime, 110, 1055, etc. 

man-fordffldla, iv. m., wicked de- 
stroyer, 563. 

manian, lo. v., exhort, 2057. 

manig, see monig. 

man-lice, «rfy., in a MANLY way, 1046. 

man-sc(e)a'8a, w. in., wicked sca- 
THer, deadly foe, 712, 2514, etc. 

mara, compar. adj. {of micel), 
greater, mightier, 247, 518, 753, 
etc.; neut., ivith gen., mare, 
MORE, 136. 

mast, superl., [most] greatest, 
78, 2181, etc. ; neut., icith gen., 
2645, etc. 

matSelian, lo. v., harangue, dis- 
course, speak, 286, 2425, etc. 



202 



BEOWULF. 



ma^Jm-SBht, st. /., owning of trea- 
sure, valuable possession, 1613, 
2833. 

maSm-gestreon, st. neut., jewel- 
treasure, 1931. 

maiJ(t$)um, st. m., thing of value, 
treasure, jewel, 169, 1528, etc.; 
pi. mat5mas, madmas, etc., 36, 
385, 1048, 1784, 1867, 2788, etc. 

matJiJum-fset, st. netit., treasure- 
VAT, costly vessel, 2405. 

maOTum-gifu, st. /., treasure-oiFt, 
1301. 

matJtJum-sigle, st. neut., treasure- 
jewel, costly sun-shaped orna- 
ment, 2757. 

maWJum-sweord, st. neut., treasure- 
swoRD, sword inlaid with jewels, 
1023. 

ma^JtJum-wela, w. m., [treasure- 
WE.Ui] wealth of treasure, 2750. 

me, pers. pron. {ace. and dat. o/ic), 
ME, to me, 446, 472, 541, etc.; 
dat. for myself, 2738. 

meagol, adj., forceful, earnest, 
solemn, 1980. 

meahte, meahton, see magan. 

mearas, etc., see mearh. 

mearc, st. /., march, limit ; dat. 
him \>set to mearce wearS, "that 
was his [life's] hmit," 2384. 

mearcian, to. v., mark, stain, en- 
grave, 450; pp. gemearcod, 1264, 
1695. 

mearc-stapa, ic. m., MARcn-sTEpper, 
march-stalker, 103, 1348. 

mearli, st. m., [mare] horse; pi. 
mearas, etc., 865, etc. 

mearn, see muman. 

mec, pei's. pron. {ace. of ic), me. 



mece, st. m., sword, 1938, etc. 
med, St. /., meed, reward, 1178, etc. 
medo, medu, st. m., mead, 2633; 

dat. 604. 
medo-sern, st. neut., MEAD-hall, 69. 
medo-benc, medu-benc, meodu- 

benc, St. /., mead-bench, 776, 

1067, 1902, etc. 
medo-ful, st. neut., mead-cup, 624, 

etc. 



medo-heal, meodu-heall, st. f., 

MEAD-HALL, 484, 638. 

medo-stig, st. /., MEAD-path, path 

to the mead-hall, 924. 
medu-dream, st. m., MEAD-joy, 2016. 
medu-seld, st. neut., MEAD-hall, 

3065. 

meodo-setl, st. neut., mead- 
settle, 5. 
meodo-'wong, st. m., mead- 

piain, plain or field where the 

mead-hall stood, 1643. 
meodu-scenc, st. m., mead- 

draught, 1980. 
mehte, see magan. 
melda, iv. m., informer, finder, 

2405. 
meltan, st. v., intrans., melt, 1120, 

etc. 

ge-meltan, st. v., melt, 897, 

2628, etc. 
mene, st. m., collar, necklace, 1199. 
mengan, w. v.: 

(1) MiNole; pp. gemenged, 848, 
1593. 

(2) mingle with, visit, 1449. 
menigeo, msenigo, st. /., many, 

multitude, 41, 2143. 

meodo-, meodu-, see under medo. 

meoto, see met. 

meotod-, see metod-. 

mereels, st. m., mark, aim, 2439. 
[Sievers § 159. 1.] 

mere, st. m., mere, sea, 1130, etc. 

mere-deor, st. neut., mere-deer, 
sea-monster, 558. 

mere-fara, tv. m., MERE-FARer, sea- 
farer, 502. 

mere-fix, st. m., mere-fish, sea- 
fish, 549. 

mere-grund, st. m., [mere-ground] 
bottom of a mere or sea, 1449, 
2100. 

mere-hrsegl, st. neut., [mere-rail] 
sea-garment, sail, 1905. 

mere-lHJend, st. m. {pres. part.), 
[MERE-going] sea-farer, sailor, 
255. _ 

mere-strsBt, st. /., [mere-street] 
way over the sea, 514. 

mere-strengo, st. /., [mere- 



GLOSSARY. 



203 



STKENGth] strength in swim- 
ming, 533. 

mere-wlf, st. neut., [meke-wife] 
mer{e) -woman, 1519. 

mergen, see morgen. 

met, St. neut., thought; jjZ. meoto, 
489 (see note). 

metan, st. v., mete, measure, pass 
over, 514, 917, etc. 

ge-metan, st. v., mete, tra- 
verse, 924, 

metan, lo. v., meet, find, 751, etc. 

ge-metan, iv. v., meet, find, 

757, etc.; pret. pi. hy (ace.) ge- 

metton, "met each other," 2592. 

Metod, St. m., Creator, God, 110, 
etc. 

metod-sceaft, meotod-sceaft, st. /., 
appointed doom, eternity, 1077, 
2815, 1180 (Creator's glory?). 

me?5el, st. neut., council, 1876. 

met$el-stede, st. m., meeting-place, 
1082. 

meiJel-word, st neut. , council-woKD, 
formal word, 236. 

micel, ad)., mickle, great, 129, etc.; 
gen. micles wyr'Sne, "worthy of 
much," 2185. 

micles, gen. used adverbially; 
t5 fela micles, "far too much," 
694. 

micle, instr. used adverbially, 
by MUCH, much, 1579, 2651; so 
swa micle, "by so much," 1283. 

mid, prep., with dat. and ace. : 

(1) loitli dat., with, aMiD, among, 
77, 195, 274, 902, 1217, 1313, 
1868, 2308, etc.; folloiving its 
case, 41, 889, 1625 ; of time, 126; 
with, by means of, through, 317, 
438, 475, 574, 779, 1184, 1892, 
2028, 2468, etc. Special passages : 
mid rihte, "by right," 2056; 
mid gewealdum, "of his own 
accord," 2221 ; mid him, "among 
themselves," 2948. 

(2) with ace, with, aMin, among, 
357, 879, 1128, 2652, etc. 

mid, adv., with them, withal, there- 
with, 1642, 1649. 
middan-geard, st. m., [middIc-yard] 



world, earth, 75, etc.; gen. "in 
the world," 504, etc. 

midde, lo. /., middIc, 2705. 

middel-niht, st.f., mid-night, 2782, 
etc. 

milit, St. /., might, 700, etc. 

mihte, see magan. 

mihtig, adj., mighty, 558, etc. 

milde, adj., mild, kind, 1172, etc. 
mildust, superl., mildest, kind- 
est, 3181. 

mll-gemearc, st. neut., mile-mark, 
measure by miles; gen. nis \>set 
feor heonon mil-gemearces, "that 
is not many miles away," 1362. 

milts, St. /., MiLDness, kindness, 
2921. 

min, pe7-s. pron. {gen. sg. of ic), of 
me, 2533, etc. 

mIn, poss. adj. {gen. sg. of ic), 
MINE, my, 255, etc. 

missan, w. v., w. gen., miss, 2439. 

missere, st. neut., half-year, 153. 

mist-hlitJ, St. neut., MisT-slope, 
misty hill-side; dat. pi. mist- 
hleo>um, 710. 

mistig, adj., misty, 162. 

mod, St. neut. : 

(1) MOOD, mind, etc., 50, etc. 

(2) courage, 105, etc.; moody 
pride, fierceness, 1931. 

mod-cearu, st. /., mood-care, sor- 
row of mind or heart, 1992, 
3149. 

modega, modgan, etc., see modig. 

mod-gehygd, st. neut., mind- 
thought, 233. 

m6d-ge^onc,st7iewt, mind-thought, 
1729. 

mod-glomor, adj., sad in mind or 
heart, 2894. 

modig, adj., weak mod(i)ga, mo- 
dega ; gen. m. mod(i)ges ; pi. 
mod(i)ge : moody, brave, proud, 
312, 502, 670, 1508, 1888, etc. 

m5dig-lic, adj., [moody-like]. 

modig-llcra, compar., braver, 
prouder, 337. 

mod-lufu, IV. /., [mood-love] heart's 
love, 1823. 

modor, st. /., mother, 1258, etc. 



204 



BEOWULF. 



mod-sefa, tv. 7u., [MooD-mind, -heart] 
mind, heart, courage, 180, 349, 
1853, etc. 

mod-))racu, st. /"., [MOOD-]daring, 
385. 

mon(n), man(n), st. m., loeak man- 
na ; dat. sg. men(n) ; x>l. men : 
MAN, 25, 1943, etc.; weak ace. sg. 
mannon, 577. 

mon, man, indef. pron., one, they, 
people, 1172, 2355, etc. 

mona, lo. m., moon, 94. 

mon-cynn, man-cynn, st. neut., 
MANKiNd, 110, 164, 196, 1955, 
2181. 

mon-dream, man-dream, st. m., 
[man-dream] human joy, 1264, 
1715. 

mon-dryhten, -drihten, man-dryh- 
ten, -drihten, st. m., [MAN-]lord, 
etc., 436, 1229, 1978, 2865, etc. 

monig (moneg-), manig (maneg-), 
adj., MANY, 5, 75, etc. ; nom. mo- 
nig oft gesffit rice t5 rune, "many 
a mighty one oft sat in council," 
171. Often absolutely, 857, etc.; 
and with dependent gen. pi. 728, 
etc. 

mon-^ware, adj., [MAN-]gentle, kind 
to men, 3181. 

mor, St. m., moor, 103, etc. 

morgen, mergen, st. 7n.,dat.morgne, 
mergenne : morn, morning, mor- 
row, 565, 837, 2484, etc.; gen.pl. 
morna, 2450. 

morgen-ceald, adj., MORNing-coLD, 
3022. 

morgen-leoht, st. neut., MORNing- 
LiGHT, 604, etc. 

morgen-long, adj., MORNing-LONG, 
2894. 

morgen-sweg, st. m., [MORN-swough] 
morning-clamour, 129. 

morgen-tid, st. /., MORNing-TicE, 
484, etc. 

mor-hop, st. neut., MooR-haunt, 
"sloping hollow on a moorside " 
(Skeat), 450. 

morna, see morgen. 

morB-bealu, st. neut., MURner-BALE, 
murder, 136. 



mortJor, st. neut., murder, 892, 
1683, etc. 

mortJor-bealo, st. neut., murder- 
bale, murder, 1079, 2742. 

mortJor-bed, st. neut., murder-bed, 
2436. 

morlSor-hete, st. m., murderous 
hate, 1105. 

m5ste, see motan. 

*m6tan, st.-w. v., may, be to, must, 
186, 2886, etc. ; pret. moste, 168, 
2574, etc. ; pret. pi. mostan, 
2247. 

munan, st.-io. v. 

ge-munan, st.-io. v., have in 
MiNd, remember; pres. gemon, 
geman, 265, 1185, etc. ; pret. ge- 
munde, 179, 1141, etc. 

on-munan, st.-iv. v., reMiNd; 
pret. onmunde usic mserSa, "re- 
minded us of glory, urged us on 
to great deeds," 2640. 

mund, St./., hand, 236, etc. 

mund-bora, iv. m., [hand-BEARer] 
protector, 1480, etc. 

mund-gripe, st. m., hand-ORip, 380, 
etc. 

muman, st. v., mourn, be anxious, 
reck, care, 50, 136, 1442, 1537, 
etc. 

be-muman, st. v., loith ace., 
BEMOURN, mourn over, 907, etc. 

mtlIJa, 10. m., mouth, 724. 

mtHJ-bona, ^o. m., mouth-bane, one 
who slays by biting, 2079. 

myndgian, lo. v., call to mind : 

(1) ivith gen., remember, 1105. 

(2) remind, 2057. 
ge-myndgian, to. v., bring to 

MIND, remember; pp. gemynd- 
gad, 2450. 
myne, st. m.: 

(1) wish, hope, 2572. 

(2) love; ace. ne his myne wisse, 
" nor did he know his love," 
169. 

mynian, lo. v. 

ge-mynian, w. v., MiNd, be 

mindful of, 659. 
myntan, to. v., be MiNded, intend, 

712, 731, 762. 



GLOSSARY. 



205 



myrce, adj., MURKy, 1405. 
myrtJ, st. /., mirth; dat. modes 
myr^e, de gaiete de cmir, 810. 



N. 

na, neg. adv., never, not at all, not, 

445, 567, etc. 
naca, iv. m., bark, craft, 214, 295, 

1896 ; dat. 1903. 
nacod, adj., naked, 539, etc. 
nsebben, 1850, = ne hsebben, see 

habban. 
nsefne, see nefne. 
nsBfre, adv., never, 247, etc. 
nsBgan, iv. v., greet, accost, 1318. 
ge-nagan, ?<;. v., assail; pret. 

pi. geuffigdan, 2206 ; pp. gengeged, 

1439. 
nsegl, St. m., nail, 985. 
nseglian, iv. v., nail ; pp. nasgled, 
J' nailed, riveted, studded," 2023. 
n»nig (=:ne ienig), adj.-pron., not 

ANY, none, no, 859, etc, ; loith 

gen. pi. 157, etc. 
nfflre, n3eron,=:ne ware, ne weeron, 

see wesan. 
nses, = ne waes, see wesan. 
nses, neg. adv., not, not at all, 562, 

etc. 
n8es(s), St. m., ness, headland, 1439, 

etc. 
nses-lilHJ, St. neut., NESs-slope, head- 
land-slope; dai.^Lnees-hleo'Sum, 

1427. 
nab, = ne ah, see agan. 
nalas, nalses, nales, nallas, nalles, 

see neaUes. 
nam, see niman. 
nama, lo. m., name, 78, etc. 
naman, -namon, see niman. 
nan ( = ne an), adj.-pron., none, no, 

989 ; tvith gen. pi. 803. 
nat, — ne wat, see witan. 
nat-hwylc (=ne wat hwylc; cf. 1. 

274), adj.-pron., [wot not which] 

some, some one, a certain (one), 

1513; with gen. pi. 2215, 2053, etc. 
ne, neg. particle. Not, 38, 1384, etc. ; 

doubled, ne...ne, 182, 245-6, 

etc.; no^er...ne, 2124; ne...no, 



1508. Special passage : 1604 
(see note). Often found in com- 
position tvith verbs, e.g. nah, 
nffibben, naes, nolde, nat, etc., 
for lohich see agan, habban, we- 
san, willan, witan ; in composition 
ivith a, ffinig, etc., it forms the 
words na, nsenig, etc. (q. v.). 
Correlated with ne or another 
negative, not... nor, neither... nor, 
etc., 511, 1082-4, etc.; ne...ne 
...ne, 1100-1; no...ne, 168-9, 
575-7, etc.; no...ne...ne...ne, 
1392-4, 1735-7; nEefre...ne, 583 
-4, 718; nalles. ..ne, 3015-6. 
Correlated loith a doubled ne- 
gative: ne ne...nffinig, 154-7; 

ne n8enig...nffire, 858-60. 

neab, adj., nigh, near, 1743, 2728; 
ivith dat. neh, 2411. 

niebst, nf-bst, superl., [next] 
last, 1203, 2511. 

neab, adv., nigh, near, 1221, 2870; 
2vith dat. 564, 1924, 2242. 
near, compar., NEARer, 745. 

nealles, etc. ( = ne ealles), adv., not 
at ALL, by no means, 2145, etc. ; 
nalles, 338, etc.; nallas, 1719, 
etc.; nales, 1811; nalas, 1493, 
etc.; nalaes, 43. 

nean, neon, adv., from nigh, from 
near, near, 528 (at close quarters), 
839, 3104, etc. 

nearo, st. neut., [narrows] straits, 
distress, 2350, etc. 

nearo, adj., narrow, 1409. 

nearo-crseft, st. m., [narrow-craft] 
inaccessibility, 2243. 

nearo-fab, st. m., [narrow-foe] foe 
causing distress; gen. nearo- 
fages, 2317. 

nearo-J>earf, st. /., [NARROw-need] 
dire distress, 422. 

nearwe, adv., NARRowly, 976. 

nearwlan, w. v., [narrow] straiten, 
press ; pp. genearwod, 1438. 

nefa, iv. m., nephew, 881, etc.; 
grandson, 1203, 1962. 

nefne, nsefne, nemne, conj.: 

(1) unless, 250, 1056, 1552, etc.; 
except that, 1353. 



206 



BEOWULF. 



(2) Li elliptical sentences, icith 

quasi -prepositional force, unless, 

save, 1934, 2151, 2533. 
neh, see neah, adj. 
nelle, =ne wille, see willan. 
nemnan, to. v., name, call, 364, 

etc. 
be-nemnan, w. v., swear, curse, 

1097, 3069. 
nemne, prep., with dat., except, 

1081. 
nemne, conj., see nefne. 
neod-latJu (=med-latSu), st. /., 

pressing (invitation) summons ; 

dat. aefter neod-la'5u, "after the 

pressing summons (Beowulf had 

received)," 1320. 
neon, see nean. 
neos(i)an, nIos(i)an, to. v., with 

gen., visit, revisit, attack, 115, 

125, 2388, 2671, etc.; pres. ^rd 

niosa-S, 2486. 
neotan, st. v., use, enjoy, 1217. 
be-neotan, bi-neotan, st. v., 

ivith ace. pers. and dat. rei, de- 
prive, 680, 2396. 
neotJor, see nHSer. 
neowol, adj., steep ; p>^- neowle, 

1411. 
nerian, to. v., save, preserve, 572 ; 

2}p. genered, 827. 
nesan, st. v. 

ge-nesan, st. v. : 

(1) intrans. survive, escape, 999. 

(2) trans, survive, escape (from), 
1977, etc.; pp. genesen, 2397. 

ne^San, to. v. : 

(1) tvith ace, dare, encounter, 
2350. 

(2) with dat., risk, 510, 538. 
ge-ne^Jan, ^v. v.: 

(1) with ace. hazard, dare, ven- 
ture on, brave, 888, 959, 1656, 
1933, 2511. 

(2) ivith dat. risk, 1469. 

nicer, st. m., nicker (sea-monster), 

422, etc. 
nicor-htls, st. neut., nicker-hodse, 

cavern of a sea-monster, 1411. 
nlebst, see neah, adj. 
nigen, num., nine ; inflected, 575. 



niht, St. /., NIGHT, 115, 1334, etc.; 

gen. {m.) nihtes, 3044. 

nihtes, gen. {m.) used adverb- 
ially, of a NIGHT, by night, 422, 

2269, etc. 
niht-bealu, st. neut., night-bale, 

evil at night, 193. 
nlht-helm, st. m., night-helm, night, 

1789. 
niht-long, adj., night-long, 528. 
niht-weorc, st. neut., night-work, 

827. 
niman, st.v., take, seize ; pres. Srd, 

nime'5, nyme'S, 441, 598, etc.; 

pret. sg., nam, nom, 746, 1612, 

etc. ; pret. pi. naman, 2216 ; pp. 

(ge)numen, 1153, 3165. 
be-niman, st. v., deprive; pret. 

benam, 1886. 

for-niman, st. v., carry off; 

pret. fornam, -namon, 488, 2828, 

etc. 
ge-niman, st. v., take, seize, 

take away, clasp ; pret. genam, 

genom, 1872, 2776, etc. 
niod, St. /., pleasure, delight, 2116. 
nIos(i)an, see neos(i)an. 
nioSor, see niUer. 
niowe, see nlwe. 
nipan, st. v., darken, 547, 649. 
nis,=:ne is, see wesan. 
nlU, St. m., envy, spite, malice, hate, 

violence, war, contest, conflict, 

struggle, 184, 827,882, 2317,2350, 

2397, 2680, etc.; affliction, 423. 

Gen. pi. used instrumentally , in 

fight, in war, by force, 845, 1439, 

1962, 2170, 2206. 
nitJas, see nitJtSas. 
nItJ-draca, «•. m., [envy-cRAKE] 

malicious dragon, 2273. 
ni^er, nsrBer, nioBor, adv., [nether] 

down, downwards, 1360, 2699, 

3044. 
nItJ-gsest, St. m., [envy-GUEST] mali- 
cious guest, 2699. 
ni'K-geweorc, st. neut., [envy-woRK] 

work of enmity, deed of violence, 

683. 
nrS-grim, adj., [envy-GRiM] maH- 

ciously grim or terrible, 193. 



GLOSSARY. 



207 



nlU-heard, adj., war-HARD, hardy 

in war, 2417. 
iilt$-liedig, adj., war-minded, 3165. 
nlB-sele, st. m., hostile hall, 1513. 
niWJas, niBas, st. m. pi., men, 1005, 

2215. 
jilV-vnm6.Qr,st.neut., dread wokder, 

1365. 
nlwe, adj., NEW, 783 (startling), 

949, etc. ; dat. weak niwan, nio- 

wan, stefne, "anew," 1789, 2594. 
nlwian, w. v., reNEw; pp. geniwod, 

geniwad, 1303, 2287, etc. 
nIw-tyTwed,af(7. (jpi?. )> new-tarred, 

295. 
no, adv.. Not at all, not, 136, 168 

[see ne), 541, 543, 1508 {see ne), 

etc. 
nolde, =ne wolde, see -willan. 
nom, see niman. 
non, St. /., [noon] ninth hour, 

3 p.m., 1600. 
nor?J, adv., north, 858. 
norBan, adv., from the north, 547. 
nose, w./., [nose] naze, cape, 1892, 

2803. 
no'Ser ( = ne a hwsB'Ser), adv., nor, 

2124. 
nH, adv., now, 251, etc. 
nH, conj., now, now that, seeing 

that, 430, etc.; correlative lolth 

nil, adv., 2743-5. 
nyd, St. /., need, compulsion, 1005, 

2454 (pangs). 
nydan, w. v., force, compel ; pp. 

genyded, 2680 ; inflected, genydde, 

1005 {see gesacan). 
nyd-bad, st.f., [NEED-pledge] forced 

pledge, forced toll, 598. 
nyd-gestealla, lo.m., NEED-comrade, 

comrade in or at need, 882. 
nyd-gripe, st. m., [need-grip] dire 

grip, 976. 
nyd-wracu, st. /., [need-wrack] 

dire ruin, 193. 
nyhst, see neah, adj. 
nyman, see niman. 
nymtJe, conj., unless, 781, etc. 
njrt, adj., useful, of use, 794. 
nytt, St. f., duty, office, service, 

494, 3li8. 



nyttian, w. v., ivith gen. 

ge-nyttian, w. v., loith ace, 
use, enjoy; pp. genyttod, 3046, 
nytSer, see nitJer. 



0. 

of, prep., with dat., from, 37, 56, 
229, 710, 1108, 1138, 1571, 
1892, 2083, 2743, 2769, etc. ; of 
{after ut), 663, 2557 ; out of, 419; 
OFF, 672. Special passage: 'Sa 
he him of dyde, "then he doFFed," 
671. 

ofer, prep., over, tcith ace. (of 
motion, etc.) and dat. (of rest) : 

(1) ivith ace, over, 10, 46, 200, 
217, 231, 239, 240, 311, 649, 859, 
984, 1705, 1717, 2259, 2980, etc.; 
against, 2330, 2409, 2589; of, 2724 ; 
above, beyond, 2879; without, 685; 
of time, after, 736, 1781. Special 
passages : ofer eor'San, " on 
earth," 248, etc. ; ofer wer-j^eode, 
" throughout the nations of 
men," 899; ofer ealle, "so that 
all could hear," 2899. 

(2) with dat., over, 481, 1244, 
1907, 2907, 2908, etc. 

ofer, St. m., bank, shore, 1371. 

ofer-hygd, -hfd, st. f. neut., con- 
tempt, pride, 1740, 1760. 

ofer-msegen, st. neut., over-main, 
superior force, 2917. 

ofer-matSum, st. m., [ovER-treasure] 
very rich treasure, 2993. 

ofost, St. /., haste, 256, 3007; dat. 
ofoste, ofeste, ofste, 386, 1292, 
2747, etc. ["Beitrage" x. 505.] 

ofost-llce, adv., hastily, 3130. 

oft, adv., oft, often, 4, 2029, 3019, 
etc. 

oftor, compar., oftcuer, 1579. 
oftost, superl., OFienEST, 1663. 

o-hwier, o-wer, adv., anywHERE, 
1737, 2870. 

ombeht, ombiM, st. m., servant, 
officer, marshal, 287, 336. 

ombiht-^egn, st. m., attendant- 
thane, 673. 

omig, adj., rusty, 2763, etc. 



208 



BEOWULF. 



on, an (677, 1247, 19S5), prep., on; 
2vith dat. and ace, usu. dat. of 
rest and ace. of motion, but in- 
stances of the ace. are common, 
as loill he seen, in which there is 
no suggestion, or the merest sug- 
gestion, of motion: 

(1) icith dat., of place and time, 
on, in, 40, 53, 76, 409, 607, 609, 
677, 702, 782, 847, 891, 926, 1041, 
1292, 1352, 1544, 1581, 1618 (a- 
swimming), 1643, 1662, 1830 
(with respect to), 1884, 2197, 
2248, 2276, 2311 (upon), 2705, 
3157, etc.; after its case, 1935, 
2357, 2866 ; in, among, 1557; at, 
126, 303, 575, 683, 3148; by, 
1484. 

(2) icith ace, onto, into, 35, 67, 
etc.; on, in, 507, 516, 627, 635, 
708, 996, 1095, 1109, 1297, 1456, 
1675, 2132, 2193, 2690, 2650 
(with regard to; cf. 11. 1830-1), 
etc.; of time, 484, 837, 1428, 
etc.; to, 1728, 2662, 1739 (ac- 
cording to); towards, 21. 
Special passages : 873 (see sped), 
1579 {see an), 1753 {see ende- 
staef), 2799 {see feorh-legu), 2903 
{see efn), 2962 {see wrecan); on 
gebyrd, "by fate," 1074; an wig 
gearwe, "ready for war," 1247; 
on ryht, "rightly," 1555; on 
unriht, "falsely," 2739; on gylp, 
"for a boast, out of bravado," 
1749; on minne sylfes dom, "at 
my own disposal, choice," 2147; 
he ic her on starie, "on which 
I am here gazing," 2796. 

on innan, see innan. 
on weg-, AWAY, 763, etc. 

on, adv., on, 3084 (see note). 

oncer-bend, st. m.f., anchor-band, 
anchor-chain, 1918. 

on-cyt5(B), st.f., distress, suffering, 
830, 1420. 

ond, conj., and, 39, 600, etc. 

ond-long, and-long, adj., liveLONG, 
2115, 2938; ace. vi. -Sa ic.ge- 
fr8egn...andlongne eorl ellen cy- 
"San, "then I learnt that the earl 



displayed unceasing courage," 
2695. 

on-drysne, adj., terrible, 1932. 

ond-saca, ic. m., adversary, 786, etc. 

ond-slyht, st. m., back-stroke, re- 
turn blow, 2929, 2972. 

ond-swaru, st. /., answer, 354, 
1493, 1840, 2860. 

onettan, to. v., hasten; pret. pi. 
306,1803. [" Beitrage " X. 487.] 

on-gean, prep., with dat., AGAiNst, 
towards, at, 1034; aftei' its case, 
681, 2364 {see foran) ; without 
object, 747 (or adi;. = forwards). 

onllc-nes, st.f., likeness, 1351. 

on-medla, iv. m., arrogance, 2926. 

on-s»ge, adj., impending, fatal, 
2483 ; nom. >>Eer wees Hondscio 
hild onstege, "there was battle 
impending over Hondscio," 2076. 

on-syn, an-s^n, st. /., sight, ap- 
pearance, form, 251, 928, 2772, 
2834. 

on-weald, st. m., [wiELDing] con- 
trol, possession, 1043. 

open, adj., open, 2271. 

openian, to\ v., open, 3056. 

or, St. neut., beginning, origin, van, 
1041, 1688, 2407. 

ore, St. m., flagon, 2760, etc. 

orcne, st. m., sea-monster, 112. 

ord, St. neut., point, front, van, 
556, 2498, 2791. 

ord-fruma, xv. m., chief, prince, 
263. 

oret-mecg, st. m., warrior, 332, 481, 
etc. [Sievers § 43, N. 4.] 

oretta, iv. m., warrior, 1532, etc. 

orelS-, see oru^J. 

or-feornie,a4/.,without food, famish- 
ing, destitute, 2385. 

or-leahtre, adj., blameless, 1886. 

or-leg, St. neut., battle, war, 1326, 
etc. 

orleg-hwll, st. /., battle-wniLE, 
time of battle or war, 2002, etc. 

or-^onc, or-^anc, st. m., [original 
thought] skill, 406; dat. pi. ad- 
verbially, skilfully, 2087. 

orutJ, St. neut., breath, 2557; gen. 
ore'Ses, 2523; dat. oreSe, 2839. 



GLOSSARY. 



209 



or-weaxde, adj., wabdIgss, un- 
guarded, 3127. 

or-wena, adj. {loeak form), ivith 
^ew., [wEENless] hopeless, despair- 
ing, 1002, etc. 

otS, prep., to. ace, until, 2399, etc. 
otJ Jjset, conj., till, until, 9, etc.; 
once, o-S'S \>xt, 66. 

otJer, num. ad/j.-pron., other, (the) 
one, (the) other, the second, 
another, 219 (see note), 503, 859, 
1133, 1300, 1583 {see swylc), 
1755, 2117, 2451, 2481, 2670, 
2985, etc.; correl. o5er...o'Ser, 
" one. . .the other," 1349-51. Neut. 
pi. o'Ser, 870. Special passage: 
ealo-drincende o'Ser seedan, "the 
ale-drinkers told another tale," 
1945. 

oW5, see o'S. 

o'StJe, conj.: 

(1) or, 283, 649 (see note), etc. 

(2) and, 247_5. 
ower, see oh-wser. 

6-wiht, pron., aught; dat. a whit, 
1822, 2432. 



R. 



rsBcan, w. v., intrans., reach; pret. 
rgehte,_747. 

ge-rsBcan, lo. v., trans., reach; 
_pret. gerffihte, 556, 2965. 
rsed, St. m., [rede] advice, counsel, 
help, benefit, gain, 172, 1201, 
_1376, 2027. 
rsedan, st. and w. v. : 

(1) intrans., decide, decree, 2858. 

(2) trans., possess, 2056. 
r»d-bora, w. m., [REDE-BEARer] 

counsellor, 1325. 
Riidend, st. m. {pres. part.), Euler 
JGod), 1555. 
raeran, w. v. 

a-rseran, w. v., rear, raise, 
_exalt, extol, 1703, 2983. 
rses, St. m., race, rush, storm, on- 
slaught, 2356, 2626. 
rsesan, iv. i\, race, rush, 2690. 

ge-r»san, w. v., race, rush, 
2839. 

W. B. 



rsest, St. /., rest, resting-place, bed, 
_139, 1237, etc. 
rsBSwa, w. m., leader, 60. 
rand, see rond. 
rasian, w. v., find, explore; pp. 

rasod, 2283. 
raBe, see liratJe. 
reafian, iv. v., reave, rob, plunder; 

pret. reafode, reafedon, 1212, 

2985, etc. 
be-reafian, w. v., bereave ; pp., 

with dat., bereft, 2746, etc. 
rec, St. m., reek, smoke, 3155. 
recan, lo. v., loith gen., reck, care; 

pres. 3rd, recced, 434. 
reccan, lo. v., relate, tell, 91 ; dat. 

inf. reccenne, 2093; pret. rehte, 

2106, 2110. 
reced, st. neut., house, building, 

hall, 412, etc. 
regn-heard, adj., [mighty-HARn] 

wondrous hard, 326. 
regnian, renian, iv. v., prepare, 

adorn, 2168; pp. geregnad, 777. 
ren-weard (=regn-), st. m., mighty 

WARDen, mighty guard, 770. 
reoc, fierce, 122. 
reofan, st. v. 

be-reofan, st. v., bereave, de- 
prive; pp., ace. sg. /., berofene, 

2457, 2931. 
reon, see rowan, 
reord, st.f., speech, 2555. 
reordlan, iv. v., speak, croak, 3025. 
ge-reordian, iv. v., prepare a 

feast ; pp. gereorded, 1788. 
reot, St. m. ? /. ?, revel, 2457. 
reotan, st. v., weep, 1376. 
restan, w. v., rest, cease, 1799, 

1857, etc. 
rej>e, adj. , fierce, furious, 122, etc. 
rice, St. neut., realm, 861, etc. 
rice, adj., rich, powerful, mighty, 

172, 310, 399, etc. 
ricone, adv., quickly, 2983. 
ricsian, rlxian, w. v., reign, rule, 

domineer, raid, 144, 2211. 
ridan, st. v., ride, 234, 1883, etc.; 
pret. pi. riodan, 3169. 

ge-rldan, st. v., ivith ace, ride 

over, 2898. 

14 



210 



BEOWULF. 



ridend, st. m. (pres. part.), Kioer; 
pi. ridend, 2457. 

riht, St. neut., bight, 144, 1700, 
etc.; ace. on rilit, "rightly," 
1555; dat. sefter rihte, "in ac- 
cordance with right," 1049, etc. ; 
ace. pi. ealde riht, "the old 
laws, the ten commandments," 
2330. 

rihte, adv., kightIj, 1695. 

rlman, w. v., [rime] count, num- 
ber; pp. gerlmed, 59. 

rinc, St. m., man, wight, warrior, 
399, 720, 741, etc. 

riodan, see ridan. 

risan, st. v. 

a-rlsan, st. v., arise, 399, 2403, 
etc. 

rlxian, see rlcsian. 

rodor, st. m., sky, heaven, 310, 
1376, 1555, 1572. 

rof, adj., strong, brave, renowned, 
1793, 1925, 2538, 2690; with 
gen. 682, 2084. 

rond, rand, st. m., shield, 231, 656, 
2673, etc. 

rand-wiga, iv. m., shield- 
warrior, 1298, etc. 

rond-hsebbend, st. m. {pres. part.), 
[shield-HAving] shield-warrior, 
861. 

rowan, st. v., row, swim; pret.pl. 
reon = reowon, 512, etc. 

rtlm, St. m., room, space, 2690. 

rtlm, adj., Roony, spacious, ample, 
great, 278, 2461. 

rflm-lieort, adj., [room-heart] great- 
hearted, bountiful, 1799, 2110. 

rtln, St. /., rune, council, 172. 

rtln-stsef, st. m., rune-stave, runic 
letter, 1695. 

rfln-wita, lo. m., [rune-] wise man, 
councillor, 1325. 

ryht, see riht. 

ryman, %o. v. -. 

(1) make ROOMy, prepare; pp. 
geiymed, 492, 1975. 

(2) make room, clear a way; 
pp. ^a him gerymed weartS, J?£et 
hie wael-stowe wealdan moston, 
"when the way was made clear 



for them so that they were 
masters of the field," 2983; so 



ge-ryman, to. v., make ROOMy, 
prepare, 1086. 



S. 

sacan, st. v., strive, 439. 

ge-sacan, st. v., gain by strife; 
inf. ac gesacan sceal...nyde 
genydde ni>'Sa bearna...gearwe 
stowe, "but he shall gain by 
strife the inevitable prepared 
place of the children of men," 
1004. 

on-sacan, st. v. : 

(1) icitli ace. pers. and gen. rei, 
attempt a person's life : pres. 
subj. >ffitte freo'Su-webbe feores 
ons8ece...leofne mannan, "that 
a peace-weaver should assail the 
life of a dear man," 1942. 

(2) ivith ace. rei and dat. pers., 
refuse, dispute, 2954. 

sacu, St. /., strife, 1857, 2472; ace. 

ssece, 154. 
sadol, St. m., saddle, 1038. 
sadol-beorht, adj., saddle-bright, 

with a bright or splendid saddle 

(cf. 1. 1038), 2175. 
S8B, St. m. f. , sea, 579, 507, 2394, 

etc. ; dat. pi. seem, 858, etc. 
S39-bat, St. m., sea-boat, 633, 895. 
ssece, St. /., strife, fight, contest, 

953, 1977, 2029, etc.; gen. sg. 

secce, 600. Cf. sacu. 
ssece, see sacu. 

ssB-cyning, st. m., sea-king, 2382. 
ssedan, see secgan. 
ssB-deor, st. neut., sea-deer, sea- 
monster, 1510. 
s»-draca, iv. m., sea-drake, sea- 
_dragon, 1426. 
ssegan, w. v., cause to sink, lay 

low; 2}P' gesffiged, 884. 
sffi-geap, adj., sEA-wide, spacious, 
_l>s96. 

sse-genga, iv. m., SEA-goer, ship, 
_1882, 1908. 
saegon, see seon. 



I 



GLOSSARY. 



211 



sa-grund, st. vi., sea-ground, 

bottom of the sea, 
ssel, St. neut., hall, 307, etc.; ace. 

sel, 167. 
sal, St. m. f. : 

(1) time, season, occasion, oppor- 
tmiity, 622, 1008, etc.; ace. sg. 
sele, 1135. 

(2) happiness, joyance, bliss, 643, 
etc. ; dat. pi. salum, 607. 

sa-lac, St. neut.y sEA-booty, 1624; 
ace. pi. sffl-lac, " sea-spoils," 1652. 
sa-lad, st.f.y sEA-path, sea- voyage, 
_1139, 1157. 

ssBlan, to. v., bind, tie, secure, 226, 
1917; 2^P' ges^led, "bound, 
twisted, interwoven," 2764. 

on-ssilan, to. v., unbind; im- 
perat. sg. onsael meoto, "unbind 
Jhy thoughts," 489. 
saslan, w. v., happen. 

ge-s»lan, lo. v., often impers., 
befall, chance, happen, 890, 
1250; pret. sg. me gesselde J^ast, 
"it chanced that," or "I suc- 
ceeded in," 574. 
sseld, St. neut., hall, 1280. 
ssB-lItJend, st. m. {pres. part.), sea- 
farer; nom. pi. sse-ll^end, 411, 
etc. ; sffi-li'Sende, 377. 
saltJe (?), 3152, see note on 3155. 
sffl-mann, st. m., sea-man, 329, 
_2954. 

ssB-met5e, adj., SEA-weary, 325. 
samra, compar. adj. {loithout pos.)j 
jvorse, weaker, 953, 2880. 
ssB-nsess, st. m., sea-ness, head- 
_land, 223, 571. 
s»ne,_ad?. 

ssenra, eompar., slower, 1436. 
ssB-rinc, st. m., sea- warrior, 690. 
Sffl-si^, St. m., SEA-journey, 1149. 
s»-weall, St. m., sea-wall, 1924. 
s»-wong, St. 111., SEA-plain, shore, 
_1964. 

sse-wudu, St. m., sea-wood, ship, 
_226. 

sse-wylm, st. m., [sEA-wELLing] sea- 
surge, 393. 
-saga, see -secgan. 
sal, St. m., rope, 302, 1906. 



salum, see ssel. 

samod, see somod. 

sand, St. neut., sand, 213, etc. 

sang, St. m., song, 90, etc. 

sar, St. f. neut., sore, pain, wound, 
787, 975 ; noin. sio sar, 2468; ace. 
sare, "harm," 2295. 

sar, adj., sore, 2058. 

sare, adv., soREly, 1251, 2222, 
2311, 2746. 

sarig, adj., sorry, sad, 2447. 

sarig-feriJ, adj., [soRRY-heart] sore 
at heart, 2863. 

sarig-mod, adj., [sorry-mood] in 
mournful mood, 2942. 

sar-llc, adj., [sore-like] painful, 
sad, 842, 2109. 

sawl-berend, st. m. {pres. part.), 
[souL-BEARing] being endowed 
with a soul, 1004. 

sawol, St. /., SOUL, 2820, etc. ; ace. 
gen. sawle, 184, 2422, etc. ; gen. 
sawele, 1742. 

sawol-leas, sawul-leas, soulless, 
lifeless, 1406, 3033. 

sawul-drlor, st. neut., [souL-gore] 
heart's blood, life's blood, 2693. 

scacan, st. v., pres. sg. sceaceS, 
2742, pp. scacen, sceacen, 1124, 
2306, etc. : shake, go, depart, 
hasten, 1136, 2254, etc. Special 
passages: inf. "Sa com beorht 
scacan sunne ofer grundas, " then 
the bright sun came hastening 
o'er the plains," 1802 ; pret. 
strsela storm strengum gebseded 
scoc ofer scild-weall, "the storm 
of arrows, sent by the strings, 
flew over the shield-wall," 3118. 

scadan, st. v. 

ge-scadan, st. v., decide; pret. 
gesced, 1555. 
scadu-helm, st. m., [shadow-helm] 
shadow-covering, cover of night; 
gen. pi. scadu-helma gesceapu, 
" shapes of the shadows," 650. 
scami(g)an, xo. v., be asHAMsd, 

1026, 2850. 
sca)»a, see sceaj>a. 
sceacen, sceacelS, see scacan. 
scead, st. neut., shade : ace. pi. 

14—2 



212 



BEOWULF. 



under sceadu bregdan, "cast 
under the shades, i.e. kill," 707. 

sceaden-m»l, adj., curiously inlaid 
(sword); absolutely, 1939. 

sceadu-genga, w. m., sHADow-goer, 
prowler by night, 703. 

sceal, etc., see sculan. 

scealc, St. m., marsHAL, retainer, 
918, 939. 

scearp, adj., sharp, 288. 

sceat, St. m., [sheet] corner, region, 
quarter, 96 ; gen. pi. sceatta, 752. 

sceatt, st. m., money, 1686. 

scea|>a, scaj»a, w. m., scATHer, foe, 
warrior : novi. pi. sca}?an, 1803, 
1895; gen. pi. scea>ena, 4, scea- 
•Sona, 274. 

sceatJan, st. v., tvith dat., scathe, 
injure; ^j?^^. scod, 1887. 

ge-sceatJan, st. v., with dat., 
SCATHE, 1502, 1587. Special pas- 
sages: pret. sg. se '5e him sare 
gesceod, "who injured himself 
sorely," 2222; bill ger gescod... 
eald-hlafordes >am "Sara ma'Sma 
mund-bora w^es longe hwile, 
"the old lord's (Beowulf's) sword 
had erewhile injured him that 
had been the protector of those 
treasures a long while," 2777. 

sceawere, st. m., explorer, spy, 
253. 

sceawi(g)an, w. v., w?Y/i. ace, [shew] 
espy, see, view, observe, 840, 843, 
1391, etc.; pres.pl. siibj. sceawian, 
3008; pret. pi. sceawedon, 132, 
etc. ; pp. gesceawod, 3075, 3084. 

-seed, see -scadan. 

SCeft, St. VI., SHAFT, 3118. 

seel, see sculan. 

scencan, w. v., skink, pour out; 

pret. sg. scencte, 496. 
scenne, w. /., sword-guard, 1694. 
-sceod, see -sceatJan. 
sceolde, see sculan. 
-sceop, see -scyppan. 
sceotan, st. v., shoot, 1744. 

ge-sceotan, st. v., icith ace, 

SHOOT or dart into, hurry to ; 

pret. sg. hord eft gesceat, 2319. 
of-sceotan, st. v., icith ace, 



SHOOT OFF, kill; pret. sg. ofscet, 

2439. 
sceotend, st. m. {pres. part.), 

SHooTer, warrior; pi. 703, 1154. 
scepen, see scyppan. 
sceran, st. v., shear, cut, 1287. 
ge-sceran, st. v., shear, cut in 

two, 1526 ; pret. sg. gescer, 2973. 
-scet, see -sceotan. 
scetJtSan, w. v., usu. with dat., 

scathe, injure, 1514, 1524, etc. ; 

absolutely, 243. 
ge-sce'5Can, iv. v., with dat., 

scathe, injure, 1447. 
scild-, see scyld-. 
scile, see sculan. 
sclnan, st. v., shine, 1517, etc.; 

2)ret. pi. scinon, 994, scionon, 

303. 
scinna, iv. m., devil, 939. 
scionon, see sclnan. 
scip, St. neut., ship, 302, etc. ; dat. 

pi. scypon, 1154. 
scip-here, st. m., SHiP-army, naval 

force; dat. scip-herge, 243. 
sclr, adj., sheer, bright, 322, 496, 

979 ; weak gen. 1694. 
sclr-ham, adj., bright-coated, with 

shining mail, 1895. 
scod, see sceatJan. 
scolde, etc., see sculan. 
scop, St. m., [shaper] maker, bard, 

etc., 90, etc. 
scop, see scyppan. 
scota, ic. m., sHOOTer, warrior; dat. 

pi. scotenum, 1026 (see note), 
scrifan, st. v., [shrive] prescribe, 

pass sentence, 979. 

for-scrifan, st. v., with dat. 

pers., proscribe, 106. 

ge-scrlfan, st. v., prescribe: 

pret. sg. swa him wyrd ne gescraf 

lire 5 jet hilde, "as weird did not 

assign to him triumph in battle," 

2574. 
scrlSan, st. v., stride, stalk, glide, 

wander, move, go, advance, 163, 

650, 703, 2569. 
scucca, 10. m., demon; dat. pi. 

scuccum ond scinnum, "from 

demons and devils," 939. 



I 



GLOSSARY. 



213 



sctlfan, St. v., icith ace, shove, 
launch, 215, 918; pret.pl. scufun, 
3131. 

be-scHfan, st. v., loitli ace, 
shove, cast, 184. 

"wld-scClfan, st. v., [wide-shove] 
scatter; pp. wea wid-scofen 
witena gehwylcne, "woe [had] 
scattered each councillor," 936. 

sculan, st.-iv. v., pres. sg. 1st, Srd 
sceal, 20, etc., seel, 455, etc., 
sceall, 2498, etc. ; i)^'^^- siihj. 
scyle, 2657, scile, 3176; pret. 
scolde, 280, etc., sceolde, 2586, 
etc.; 2nd sg. sceoldest, 2056; ^^Z. 
scoldon, 41, etc., sceoldon, 2257: 
SHALL, he to, must, have to, be 
obliged, ought, 24, etc., pret. 
SHOULD, was to, etc., 230, 1067, 
1260, etc.; sometimes expressing 
mere futurity, 384, etc. With 
foil. inf. omitted : unc sceal worn 
fela mabma gemsenra [wesan], 
1783 ; iirum sceal sweord oncl 
helm... bam gemiene, "to us both 
shall one sword and helmet 
[be] in common," 2659; sceal se 
hearda helm...f£etum befeallen, 
2255 ; >onne '5u forS scyle [gon- 
gan], 1179; so, 2816. Special 
passage : he gesecean sceall hord 
on hrusan, "it is his to seek the 
hoard in the earth," 2275. 

scClr-lieard, adj., [shower-hard] 
hardened by being plunged into 
cold water, 1033. Cf. "the ice- 
brook's temper," Othello,y. 2. 253. 

scyld, St. m., shield, 325, etc. 

scild-weall, st. m., shield- 
wall, wall of shields, 3118. 

scyldan, w. v., shield : piret. nym'Se 
mec God scylde, "unless God 
had shielded me," 1658. 

scyld-freca, to. m., sHiELD-warrior, 
1033. 

scyldig, adj., guilty; with dat., 
synnum scildig, 3071 ; ^vith gen. 
1683; ealdres scyldig, "having 
forfeited his life," 1338, 2061. 

scyld-wiga, iv. m., SHiBLD-warrior, 
288. 



scyle, see sculan. 

scyndan, w. v., hasten, 2570, 918. 

scyne, adj., sheen, beauteous, 
3017. 

scjrp, see scip. 

scyppan, st. v. , shape, create, make, 
78; pp. sceapen, 2230; w8bs sio 
wroht scepen heard wi'5 Hugas, 
"the strife was made hard against 
the Hugs," 2913. 

ge-scyppan, st. v., shape, 
create, 97. 

Scyppend, st. m. {.pres. part.), 
SHAPEr, Creator, 106. 

scyran, to. v., [make sheer] bring 
to light, 1939. 

se, m., seo, sio, /., J>8et, neut., de- 
mon, adj., the, that: m. se, 506, 
2237, 2999; f. seo, 1343; sio, 
2684, 2999, 3150; neut. >8Bt, 661; 
instr. neut. \>y, 1664, 2028; gen. 
1)1. {jara, 681, >ffira, 992. Fol- 
lowing its noun : ace. m. ]?one, 
2007, 2588, 2952, 2969, 3081; 
gen. pi. "Sara, 2734. Alliterating: 
dat. m. \>mn, 197, 790, 806 ; ace. 
f. sg. \>R, 736, 1675; instr. neut. 
\>y, 1797; gen. pi. >ara, 2033. 
Correl. ivith se used as a relative 
pron.: se...se, 2865, 3071-3; seo 
...sio, 2258. See also J?e. 

se, m., seo, sio,/., J>3et, neut., pron. 
I. Demon, pron., that, that 
one, he, etc. : m. se, 469, 2406, 
2804; /. sio, 2024, 2087; neut. 
J^ffit, 716, 734, 765, 1002 {see be- 
fleon) ; ace. in. hone, 3009 ; gen. 
m. and neut. j?8es, 1774; ic 'Sges 
ealles m8eg...gefean habban, "I 
can have joy of alljhat," 2739; 
dat. m. and neut. )>ffim, 12, >a,m, 
137; ace. pi. )>a, 3014; gen. pi. 
]5ara, 1015 (see note). Immedi- 
ately followed by the rel. par- 
ticle \>e (q. v.): nom. se J^e, 90, 
441, 1497, 2222, 2292, 2864; ace. 
>one \>e, 2295, 3003, 3034, 3116; 
dat. \>ixm \>e, 2601, 2861, 3055; 
gen. pi. >ara >e, 98, 878, 1196, 
1461, 1578, 1625 ("of those 
things which"). With \>e omit- 



214 



BEOWULF. 



ted: J'am = J>am >e, 2199, 2779. 
Correl. xoith se used as a rel. 
pron.: se...se, 2406-7. 
Particular usages: 

(1) gen. neut. J>3es, of that, of 
this, thereof, for that, for this, 
therefor, 7, 16, 114, 350, 588, 
1145, 1692, 1778, 2032, 2239, 
2335; therefore, 900, 1992. Cor- 
rel. with )>8et, conj., 2026-8, etc. 
See also )>8es, adv. 

(2) instr. neut. J>y, J>e, therefore, 
1273, 2067. Correl. with H, conj. 
(q. v.), 487, 1436, 2638. Often 
with comparatives, the : 821, 974, 
1902, 2277, 2687, 2749, 2880; no 
\>y aer, "none the sooner," 754, 
etc. 

(3) instr. neut. J>on; >on ma, 
"(the) more," 504; sefter >on, 
"after that," 724; sev];>on, "ere," 
731; be )>on, "by that," 1722; 
to >on, >8et, "until," 2591, 2845. 
See also tinder to. 

II. Rel. pron., that, who, 
which, what; m. se, 143, 370, 
1610, 2407, 2865, etc.; se/or seo, 
2421 {see also >e); neut. >aet = 
"what," 15, 1466, 1748; m. 
ace. ]>one, 1354, 2048, 2751; /. 
ace. >§,, 2022; gen. neut. Gode 
)'ancode...)58es se man gespreec, 
" thanked God for what the man 
spake," 1398; bees ic wene, "ac- 
cording to what I expect, as I 
ween," 272; so, 383; dat. sing. 
m. andneut. ]>8em, 310, 374, 1363, 
1688; )?am, 2612; pi. >a, 704, 
etc. See also ^ses, adv. 
^aes >e, see under ^ses. 

sealde, etc., see sellan. 

sealma, w. m., sleeping-place, 
couch, chamber, 2460. 

sealt, adj., salt, 1989. 

searo, st. neut., armour, 329, 419 
(battle), etc.; dat. pi. adver- 
bially, searwum, " cunningly, 
curiously," 1038, 2764. 

searo-bend, st. m.f., cunning band, 
2086. 

searo-fah, adj.^ cunningly or ar- 



tistically coloured, variegated, 
1444. 

searo-geJ>raec, st. neut., heap of 
treasures of cunning work, 3102. 

searo-gimm, st. m., cunning gem, 
jewel of artistic workmanship, 
1157, 2749. 

searo-gTim, adj., [cunning-ORiM] 
cunningly fierce, or fierce in 
battle, 594. 

searo -hsebbend, st. m. {pres. part.), 
[armour-HAving] armour-bearer, 
warrior, 237. 

searo-net, st. neut., [cunning- or 
armour-NET] coat of mail, 406. 

searo-nltJ, st. m., armour-strife, 
hostility, 582, 3067; cunning- 
hatred, wile, plot, 1200, 2738. 

searo->onc, st. m., cunning thought, 
775. 

searo-wundor, st. neut., [cunning - 
wonder] rare wonder, 920. 

seax, St. neut., hip-sword, dagger, 
1545. M 

secan, secean, tv. v., 664, 187; dat. ■ 
inf. to seceanne, 2562 ; pi-es. pi. 
(fut.) secea'S, 3001; pret. pi. 
sohton, 339, sohtan, 2380: seek 
in its various meanings; visit, go 
to, strive after; 756, 1379, 2738, 
2380 (of a friendly visit). In- 
trans. 2293, 3001 (of a hostile 
attack); I'onne his myne sohte, 
"than his wish (hope) sought," 
2275. Special passages: sawle 
secan, "kill," 801; so, secean 
sawle hord, 2422. 

ge-sec(e)an, tv. v., 684, etc.; 
dat. inf. to gesecanne, 1922 ; 
pret. pi. gesohton, 2926, gesoh- 
tan, 2204 : seek in its various 
meanings as above, 692, 1839, 
etc.; often of hostile attack, 2515, 
etc. 

ofer-sec(e)an, to. v., ovERtax, 
test too severely; ^;-et. sg. se "Se 
mecagehwane...swengeofersohte, 
"which with its swing overtaxed 
every sword," 2686. 

sece, see ssecc. 

t. m., man, etc., 208, 213, 



GLOSSARY. 



215 



249, 402, 980, 2863, etc.; of 
GrendeVs mother, 1379. 

secg, St. f., sword, 684. 

secgan, w. v., 273, 590, 532, 1809, 
etc.; dat. inf. to secganne, 473, 
1724; pret.pl. sgegdon, 377, etc., 
sledan, 1945 ; pp. gessegd, gessed, 
141, 1696: SAY, speak. Imperf. 
with partitive gen. swa se secg 
hwata secgende wees la^ra spella, 
3028. 

a-secgan, lo. v., say out, de- 
clare, 344. 

ge-secgan, lo. v., say, 2157; 
imperat. sg. gesaga, 388. 

sefa, 10. m., mind, soul, heart, 49, 
278, 473, etc. 

seft, compar. adv. {of softe), soFTer, 
more easily, 2749. 

-segan, see -seon. 

segen, see segn. 

segl, St. neut., sail, 1906. 

segl-rad, st. /., sail-road, sea, 1429. 

segn, St. 111. neut., sign, banner, 
1204; ace. segn, 2767, 2776, 
segen, 47, 1021; nom. sg. J?a wees 
ffiht boden Sweona leodum, segn 
Higelaces, "then was pursuit 
offered to the Swedes' people, 
Hygelac's standard [raised]," 
2958 (see note). From L. signum. 

-segon, see -seen. 

-sell, see -seon. 

sel, see ssel. 

sel, compar. adv. {no positive, cf. 
selra), better, 1012, 2687, etc. 

seldan, adv., seldom, 2029. 

seld-guma, w. m., hall-man; nom. 
sg. nis Joast seld-guma, "that is 
no mere retainer," 249. 

sele, St. m., hall, 81, 713, etc.; of 
the drago7i's cave, 3128. 

sele, see s»l. 

sele-dream, st. m., [hall-DREAM] 
hall-joy (in heaven?), 2252. 

sele-ful, St. neut., hall-beaker, hall- 
cup, 619. 

sele-gyst, st. m., hall-GUEST, 1545. 

sele-raidend, st. vi. {pres. part.), 
[hall-counsellor] hall-ruler, 51, 
1346. 



sele-rest, st. f. , hall-REST, bed in a 
hall, 690. 

selest, etc., see under selra. 

sele-|>egn, st. m., hall-THANE, cham- 
berlain, 1794. 

sele-weard, st. m., [hall-WAEo] 
guardian of a hall, 667. 

self, reflex, adj. ; nom. sg. self, 594, 
920, etc., sylf, 1964; iveak selfa, 
29, 1924, etc., seolfa, 3067, sylfa, 
3054, etc.; ace. sg. m. selfne, 
2875, etc., sylfne, 1977; gen. sg. 
m. selfes, 700, etc., sylfes, 2013, 
etc.; /. selfre, 1115; 7iom. pi. 
selfe, 419, sylfe, 1996; gen. pi. 
sylfra, 2040: self, etc. Often 
absolutely 2222, 419, etc.; on 
minne sylfes dom, 2147. Some- 
times agreeing with the nom. in- 
stead of with the oblique case 
next to ivhich it stands: \>vi ]>e 
(dat.) self, 953; l^sem >e him 
selfa deah, 1839. 

sella, see selra. 

seUan, syllan, w. v., [sell] give, 
give up, 2160, 1370, 1482, etc. 

ge-sellan, iv. v., [sell] give, 
1029, 1052, etc. 

sel-llc, syl-llc (=:seld-lic), adj., 
rare, strange, 2086, 2109, 1426. 

syl-licra, compar., stranger, 
3038. 

selra, compar. adj. (no positive), 
better, 860, 1384, 1468, etc.; 
nom. sg. m. sella, 2890. Absolutely 
J>8et selre, 1759. 

selest, superl., best, 146, 256, 
etc. Weak form reced selesta, 
412 ; and often after the def. art. 
se, 1406, etc. 

semninga, adv., forthwith, straight- 
way, suddenly, 644, 1640, 1767. 

sendan, lo. v., send, 13, 471, 
1842. 

for- sendan, lo. v., send away, 
904. 

on-sendan, iv. v., send away, 
send off, 382, 452, 1483; with 
for«, 45, 2266. 

sendan, w. v., feast, 600. 

seo, see se, se. 



216 



BEOWULF. 



seoc, adj., sick, "sick unto death," 

1603, 2740, 2904. 
seofon, SEVEN, 517 ; ace. seofan, 

2195; inflected syfone, 3122. 
seolfa, see self, 
seomian, siomian, w. v. : 

(1) rest, ride, lie, stand, 302, 
2767. 

(2) enfetter, fetter; pret. sg. seo- 
made, 161. 

seon, St. v., SEE, look, 387, 336, 
etc.; z'/i/. >£erm8eg...seon, "there 
it is possible to see, there may 
one see," 1365; pret. pi. seegon, 
1422. 

ge-seon, st. v., see, 229, 1485, 
etc.; pres. sy. 3rd gesyh'S, 2455, 
etc.; pret.pl. gesawon, 221, etc., 
gesegon, 3128, gesegan, 3038; 
suhj. pret. pil. gesawon, 1605. 

geond-seon, st. v., see through- 
out, see over; pret. sg. geondseh, 
3087. 

ofer-seon, st. v., oversee, sur- 
vey, look on, 419. 

on-seon, st. v., look on, look 
at, 1650. 

seonu, St. f., sinew; nom. pi. seon- 
owe, 817. 

seo^Jan, st. v., with ace, seethe, 
brood over; pret. sg. mgel-ceare, 
mod-ceare... seats, 190, 1993. 

seoWan, see si^J'Kan. 

seowian, ic v., sew, Unk; pp. seo- 
wed (of a byrny), 406. 

sess, St. 111., seat, 2717, 2756. 

setan, see sittan. 

setl, St. neut., settle, seat, 1232, 
1289, etc. 

settan, lo. v., set, set down, 325, 
1242 ; pp. geseted, 1696. 

a-settan, lo. v., set, set up, 
47; pp. aseted, 667. 

be-settan, w. v., beset, set 
about, 1453. 
ge-settan, w. v.: 

(1) SET, 94. 

(2) set at rest, 2029. 

sib(b), St. /., peace, relation, kin- 
ship, friendship, 949, 1164, 1857, 
etc.; uninflected ace. sibb, 2600; 



dat. sibbe ne wolde wi'S manna 
hwone, "would not out of com- 
passion to any man," 154. 
sib-aetSeling, st. m., kindred-ATHE- 

LING, 2708. 

sibbe-gedrilit, st. neut., kindred- 
band, band of kindred- warriors, 
387 (see note), 729. 

sId, adj., wide, broad, large, ample, 
great, 149, 1291, 1726, etc.; 
weak forms 1733, 2199, 2347. 

side, adv., widely, 1223. 

sld-fseVme, adj., [wide-FATHOMed] 
broad-bosomed, 1917. 

sId-faeBmed, adj. {pp.), [wide- 
fathomed] broad-bosomed, 302. 

sId-rand, st. m., broad shield, 1289. 

sle, see wesan. 

siex-benn, st. /., hipknife- wound, 
2904. Froin seax. 

sig, see wesan. 

sigan, St. v., sink, march down, 
1251, 307. 

ge-i 
2659. 

sige-drihten, st. m., victory-lord, 
victorious lord, 391. 

sige-eadig, adj., victory-happy, 
rich in victories, victorious, 1557. 

sige-folc, St. neut., victory-FOLK, 
victorious people, 644. 

sige-hretJ, st. m. neut., victory- 
fame, presage of victory, con- 
fidence or exultation in victory, 
490. 

sige-brelSig, adj., victory-exultant, 
exulting in victory, 94, 1597, 
2756. 

sige-hwil, st.f., victory-wniLE ; gen. 
sg. I'eet l^am ^eodne wses srSast 
sige-hwile, "that was for the king 
the last hour of victory," 2710. 

sigel, St. m. neut., sun, 1966. 

sige-leas, adj., victory-LEss, of de- 
feat, 787. 

sige-rof, adj., victory-famed, vic- 
torious, 619. 

sige->eod, st. /., victory- nation, 
victorious people, 2204. 

sige-w»pen, st. neut., victory- 
WEAPON, 804. 



GLOSSARY. 



217 



sigle, St. neut., sun-shaped orna- 
ment, jewel, brilliant, necklace, 
1200, 1157; acc.pl. siglu, 3163. 

sigor, St. neut., victor}^ 1021, 2875, 
3055. 

sigor-eadig, adj., victory -blessed, 
rich in victories, victorious, 1311, 
2352. 

sin, poss. adj., his, 1507, 1960, etc.; 
her, 1934. 

sine, St. neut., treasure, jewelry, 
gold, silver, prize, 81, etc. 

sinc-fset, st. neut., treasure-VAT, 
costly vessel, casket, 1200, etc.; 
ace. pi. sinc-fato, 622. 

sinc-fag, adj., treasure -variegated, 
bedecked with treasure ; weak 
ace. sg. neut. sinc-fage, 167. 

sinc-gestreon, st. neut., treasure- 
possession, costly treasure, 1092, 
1226. 

sinc-gifa, sinc-gyfa, w. m., trea- 
sure-Giver, 1012, 1342, 2311. 

sinc-ma'B'Uuni, st. m., treasure-jewel 
(sword), 2193. 

sinc-J>ego, st. /., treasure-taking, 
receiving of treasure, 2884. 

sin-gal, adj., continuous, 154, 

sin-gala, adv., continually, 190. 

sin-gales, syn-gales, adv . , continu- 
ally, always, 1135, 1777. 

singan, st. v., pret. song, sang: 
SING, sound, 496, 1423; pret. sg. 
hring-iren sclr song in searwum, 
"the bright iron rings jingled in 
the mail," 323. 

a-singan, st. v., sing, sing out, 
1159. 

sin-here, st. m., [continuous army] 
army drawn out, very strong, 
immense; dat. sin-herge, 2936. 

sin-niht, st.f.: ace. or dat. sg. sin- 
nihte, "night after night," 161. 

sint, see wesan. 

slo, see se, se. 

siolot$, St. m.7, still water?; gen. 
pi. oferswam '5a siole'Sa bigong 
sunu Ecg'Seowes, "then E.'s son 
swam over the expanse of still 
waters," 2367. 

siomian, see seomian. 



sittan, St. v.; pret.pl. sseton, 1164, 
setan, 1602; pp. geseten, 2104: 
SIT, 489, 641, 2906, etc.; inf. 
eodon sittan, "went and sat," 
493. 

be-sittan, st. v., [sit by] be- 
siege, 2936. 

for-sittan, st.v., fail; pres. sg. 
Srd, eagena bearhtm forsite^ ond 
forsworce'S, "eyes' brightness will 
fail and grow dim," 1767. 

ge-sittan, st. v. : 

(1) intrans. sit, sit together, 171, 
749, 1977, etc. 

(2) tram, sit down in, 633. 
ofer-sittan, st. v., ivith ace, 

abstain from, refrain from, 684, 
2528. 

of-sittan, st. v., ivith ace, sit 
upon, 1545. 

on-sittan, st. v., with ace, 
dread, 597. 

ymb-sittan, st. v., ivith acc.^ 
SIT about, sit round, 564. 
sltJ, St. m.: 

(1) way, journey, expedition, 
undertaking, adventure, 3058, 
765, 532, 2532, 318, 872 (ex- 
ploit), 908 (way of life), 1971 
(return), 2541 (way), 2586 
(course), 3089 (passage), etc. 

(2) time, repetition, 716, 1579, 
2049, etc. 

sItJ, compar. adv. [pos. si'5) ; ssr 

ond slt>, "earlier and later," 

2500. 
sHJest, sI?Jast, superl. adj. (no pos., 

except the adv.), latest, last; 

with gen. 2710; absolutely, set 

si'Sestan, "at latest, at the last," 

3013. 
sH$-f8et, St. m., expedition, 202; 

dat. si«-fate, 2639. 
sl^-from, adj., [journey-forward] 

ready for a journey, 1813. 
sItJian, w. v., journey, 720, 808, 

2119. 
for-si'Kian, w. v., [journey 

amiss] perish, 1550. 
siWan, sytJtJan, seotJtJan, adv., 

[siTHENce] siNce, after, after- 



218 



BEOWULF. 



wards, 142, 470, 1875, etc. Spe- 
cial passage : ffir ne si'S'San, "be- 
fore nor since," 71S. Correl. 
xoith sy^'-San, conj., 2201-7. 

siWJan, syiJtJan, seoStJan, conj., 
[siTHENce] siNce, after, when, 106, 
115, 413, 850, 1148, 1204, 1689, 
1775, etc. With pret.=pluperf. 
1978, etc. Withpret. anclpluperf. 
syS'San mergen com, ond we to 
symble geseted hasfdon, 2103-4. 

sl»p, St. m., SLEEP, 1251, 1742. 

slsipan, st. v., sleep; pres. part., 
ace. sg. m. slsependne, 741, un- 
injiecied, 2218; acc.pl. 1581. 

sleac, adj., slack, 2187. 

slean, st. v., pret. sg. sloh, slog. : 

I. intrans. strike, 681, 1565, 
2679. 

II. trans. : 

(1) strike, 2699. 

(2) slay, 108, 1152, 2050, etc. 
ge-slean, st. v., ivith ace: 

(1) tight out, 459. 

(2) gain by fighting ; _2Jret. pi. hie 
"Sa m£er"Sa geslogon, "they gain- 
ed glory by fighting," 2996. 

of-slean, st. v., slay, 574, 1665, 

3060. 
slltan, St. v., slit, tear to pieces, 

741. 
slitJe, adj., savage, hurtful, danger- 
ous, 184, 2398. 
slltJen, adj., dire, deadly, 1147. 
smiiJ, St. m. , smith, 406 ; nom. 

wsepna smi'S, "weapon-smith," 

1452. 
smi^ian, w. v. 

be-smUJian, to. v., make firm 

by smith's work, 775. 
snell, adj., brisk, prompt, keen, 

bold; iveak nom. sg. m. snella, 

2971. 
snel-llc, adj., brisk, prompt, keen, 

bold, 690. 
snotor, snottor, a^;"., wise, prudent, 

190, etc.; pi. snotere, 202, snot- 

tre, 1591 ; xoeak nom. sg. m. snot- 

tra, 1314, etc., snotra, 2156, etc.; 

absolutely, 1786, etc. 
snotor-llce, adv. 



snotor-llcor, compar., more 

wisely, more prudently, 1842. 
sntlde, adv., quickly, 904, etc. 
snyrian, w. v., hasten, 402. 
snjrttru, st. /., wisdom, prudence, 

1726, 942, 1706. 

snyttrum, dat. pi. used ad- 
verbially, wisely, 872. 
snytJian, u\ v. 

be-snylJian, xc. v., deprive, 

2924. 
socn, St. /., persecution; dat. >8ere 

socne, "from that persecution," 

1777. 
somod, samod, adi'., together, 1211, 

2196, etc.; icith aetgsedere, 387, 

etc. 
somod, samod, prep., xoith dat.; 

somod (samod) ar-daege, "at 

dawn," 1311, 2942. 
sona, adv., soon, 121, etc. 
song, see singan. 
sorg-, see sorh-. 
sorgian, xo. v., sorrow, care, 451, 

1384. 
sorh, st.f., sorrow, 473, 149, etc.; 

obi. sg. sorge, 119, 2004, etc.; 

dat. sorhge, 2468. 
sorh-cearig, sorg-cearig, adj., [sor- 

Row-CAREful] sorrowful, heart- 
broken, 2455, 3152. 
sorh-ful(l), adj., sorrowful, 512, 

1278, 1429, '2119. 
sorh-leas, adj., sorrowless, free 

from sorrow, 1672. 
sorh-leo^, st. nexit., soRROw-lay, 

lamentation, 2460. 
sorh-wylm, si. m., [sorrow- wELLing] 

surge of sorrow or care, 904, 

1993. 
s6<5, St. neut., sooth, truth, 532, 

etc.; dat. to so^e, "for sooth," 

51, etc. 
s6«, adj., [sooth] true, 1611, 2109. 
SoU-cyning, st. m., [Sooth-king] 

God, 3055. 
soSe, adv., [sooTHly] truly, 524. 
sotJ-fsest, adj., soothfast, just, 

2820. 
soV-lIce, adv., [soothly] truly, 141, 

etc. 



GLOSSARY. 



219 



specan, speak, see sprecan. 

sped, St. /., SPEED, success ; ace. on 
sped, "with good speed, success- 
fully," 873. 

spel(l), St. neut., spell, story, tale, 
tidings, 2109, 2898, etc. ; ace. 
pi. spel gerade, "skilful tales," 
873. 

splwan, St. v., spew; inf. gledum 
spiwan, "to vomit forth gleeds," 
2312. 

sponnan, st. v. 

on-sponnan, st. v., unspan, 
loosen ; pret. his helm onspeon, 
2723. 

spowan, St. i\, impers., with dat. 
pers., speed, succeed; pret. sg. 
him wiht ne speow, "he had no 
success," 2854; hii him set site 
speow, "how he sped at the eat- 
in_g," 3026. 

sprsec, st.f., speech, 1104. 

sprecan, specan, st. v., speak, say, 
531, 643, 1171, 1476, etc.; ivith 
foil, clause, gomele ymb godne 
on geador spr^econ, >8et big, "old 
men spake together about the 
hero, [saying] that they," 1595. 
ge-sprecan, st. v., speak, 675, 
1398, etc. 

springan, st.v.,pret. sprong, sprang: 
SPRING, 18 (spread), 1588 (gape), 
2582 (shoot), 2966 (spurt). 

set-springan, st. v., spring 

forth; pret. sg. aetspranc, 1121. 

ge-springan, st. v., pret. ge- 

sprong, gesprang : spring forth, 

arise, 884, 1667. 

on-springan, st. v., spring a- 
part, 817. 

stsel, St. m., place, stead, 1479. 
_[Sievers § 202, N. 2.] 

st»lan, w. v.: 

(1) institute, carry on ; pp. ge- 
stseled, 1340. 

(2) avenge, 2485. 

Stan, St. m., stone, rock, 887, 2288, 

etc. 
stan-beorh, st. m., stone-barrow, 

barrow or cave of rock, 2213. 
stan-boga, ^c m., [stone -bow] 



stone-arch, arch of rock ; ace. sg. 

2545, nom. pi. 2718. 
stan-clif, st. neut., stone-cliff, 

cliff of rock ; ace. pi. stan-cleofu, 

2540. 
standan, see stondan. 
stan-fah, adj., [sTONE-variegated] 

paved or inlaid with stones of 

various colours, 320. 
stan-hli^, st. neut., sTONE-slope, 

rocky slope ; ace. pi. stan-hli'So, 

1409. 
stapol, St. m., [staple] : 

(1) column; dat. pi. 'Sa stan- 
bogan stapulum fasste, "the 
stone-arches firm on columns," 
2718. 

(2) threshold?, staple?; dat. sg. 
Hro^ar. . .stod on stapole, geseah 
steapne hrof golde fahne ond 
Grendles bond, 926. [Heyne 
translates: "stand an der holz- 
ernen Mittelsaule Heorots." But 
on stapole will not bear this 
meaning, which further implies 
that Grendel's hand was up 
among the rafters, whereas there 
can be no doubt that it was set 
up as a trophy outside the hall. 
See 1. 983 ; cf. the steep of houses 
at the Cape; and see Earle's 
note, "Deeds of Beowulf," p. 
139.] 

starian, lo. v., pres. sg. 1st starige, 
starie, 3rd staraS, pret. starede, 
staredon: stare, gaze, 996, 2796, 
etc. Special passage : >aet hire 
an dseges eagum starede, "that 
he should stare on her by day 
with his eyes," 1935. 

steap, adj., steep, towering, tall, 
222, 2566, etc. 

stearc-heort, adj., [stark-heart] 
stout-hearted, 2288, 2552. 

stede, St. m., stead, place ; gen. pi. 
wffis steda naegla gehwylc style 
gelicost, "each of the places of 
the nails was most like to steel," 
985. 

stefn, St. in., stem (of a ship), 
212. 



220 



3E0WULF. 



stefn, St. m., time, repetition; dat. 
sg. niwan (niowan) stefne, "a- 
new," 1789, 2594. 

stefn, St. /., voice, 2552. 

stellan, w. v. 

on-stellan, w. v., institute, set 
on foot, 2407. 

stepan, tc. v., exalt, 1717. 

ge-stepan, w. v., exalt, sup- 
port ;_/)r^t, sg. folce gestepte... 
sunu Ohteres, "lie supported the 
son of Ohthere with an army," 
2393. 

steppan, st. v., step, march ; pret. 
stop, 761, 1401. 

set-steppan, st. v., step up ; 
pret. tor's near aetstop, 745. 

ge-steppan, st. v., step; pret. 
=pluperf. gestop, 2289. 

stig, St. f., path, 320, 2213; ace. 
pi. stige, 1409. 

stigan, St. v., [sty] go, ascend, 
descend, 212, 225, etc. ; pret. >a 
he to holme stag, " when he went 
down to the sea (to swim)," 
2362. 

a-stlgan, st. v., ascend, arise, 
1373; pret. astag, 782, astah, 
1160, 3144; gu«-rinc astah, 
1118. 

ge stigan, st. v., [sty] go ; 
pret. )?a ic on holm gestah, "when 
I went onto the sea (into the 
ship)," 632. 

stiUe, adj., still, 301, 2830. 

stincan, st. v., [stink] sniff, snuff; 
pret. stone, 2288. 

stl8, adj., stiff, stout, 1533. 

stltJ-mod, adj., [stiff-MOOD] stout- 
hearted, 2566. 

stondan, standan, st. v., stand, 
2760, 411, 726 (come), 783 (arise), 
2227, 1037 (lie), etc.; pret. pi. 
stodon, 328, stOdan, 3047. Special 
passages : llxte se leoma, leoht 
inne stod, " the beam shone forth, 
light filled the place, " 1570 ; stod 
eldum on andan, "came forth 
for a mischief to men," 2313. 

a-stondan, st. v., stand, stand 
up, 759, 1556, 2092. 



set-stondan, st. v., stand (in), 
891. 
for-stondan, for-standan, st. 

v., withsTAND, avert, defend, 

1549 ; inf. heaSo-lI"5endum hord 

forstandan, "defend his hoard 

against the ocean-farers," 2955 ; 

pret. subj. him...wyrd forstode, 

" averted weird from them," 

1056. 
ge-stondan, st. v., stand, 358, 

2596, etc. 
stop, see steppan. 
storm, St. m., storm, 1131, 3117. 
stow, St. /., place, 1006, 1372, 

1378. 
strsBl, St. m. /., arrow, shaft, 1746, 

3J.17. 
strset, st.f., street, road, 320, 916, 

1634. 
Strang, see strong, 
stream, st. vi., stream, flood, 212, 

etc. 
stregdan, iv. v., strew ; pp. stred, 

2436. 
streng, st. in., string, 3117. 
strengel, st. m., strong chief, 

3115. 
strengest, see strong, 
strengo, st. /., STRENOth ; ace. dat. 

streuge, 1270, 1533, dat. strengo, 

2540. 
strong, Strang, adj., strong, 153, 

2684; with gen. maegenes Strang, 

"strong in might," 1844. 
strengest, superl., strongest, 

1543 ; with gen. or dat. maegenes, 

mfegene, strengest, 196, 789. 
strddan, st. v., spoil, plunder; subj. 

pret. strude, 3073, 3126. 
strynan, iv. v. 

ge-strynan, w. v., obtain, ac- 
quire, 2798. 
stund, St. /., time, hour ; dat. pi. 

adverbially, stundum, "from time 

to time," 1423. 
style, St. neut., steel; dat. 985. 
styi-ecg, adj., sTEEL-EDGed, 1533. 
styman, iv. v. 

be-styman, ic. v., besteam, 

wet, 486. 



GLOSSARY. 



221 



st3rrian, w. v., stir, disturb, 1374, 
2840 ; handle, treat, 872. 

styrman, ^o. v., storm, 2552. 

suliter-gefsederan, w. m. pL, uncle 
and nephew, 1164. 

sum, adj., some, one, a certain, 
2156, 3124. Although sum al- 
icays has the iujiections of an 
adj. (see 1. 1432), it is more often 
used suhstatitively, or as an indef. 
pron., 1251, 1432, 400, etc.; neut. 
ne sceal )>£er dyrne sum wesan, 
"there shall be naught secret," 
271. Often with partitive gen. 
675, 713, 1499, etc.; esp. with 
gen. of numerals and adjs. of 
quantity: fiftena sum, "one of 
tifteen, i.e. with fourteen others," 
207; so 3123, 1412, 2091; sumne 
feara, "one of a few, i.e. some 
few," 3061. In a feio cases sum 
appears to have a certain demon. 
force, 248, 314, 1312, 2279. 

sund, St. m., swimming, 507, 517, 
1436, 1618; SOUND, channel, sea, 
213, 1510, etc. 

sund-getoland, st. neut., [sound- 
blend] welter of the sea, tumult 
of the waves, 1450. 

sund-nytt, st. /., [swimming-use]; 
ace. sund-nytte dreah, "swam 
through the sea," 2360. 

sundor-nytt, st. /., special service, 
667. 

sundur, adv., asuNDER, 2422, 

sund-wudu, st. m.., [sound- wood] 
ship, 208, 1906. 

sunne, w. /., sun, 94, etc. 

sunu, St. in., son, 268, etc.; dat. suna, 
1226, etc., sunu, 344. 

stltJ, adv., south, southwards, 858. 

siWJan, adv., from the south, 606, 
1966. 

swa: 

I. adv. of maimer and degree, 
so, thus, 347, 1142, 1843, 3069, 
etc. Special passage : leng swa 
wel, "the longer the better," 
1854. 

II. conjunctive adv., as in its 
various meanings, 29, 490, 881, 



3098, 1667 (when), 2184 (since), 
etc. ; in elliptical sentences, 2622 ; 
eft swa ier, 642 ; correl. toith 
swa I., 594, 1092-3, etc. Special 
passage: swa me Higelac sie... 
modes bllSe, "as may H. be 
gracious to me, on condition 
that H. be gracious to me," 435. 

III. =rel.pron.; wlite-beorhtne 
wang, swa waeter bebuge^, "the 
beauteous - bright plain, which 
water encompasses," 93. 

IV. conj., so that, 1508, 2006. 
swa |>eali, swa tJeh, however, 

972, 2967, etc. ; redundant after 

hwag'Sre, 2442. 

swa hwse^ere swa, which- 
soever, 686-7. 

swa hwylc.swa, with gen., 

wHicHsoever, 943, 3057. 
swselan, w. v. 

_be-swsilan, lo. v., scorch, 3041. 
swses, adj., dear, own dear, 29, 

520, etc. 
swsesllce, adv., gently, 3089. 
swancor, adj., [swank] slender. 

2175. 
swan-rad, st. f., swan-road, sea, 

200. 
swapan, st. v. 

for-swapan, st. v., sweep away, 

sweep off, 477, 2814. 
-swarian, 2v. v. 

ond-swarian, and-swarian, w. 

v., answer, 258, 340. 
swat, St. m., [sweat] blood, 1286, 

etc. 
swat-fah, adj., [sweat -stained] 

blood-stained, 1111. 
swatig, adj., [sweaty] bloody, 1569. 
swat-swa'Su, st. /., [swEAT-track] 

blood-track, 2946. 
swatJrian, w. v., subside; pret. pi. 

swa'6'redon, 570. 
swatJu, [swath] St. /., track, 2098 ; 

ace. him sio swi'Sre swa'Se weard- 

ade hand, " his right hand showed 

where he had been," 2098. 
swaWul, St. m. neut.7, smoke, 782. 
sweart, adj., swart, black, dark, 

167, 3145. 



222 



BEOWULF. 



swebban, lo. v., send to sleep, 

kill, 679 ; pres. sg. Srd, swefe'S, 

600. 
a- swebban, tv. v., put to sleep, 

appease, kill; pret. part.pl. aswe- 

fede, 567. 
swefan, st. v., sleep, sleep the sleep 

of death, 119, 1008, etc.; pret. 

pi. swiefon, 703, swiefun, 1280. 
-swefede, see -swebban. 
swefe^, 600, see swebban. 
sweg, St. m., sound, noise, 89, 644, 

etc. 
swegel, St. neut., sky, 860, 1078, 

etc. 
swegle, adj., bright, clear, 2749. 
swegl-wered, adj., ether-clad, rad- 
iant, 606. 
swelan, st. v., [sweal] burn, 2713. 
swelgan, st. v., swallow ; pret., 

icith dat., swealh, 743, swealg, 

3155 ; ^j?-e«. subj., absolutely, 

swulge, 782. 
for-swelgan, st. v., swallow up, 

1122, 2080. 
swellan, st. v., swell, 2713. 
sweltan, st. v., die, 1617, etc.; with 

cognate dat. mor'Sre, -dea^e, 892, 

2782, 3037. 
swencan, tv. v., molest, oppress, 

1510. 
ge-swencan, st. v., strike, bring 

low, 2438. 

ge-swenced, pp. {of swencan 

or geswencan), made to toil, 

harassed, harried, pressed, 975, 

1368. 
sweng, St. m., swing, stroke, 1520, 

etc. 
sweofot, St. m., sleep, 1581, 2295. 
sweolotS, St. 111., flame, 1115. 
-sweep, see -swapan. 
sweorcan, st. v., grow dark, 1737. 
for-sw(e)orcan, st. v., grow 

dim, 1767. 
ge-sweorcan, st. v., lour, 1789. 
sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. neut., 

swoKD, 487, 539, 2610, etc.; pi. 

sweord, 2638, swyrd, 3048. 
sweord-bealo, st. neut., swokd-bale, 

death by the sword, 1147. 



sweord-freca, w. m., sword- wolf, 
sword-warrior, 1468. 

swyrd-gifu, st. /., sword-giv- 
ing, 2884. 
sweotol, adj., clear, 817, 833; nam. 
swutol, 90 ; loeak dat. sweotolan, 
141. 
swerian, st. v., swear, 472, 2738. 
for-swerian, st. v., with dat., 

FORSWEAR, 804. 

swe'Srian, lo. v., wane, lessen, 901, 

2702. 
swican, si. r., fail, disappear, escape, 

966, 1460. 
ge-swican, st. v., weaken, fail, 

1524, etc. 
swifan, st. v. 

on-swifan, st. v., swing up, 

raise, 2559. 
swift, adj., SWIFT; weak, 2264. 
swige, adj., silent. 

swigra, compar., silenter, 980. 
swigian, 'w. v., be silent; ^^rei. sg. 

swigode, 2897, pi. swigedon, 

1699. 
swilce, see swylce. 
swimman, swymman, st. v., swim, 

1624. 

ofer-swimman, st. v., over- 
swim, swim over; pret. oferswam, 

2367. 
swin, swyn, st. neut., swine, image 

of a boar on a helmet, hence 

helmet, 1111, 1286. 
swincan, st. v., swink, toil, 517. 
swingan, st. v., swing, 2264. 
swin-llc, St. neut., swine-s 

image of a boar, 1453. 
swiotJol, St. m. neut.?, smoky glow, 

or the clear vapour just above 

the flame (?), 3145 (see note). 
swI'S, swy^S, adj., strong, severe; 

nam. swy^, 191. 

swItJra, compar., stronger ; 

nam. fern, sio swlSre hand, "the 

right hand, " 2098. 
swiBan, St. and lo. v. 

ofer-swytJan, st. and w. z;., over- 

power, overcome, 279, 1768. 
swlSe, swftJe, adv., strongly, great- 
ly, very, 597, 1926, 2170, 2187, etc. 



GLOSSARY. 



223 



swUJor, compar., more greatly, 
more, more especially, rather, 
960, 1139, 1874, 2198. 

swIIJ-ferh^S, swytJ-ferhtJ, adj., strong- 
souled, stout-hearted, 173, 493, 
826, 908. 

switS-hicgende, adj. {pres. part.), 
[strong-thinking] bold-minded, 
stout-hearted, 919, 1016. 

swiS-mod, adj., [strong-MOon] stout- 
hearted, 1624. 

swogan, St. v., sound; pres. part. 
3145. 

swor, see swerian. 

-sworcan, see -sweorcan. 

Bwulces, see swylc. 

sw\ird, see sweord. 

swutol, see sweotol. 

swylc, adj.-pron., such, such as, as. 

I. { = !>. talis) such : 

(1) adj. 582, 1347, etc. 

(2) pron. 299 (with gen.), 996; 
gen. swulces, 880 {see hwa) ; ace. 
©"Ser swylc ut offerede, "carried 
out and off another such [batch], " 
1583. 

II. { = L. qualis) such as, 1156 
(with gen.), 1797, 2869; ace. eall 
ged^lan... swylc him God sealde, 
"deal out all that God gave him," 
72. 

III. ( = L. talis... qualis) swylc 
...swylc, "such... as," 1249 (with 
gen.), 1328-9, 3164. 

Bwylce : 

I. adv., as well as, likewise, 

113, 293, 2258, etc.; once swilce, 

1152. 
n. conjunctive adv., as, 757. 
swylt, St. m., death, 1255, 1436. 
swylt-dseg, st. m., death-DAY, 2798. 
swymman, see swimman. 
swyn, see swin. 
swynsian, lo. v., resound, 611. 
swyrd, see sweord. 
swyS, see swItJ. 
-swytJan, see -swiKan. 
swy^Je, see swIiJe. 
sy, see wesan. 
syfan-wintre, adj., seven winters 

old, 2428. 



syfone, see seofon. 
-syhtJ, see -seen. 

sylf(a), see self. 

syll, St. f., SILL, base, floor, 775. 

syllan, see sellan. 

sylllc, see selllc. 

symbel, st. neut., feast, banquet, 

564, 2431, etc. ; dat. symble, 119, 

2104, symle, 81, etc. 
symbel- wynn, st. /., feast- joy, joy 

in feasting, 1782. 
sym(b)le, adv., always, 2450, 2497, 

2880. 
symle, n., see symbel. 
syn-bysig, adj., [sin -busy] guilt- 
haunted, troubled by guilt, 2226. 
syn-dolh, st. neut., ceaseless wound, 

incurable wound, 817. 
syndon, see wesan. 
syngales, see singales. 
syngian, lo. v., sin ; pp. gesyngad, 

2441. 
sjmn, St. /., SIN, crime, injury, 

hatred, struggle, 975, 1255, 2472, 

3071. 
syn-scatJa, iv. m., ceaseless scATHer, 

perpetual foe, 707, 801. 
syn-snsed, st. /., [ceaseless bit] huge 

bit, 743. 
synt, see wesan. 
syrce, lo. /., sark, shirt of mail, 

226, etc. 
syrwan, lo. v., ensnare, 161. 

be-syrwan, lo. v., ensnare, 713; 

contrive, 942. 
sjrS^an, 10. v., avenge, 1106. 
sytSiJan, see sitJCan. 



T. 



; dat. 



tacen, st. neut., token, 
_tacne, 141, 1654. 

tsecan, Wj_v. 

ge-tsecan, ic. v., teach, indi- 
cate, assign, 313, 2013. 

tallan, lo. v., tell, 532, 594; count, 
reckon, 677, 2027 ; pres. sg. 1st 
wen ic talige, "I reckon it a 
thing to be expected," 1845. 

tear, st. m., tear, 1872. 



224 



BEOWULF. 



tela, adv., well, 948, etc. 

telge, see tellan. 

tellan, iv. v., tell, reckon, deem, 
794, 2184; pres. s(j. 1st telge, 
2067. Special passage: ac him 
wael-bende weotode tealde, "but 
[if he did] he might reckon 
death-bands prepared for him- 
self," 1936. 

teoh, St. /., band, troop; dat. sg. 
teohhe, 2938. 

teohMan, w. v., assign, 951; pp. 
geteohhod, 1300. 

teon, St. v., TUG, draw, 1036, 553, 
1288 (of a sword), etc. ; travel : 
pret. sg. brim-lade teah, " tra- 
velled the ocean-way," 1051; so 
eft-si'Sas teah, 1332. 

a-teon, st. v., [tug] take; pret. 
sg. J>£et wges geocor si5, >aet {for 
>e) se hearm-sca]>a to Heorute 
ateah, 766. 

ge-teon, st. v., tug, draw, 1545, 
2610; deliver, 1044. Special 
passages : imperat. sg. no "Su him 
wearne geteoh 'Sinra gegn-cwida, 
" do not thou give them a refusal 
of thy replies," 366 ; pret. sg. 
he him est geteah meara ond 
ma'Sma, "he honoured him with 
the horses and treasures," 2165. 
of-teon, St. v., tug off or away, 
withhold ; with gen. rei and dat. 
pers., 5; 2cith dat. rei, 1520; 
ivith ace. rei, 2489. 

>urh-teon, st. v., [tug through] 
bring about, 1140. 

teon, to. v., icith ace, make, adorn, 
provide, 1452; pret. pi. teodan, 
43. 

ge-teon, lo. v., do, 2295; appoint, 
2526. 

tid, st.f., TIDE {i.e. time), time, 147, 
1915. 

tidan, 10. V. 

ge-tldan, lu. v., bcTioE, 2226. 

tU(l), adj., good, 61, 1250, 2721, 
etc. 

tilian, lo. v., with gen., [till] gain, 
1823. 

timbran, iv. v., timber, build, 307. 



be-timbran, to. v., [betimber] 
build; pret. pi., betimbredon, 
3159. 

tir, St. m., glory, 1654. 

tir-eadig, adj., [glory-blessed] 
glorious, happy in fame, 2189. 

tlr-fsest, adj., [glory-FAST] glorious, 
922. 

tir-leas, adj., gloryLEss; gen. sg. 
absolutely, 843. 

tiKian, iv. v., impers., with gen., 
grant; pp. W8es...bene geti'Sad, 
"(of) the boon (it) was granted," 
2284. 

to, prep., with dat., to, at, for, 28, 
1578, 1983, etc.: for, as, esp. in 
predicative dats., 14, 51, 95, 460, 
910, 2998, etc.: for {with personal 
object), 525; at, 374, 2892; at 
{time), 26; in, 188, 647 (at); on, 
1138-9; by, 641; from, 1272, 
2922 ; with, 601, 1207 (from). 
Special usages: 

(1) for, in adverbial phrases of 
time: to aldre, 955, 2005, 2498; 
to life, 2432 ; to widan feore, 
933. 

(2) to, ivith gerunds, 1008, etc. ; 
rarely tvith infs., 316, 2556. 

(3) Folloioing its case: him to, 
"to it," 313; 1396 {see wenan) ; 
>e \>\\ her to locast, "on which 
thou lookest here," 1654; \>e us 
secea'S to Sweona leoda, " for 
which the peoples of the Swedes 
will come against us," 3001. 

to hwan, see hwa, hwaet. 

to J»8es, adv., so, 1616. 

to J>aes J>e, conjunctive phrase, 
TO (the point) where, thither 
whence, 714, 2410, 1967 ; to the 
point (degree), that, 1585. 

t5 J>on, adv., to that'degree, so, 
1876. 

to |>oii, J»set, until, 2591, 2845 ; 
see se. 
to, adv.: 

(1) =preposition without expressed 
object {cf. the particles of separable 
verbs inGerman) : thercTO, to him, 
to it, 1785, 2648, 1755; on, 1422. 



GLOSSARY. 



225 



(2) TOO, hefore adjs. and advs., 
133, 137, 191, etc. Special 
passages: to fela micles, "far 
too much," 694; he t5 fortS ge- 
stop, "he had stepped too far 
forth," 2289. 

to-gsedre, adv., together, 2630. 

to-geanes, to-genes, prep., loitli 
dat., folloioing its case. Towards, 
aoAiNst, 666, 1542 (at), 1626 (to 
meet). Special passage : godivooo. 
togenes, "to where the good man 
lay dead," 3114. 

to-geanes, adv.: grap >a togeanes, 
"then she clutched at [him]," 
1501. 

to-middes, adv., in the midst, 
3141. 

torht, adj., bright, clear, 313. 

torn, St. neut., anger, rage, 2401; 
insult, distress, 147, 833, 2189. 

torn, adj. 

tornost, superl., bitterest, 
2129. 

torn-gemot, st. neut., [wrath-meet- 
ing] angry meeting, encounter, 
1140. 

to-somne, adv., together, 2568. 

tredan, st. v., icith ace, tread, 
1964, 1352, etc. 

treddian, tryddian, w. v, intrans.j 
TREAD, go, 725, 922. 

trem, st. neut. : ace. sg. adverbially, 
fotes trem, "a foot's breadth or 
space," 2525. 

treow, St. f., TRoth, TRuth, good 
faith, 1072, 2922. 

treowan, iv. v., with dat., trow, 
trust: pret. sg. gehwylc hiora 
his ferh>e treowde, "each of 
them trusted Unferth's heart," 
1166. 

treow-loga, w. m., TRoth-Liar, troth- 
breaker, 2847. 

trod, st.f., track, 843. 

trum, ad;)., strong, 1369. 

trUwian, w. v., with gen. or dat., 
trow, trust, believe, 669, 1993, 
etc. 

ge-trtlwian, lo. v.-. 
(1) loith gen. or dat., trow, trust; 

W. B. 



loith gen., 2322, 2540; loith dat., 

1533. 

(2) with ace, confirm; pret. pi. 

getruwedon, 1095. 

tryddian, see treddian. 

trywe, adj., true, 1165. 

twa, see twegen. 

twaefan, iv^v. 

ge-tW38fan, ^o. v., usu. with 
ace. pers. and gen. rei, divide, 
sever, separate, restrain, 479, 
etc.; pp. getwffifed, "ended," 
1658. 

twseman, le v. 

ge-twseman, tv. v., with ace. 
2)ers. and gen. rei, sever, cut off, 
968. 

twegen, vi., twa, /. and neut., num., 
TWAIN, TWO, 1163, 1095, etc.; 
gen. twega, 2532; dat. twaem, 
1191. 

twelf, num., twelve; gen., twelfa, 
3170. 

tweonum, dat. pi. of distrib. nu- 
meral : be (bi) Sffim tweonum, 
"by the twin seas, i.e. bcTWEEN 
the seas," 858, 1297, 1685, 1956. 

tydre, adj., unwarlike, 2847. 

tyhtan, iv. v. 

on-tyhtan, iv. v., entice, 3086. 

tyn, TEN, 3159; inflected tyne, 
2847. 



p, D. 



J-a 



I. adv., then, 3, 331, 461, 465, 
536, 657, etc. 

II. rei. adv. or conj., ivith indie, 
when, as, since, seeing, 201, 402, 
539, 632, 706, 1103, 1291, 1598, 
1813, etc. ; correl. toith j^a above, 
723, 2756, etc. 

J»a, adj.-pron., see se, se. 

J>iem, THEM, see se, se. 

>»r : 

I. adv., THERE, 32, 331, 493, 
etc. ; unemphatic {like mod. there 
ivith impers. verbs) 271, 440, etc. 
For "Ssex on innan, 71, 2089, etc., 
see innan. 

15 



226 



BEOWULF. 



II. rel. adv., where, 286, 420, 
1007, 1079, 1394, etc. ; (to) where, 
356, 1313, etc.; if, 2730, 1835 (?). 
With svfa folloiving : 'S8er...swa, 
"wheresoever," 797; "if so be 
_that,^2730. 

J>3Bra, ►sere, see se, se. 

J>ses, adj.-pron., see se, se. 

J»ses, adv,: 

(1) therefore, 900, 1992; see se. 

(2) so, 773, 968, 1367. 
J»8es JjB, conj. : 

(1) as, 1341, 1350, 3000. 

(2) because, 108, 228, 626, 1628, 
1751, 1998, 2797; correl. loith 
preceding ^ses, 1779. 

to )»ses J>e, see to. 
►set, adj.-2>ron., see se, se. 
►set, conj., THAT, so that, 62, 1367, 

1664, etc.; until, 84, 1318 (?), 

1911, 1939 (?); in that, 3036; 

often correl. loith the demon, neut. 

pron. )>8et or J?aes {see se), 778-9, 

1591-3, 1598-9, etc. ; repeated 

2864-5-71. 

►set Jje, conj., that, 1846. 
►sette ( = >8et \>e), conj., that, 151, 

etc. 
►afian, lo. v., loith ace, consent to, 

submit to, 2963. 
-►ah, see -Ijicgan. 
►am, see se, se. 
►anan, see ►onan. 
►anc, St. m.: 

(1) ivith gen. ret, thanks, 928, 
1997, etc. 

(2) content?, favour?; dat.sg.\>a. 
'5e gif-sceattas Geata fyredon 
►yder to hance, 379. 

►anc-hycgende, adj. (pres. part.), 

[thought-thinking], thoughtful, 

2235. 
►ancian, iv. v., thank, 625, 1397; 

pret. pi., ]?ancodon, 1626, J?an- 

cedon, 227. 
►anon, see ►onan. 
►ara, see se, se. 
►as, see ►es. 
►e, rel. particle, indecl., who, that, 

which, etc. 

(1) Alone, 192, 500, etc.; acc.sg. 



355, 2182; dat. sg. 2400, 3001; 
nom. pi. 45, etc. ; ace. pi. 2490, 
21^^;gen.pl.^bO;dat.pl.\>egQ\>d&x 
on standa'5, "in which ye stand 
there," 2866; so 1654. Special 
passages : heo )pa, f^h'^e wrsBC, 
►e \>ix gystran niht Grendel 
cwealdest, "she avenged the 
feud, in which thou killedst 
Grendel yesternight," 1334 ; mid 
^sexe sorhge, ]pe him sio sar 
belamp, "with the sorrow, where- 
with that blow befell (afflicted) 
him," 2468. 

(2) Immediately preceded hy re- 
dundant se, seo, >get, etc. ; se ]?e, 
103, 1260, 1342, 1449, 1462 
(antec. Eengum); se he for see 
j>e, 1344, 1887, 2685; seo be, 
1445; '5oue >e, 1054, 1298, 2056, 
2173 ; pi. >a be, 1592. Correla- 
tives: se...se >>e, 506 (followed 
by verb in 2nd pers.) ; seo hand 
...se \ye, 1343-4; sio hond...se 
\>e, 2684-5 ; Jjaet ys sio fseh^o 
ond se feond-scipe...>e vis secea'S 
to Sweona leoda, "that is the 
feud and the enmity for which 
the peoples of the Swedes will 
come against us," 2999-3001. 
N.B. After )3ara >>e the verb is 
often in the sg.: 843, 996, 1051, 
1461, 2130, 2251, 2383. 

(3) Folloived by redundant he : 
ace. sg. m. ]>& hine dea'S nimet?, 
"whom death will take," 441. 

►ses ►e, see ►aes, adv. 
►set ►e, see ►set, conj. 
►eah ►e, see ►eah. 
foriJon ^e, see for^am. 
to ►ses ^e, see to. 
►e, pers. pron. {ace. and dat. of )>\\), 
thee, to thee, etc., 417, 523, 525, 
etc. With a comparative, than 
thou, 1850. 
►e, demon, pron., see se. 
►e, C071J. : 

(1) because, correl. loith a pre- 
ceding hy, >e {see se), 488, 1436, 
2641. 

(2) that, so that, 242 {? possibly 



GLOSSARY. 



227 



dat. of the rel. particle >e, "be- 
cause of which," antecedent aBg- 
wearde). 

-J>eali, see -Megan. 

J»eali, conj., usu. with suhj., rarehj 
loith indie: though, although, 
203, 2855, 2467, etc.; once J^eh, 
1613; heah ic eal maege, "al- 
though I may," 680. 

)»eah ^e, corij., usu. with suhj., 
THOUGH, although, 1167, 1716, 
2481, 2838, etc. 

J>eali, adv., though, yet, however, 
1508. 
swa J>eah, see swa. 

►earf, st. /., need, 201, 1477, 1797, 
etc.; ace. fremma'5 gena leoda 
>earfe, "fulfil still the people's 
need," 2801. 

>earf, v., see J>urfan. 

)>earfa, lo. m., n. or adj.: sernes 
>earfa, "shelterless," 2225. _ 

(^e-))»earfian, w. v., necessitate, 
render necessary; 2^P- ge)?earfod, 
1103. 

J>earle, adv., severely, hard, 560. 

^eaw, St. m., [thew] custom, 178, 
etc.; dai. ^Z. " in good customs," 
2144. 

>ec, pe?'s. 2>yon. {archaic ace. of J?u), 
thee, 947, etc. 

^eccean, w. v., [thatch] cover, 
enfold, 3015; pret. pi. i'ehton, 
513. 

J»egn, St. m., thane, 194, 400, 1230, 
etc.; used of Beowulf, 194, etc., 
Hengest, 1085, Wiglaf, 2721, 
etc. 

^egn-sorg, st. /., thane-soerow 
sorrow for one's thanes, 131. 

►egon, J>egxin, see Megan. 
Jieh, see J»eali. 
Jieliton, see Jieccean. 
J»enc(e)an, w. v., think, intend: 
usu. loith following inf., 355, 448 
(fut.), 739, etc.; with dependent 
clause, 691 ; absolutely, 289, 2601 
{see onwendan). 

a-l>enc(e)an, lo. v., think out, 
intend, 2643. 
ge-tenc(e)an, lo. v., loith ace, 



think, think of, 1474 ; inf. his 
...ende ge>encean, "think of the 
end thereof," 1734. 

Jienden, adv., yet a while, 1019. 

tenden, conj., ^vith indie, or suhj., 
while, whilst, 30, 1224, 2985, etc. 

J>engel, st. m., prince, king, 1507. 

>enian (=:begnian), lo.v., ivith dat., 
serve, 560. 

|>eod, St. f., people, nation, 643, 
1705, etc. 

J>eod-cynmg, -kyning, J>Iod-cyning, 
St. m., nation-KiNG, king of a 
people, 2, 2144 (Hrothgar), 2579 
(Beowulf), 2963 (Ongentheow), 
etc. 

Jieoden, |>ioden, st. m., prince, king, 
34, 797, 2336, 2656, etc.; dat. 
beodne, 345, etc., >eoden, 2032; 
pi. >eodnas, 3070. 

J>eoden-leas, adj., prince-LESS, with- 
out one's chief, 1103. 

t)eod-gestreon, st. neut., nation- 
treasure, national possession, 44, 
1218. 

>eod-kyning, see )>eod-cyning. 

J»eod-sceatJa, lo. m., nation-scATHer, 
national foe, 2278, 2688. 

))eod-)>rea, st. /., national misery, 
178. 

>eof, St. m., THIEF, 2219. 

^eon, St. v., thrive, succeed, 8 ; 
pret. sg. hvlru )58et...lyt manna 
J?ah, "this indeed has prospered 
with few men," 2836. 

ge-Hon, St. v., thrive, 25, 910; 
imperat. sg., 1218. 

on-^eon, st. v., thrive; pi'et. 
sg. he >£es ier ont>ah, "he there- 
fore throve erewhile," 900. 

Jieon (=3>ywan), iv. v., oppress, 
2736. 

J>eos, see J>es. 

J>eostre, adj., dark, 2332. 

J>eow, St. m., slave, 2223. 

^es, J>eos, Ms, demon, adj., this, 
411, 484, etc. ; inst. neut. Jjys, 
1395; ace. sg. m., >isne, 75, 
J>ysne, 1771 ; gen. sg. m. and 
neut. Hsses, 1216, )>ysses, 790, 
806; dat. sg. neut. ^issum, 1169, 

15—2 



228 



BEOWULF. 



)>yssum, 2639; dat. pi. )>yssum, 
1062, 1219. 

►icg(e)an, st. v., with ace, seize, 
take, partake of, eat, 736, 1010; 
pret. pi. indie. >egun, 2633, subj. 
K'gon, 563. 

ge-Hcgan, st. v., with ace, 
take, receive, 1014; pret. sg. ge- 
>eah, 618, 628 ; ge)>ah, 1024. 

>in, p)oss. adj., thine, thy, 267, 
2131, etc. 

])mc(e)an, see J>yncan. 

J>ing, St. n<?w«., THING, matter, affair, 
409, 426; gen. pi. anige Kiiga, 
"by any means, in any way, on 
any condition, at all," 791, 2374, 
2905. 

J)ingan, w. v., determine, appoint, 
1938; pp. wiste to >£em ahlffican 
...hilde gej?inged, "knew that 
battle was in store for the 
monster," 647. 

ge-bingan, w. v., ivithrefl. dat., 
take service ; pres. gif him J^onne 
Hrej^rlc to hofum Geata ge\>mge'^, 
"if then Hrethric enters into 
service at the Geats' court," 
1836. 

►ingian, w. v.: 

(1) address, speak, 1843. 

(2) compound, settle, allay, 156, 
470. 

Jilod-, see J»eod-. 

)>Ioden, see J>eoden. 

bis, demon, adj., see )>es. 

bis, demon, pron. neut., this, 290. 

bolian, 10. v., [thole] endure: 

(1) trans. 832, 1525, etc. 

(2) intrans. 2499. 
ge-bolian, w. v., [thole] : 

(1) trans., endure, 87, 147 ; dat. 
inf. to ge>olianne, 1419. 

(2) intrans., wait patiently, 3109. 
bon, pron., see se. 

to bon, adv., to that degree, 
so, 1876. 

to bon, bset, until, 2591, 2845; 
see se. 
bon, adv., THEN, 2423. 
bonan, bonon, banan, banon, adv., 
THENce, 819, 520, 1265, 1292, 



etc. ; sometimes of personal origin, 
1960, etc. 

bone, see se, se. 

bonne, adv., then, 377, etc.; re- 
peated, 1104-6. See j?onne, co7ij. 

bonne, conj.: 

(1) when, while, ivith indie, and 
subj., 23, 573, etc. ; in elUptieal 
sentence, breac ]?onne moste, "en- 
joyed [him or them] while I 
might," 1487. Correl. icith ]ponne, 
adv.: 484-5, 2032-4; swa biS 
geomoiiic...>onne he gyd wrece 
...]?onne his sunu hangati, "so 
will it be sad, [that] he should 
then utter a dirge, when his son 
is hanging," 2446-7. 

(2) THAN, after compars. : 44, 248, 
etc. With compar. omitted : medo- 
asrn micel... bonne yldo beam 
gefre gefrunon, " a great mead- 
hall, [greater] than the children 
of the age ever heard of," 70. 

bonon, see bonan. 

borfte, see burfan. 

brag, St. /., time; ace. sg. of dura- 
tion of time, 54, 87, 114; nom. 
sg. >a hyne sio prag becwom, 
" when the time (of battle) came 
upon him," 2883. 

brea-nedla, iv. m., [THKOE-compul- 
sion] the compulsion of oppres- 
sion or misery; dat. sg. for )>rea- 
nedlan, "compelled by oppression 
or misery," 2223. 

brea-nyd, st. /., [throe-need] dire 
need, oppression, misery, 284; 
dat. pi. \>e hie... for ^rea-nydum 
bolian scoldon, "which they 
through dire compulsion had to 
endure," 832. 

breat, st. m., troop, band, 4, 2406. 

breatian, xo. v., theeatch, press; 
pret. pi. mec.breatedon J>earle, 
"pressed me hard," 560. 

brec-wudu, st. m., [onset- wood] 
spear, 1246. 

breo, brio, num. neut. {of brie), 
three, 2278, 2174. 

breotteoba, ord. num., THiRTEEnth, 
2406. 



GLOSSARY. 



229 



|>ridda, ord. num., third, 2688. 
J>ringan, st. v., intraiis., throng, 

2960; pret. sg. >rong, 2883. 

for-J>ring-an, st. v., snatch, pro- 
tect, 1084. 
ge-J>ringan, st. v., throng, 

bound, 1912. 
J>rio, see )>reo. 

►nst-hydig, arf;., bold-minded, 2810. 
J>rltig, >rittig', st. neut., with gen., 

thirty, 123, 2361; gen. sg. 379. 
J>rong, see |>ringan. 
|»r6wian, «'. v., suffer, 2605, etc. ; 

2}ret. sg. i'rowode, 2594, >rowade, 

1589, 1721. 
|>rym(m), st.m., might, force, 1918; 

glory, 2 ; dat. pi. adverbially , 

>rymmum, "powerfully," 235. 
)>rym-llc, adj., mighty, glorious, 

1246. 
|)ry^, St. /., strength; dat. pi. 

J^rySum dealle, "proud in their 

strength," 494. 
)>r^B-sern, .s^ neut., mighty house, 

noble hall, 657. 
J>ryi5-llc, adj., excellent, picked, 

400, 1627. 

JjryB-lIcost, superl., most excel- 
lent; acc.pl. 2869. 
J»rytJ-swy^, St. neut.?, great distress, 

pain, anxiety, 131, 736. 
))ry'S-word, st. neut., choice or 

mighty word, excellent talk, 643. 
J>u, pers. pron., thou, 352, etc.; 

ace. sg. \>ec, he (q. v.). 
Jjungen, ge-\>wigen, adj. {pp.), 

[thriven] mature, distinguished, 

excellent, 624, 1927. Cf. beon. 
^unian, lo. v., THUNder, rattle, 

groan, hum; pret. ]?unede, 1906. 
ge-^wcen, pp. (isolated; Sievers 

§ 385, N. 1), forged, 1285. 
J)urfan, st.-w. v., need: pires. >earf, 

Jiearft, 445, 595, etc. ; subj. J>urfe, 

2495; 2^1'et. J^orfte, 157, etc.; pret. 

pi. hremge jjorfton, "needed [to 

be] exultant," 2363. 
J>urli, i^rep., with ace, through, 

local, causal, and instrumental, 

2661, 267, 276, 278, 558, etc. 
J»us, adv., THUS, 238, 337, 430. 



>(lsend, St. neut., thousand, 3050; 
pi. >usenda, 1829. Without fol- 
loicing noun of measure : gen. pi. 
hund Jjusenda landes ond locenra 
beaga, 2994. Even loithout a 
dependent f/en. : ace. pi. ond him 
gesealde seofan busendo, 2195. 

J»y, see se^ se. 

)>y l88S, COnj., LESt, 1918. 

>yder, adv., thither, 379, 2970, 

3086. 
hyhtig, adj., doughty, strong, 1558. 
J>yle, St. m., spokesman, 1165, 1456. 
)>yncan, Mncean, lo. v., with dat. 

pers., seem, 1341,368, 687, etc.; 

sometimes impers., 2653. 
of-)>yncan, w. v., displease, 

2032. 
>3rrs, St. m., giant, 426. 
)>fs, see J>es. 
J>ys-llc, adj., [thuslike] such; nom. 

sg.f., byslicu, 2637. 
)>ysne, i»ysses, )>yssuni, see )>es. 
Jj^stru, st.f., darkness, 87. 
)>ywan, IV. v., oppress; pres. pi. 

egesan bywa'S, "oppress with 

dread," 1827. From beow. 



U. 



ufan, adv., from above, above, 

1500, 330. 
ufera, compar. adj., later ; dat. pi. 

uferan, 2392, ufaran, 2200. 
ufor, compar. adv., higher, up- 
wards, on to higher ground, 2951. 
fthte, w.f., dawn, twilight, 126. 
flht-floga, w. m., twilight-FLier, 

2760. 
llht-hlem, st. m., twilight-uproar, 

din or crash in the twilight, 2007. 
tlht-sceatJa, w. m., twilight-scATHer, 

twilight-foe, 2271. 
umbor-wesende, adj. (pres. part.), 

being a child, 46, 1187. 
un-blltJe, adj., unblithe, joyless, 

130, 2268, 3031. 
un-byrnende, adj. [pres. part.), un- 

BURNing, without being burnt; 

nom. sg. absolutely 2548. 
unc, pers. pron. {dat. and ace] dual 



230 



BEOWULF. 



of ic), to us two, us two, 540, 

545, 2137, etc. 
uncer, pers. pron. {gen. dual of ic), 

of us two, 2532 ; coupled loith the 

gen. of a proper name, uncer 

Grendles, "of Grendel and me," 

2002. 
uncer, x^oss. adj. (see above), our 

{dual); dat.pl. uncran, 1185. 
un-eH'S, adj., uncouth, unknown, 

evil, 1410, 2214, 276; gen. sg. 

absolutely, 960 (Grendel), 876 

(what is unknown). 
under, prep., under : 

(1) icith dat. (of rest), 1163, 1204, 
1209, etc.; during, with, 738. 

(2) with ace. (of motion, ex- 
pressed or impHed), 403, 887, 
1551, etc. To denote extent: 
under swegles begong, "under 
the sky's expanse," 860, 1773; 
under heofones hwealf, 2015. 

under, advj_, under, beneath, 2213. 
undern-msel, st. neut., [undern- 

meal] morning-time, 1428. 
un-dyme, un-deme, adj., uNsecret, 

manifest, 127, 2000, 2911. 
un-dyme, adv., UNsecretly, openly, 

150, 410. 
un-faecne, adj., UNguileful, sincere, 

2068. 
un-f8Bge, adj., [unfey] undoomed, 

not fated to die, 573, 2291. 
un-fseger, adj., unfair, not beauti- 
ful, 727. 
un-flitme, adi^., incontestably, 1097 ; 

without strife, 1129. 
un-forht, adj., [uNafraid] fearless, 

287. 
un-forhte, adv., fearlessly, 444. 
un-frod, adj., not old, young, 2821. 
un-from, adj., inert, not bold, un- 

warlike, 2188. 
un-geaxa, adv., not of yore: 

(1) but now, 932. 

(2) erelong, 602. 
un-gedefellce, adv., improperly, 

unnaturally, 2435. 

un-gemete, adv., [uNMEETly] im- 
measurably, 2420, 2721, 2728. 

un-gemetes, adv. {gen, of adj. un- 



gemet, unmeet), immeasurably, 
1792. 

un-gyfetJe, adj., not granted, 2921. 

un-hselo, st. /., [uNHEALth] destruc- 
tion; gen. sg. wiht unheelo, "the 
wight of destruction," 120. 

un-har, adj., (un- intensive) very 
HOAR, very gray, 357. 

un-heore, un-More, un-hyre, adj., 
UNcanny, monstrous, 2120, 2413; 
nom. sg. f. unheoru, 987. 

un-leof, adj., [unliefJ not dear, 
unloved; ace. pi. absolutely 
2863. 

un-lifigende, un-lyfigende, adj. 
{pres. part.), UNLiving, lifeless, 
dead, 468, 744, 1308; dat. sg. m. 
J>aet bi'5 driht-guman unlifgendum 
aefter selest, "that will be best 
forthe noble warrior after death," 
1389. 

un-iytel, adj., [unlittle] no little, 
498, 833, 885. 

un-murnllce, adv., UNMouRNfulLY, 
with sorrow, 449, 1756. 

unnan, st.-iv. v., grant, will, wish, 
OWN, 503, 2874; pres. sg. 1st, an, 
1225; subj. pret. 1st, u\>e ic 
swi]>or, ]>8et '5u hine selfne geseon 
moste, "I would rather that thou 
mightst have seen himself," 960; 
3rd, >eah he ii'Se wel, "how much 
soever he wished," 2855. 

ge-unnan, st.-tv. v., grant, 346, 
1661. 

un-nyt, adj., useless, 413, 3168. 

un-riht, st. neut., unkight, wrong, 
1254, 2739. 

un-rihte, adv., UNEioHxly, wrongly, 
3059. 

un-rim, st. neut., [unrime] count- 
less number, 1238, 2624, 3135. 

un-rlme, adj., [uNRiMEd] countless, 
3012. 

un-rot, adj., [uNglad] sad, 3148. 

un-slaw, adj., [unslow] not slow; 
nom. sg. ecgum unslaw, "not 
slow of edge," 2564 (see note). 

un-snyttro, st. /., UNwisdom; dat. 
pi. his unsnyttrum, "in his un- 
wisdom," 1734. 



GLOSSARY. 



231 



un-softe, adv., [unsoftIj] with 

difficulty, 1655, 2140. 
un-swiWe, adv. 

un-swItJor, compar., less 

strongly, 2578, 2881. 
un-synnig, adj., UNSiNning, guilt- 
less, 2089. 
un-synnum, adv. {dat. pi. of *un- 

synn), "smlessly," 1072. 
un-tsile, adj., blameless, 1865. 
un-tyder, st. m., evil progeny; 

nom.pl. untydras, 111. 
un-wacllc, adj. , [unweaklike] firm, 

strong, 3138. 
un-wearnum, adv., unawares, 741. 
un-wiecen, adj. {pp.), UNWREAKed, 

unavenged, 2443. 
Up, ado. , UP, 128, 224, 782. 
tlp-lang, adj., [uplong] upright, 

759. 
uppe, ahu, UP, 566. 
upp-riht, ad,j. , upright, 2092. 
tire, 2^er,'. pron. (gen. pi. of ic), of 

us, 1386. 
tire, J0O68. adj. (see above), our, 

2647. 
tlrum, prs. pron. {anoyn. form of 

the dot. pi. of ic, used here for 

unc), 10 us, 2659. 
tls, pers. pron. {dat. pi. of ic), to 

us, 345, 382, etc. ; for us, 2642. 
tlser, peis. pron. ( = ure, gen.pl. of 

ic); user neosan, "to visit us," 

2074. 
User, p(ss. adj. (see above), our; 

ace. St. m. userne, 3002 ; gen. sg. 

neut. usses, 2813; dat. sg. m. 

ussun, 2634. 
tlsic, peys. pron. {ace. pi, of ic), us, 

458, 2638, etc. 
usses, TBsmn, see tlser, poss. adj. 
tit, adv, OUT, 215, etc. 
titan, aiv., from withouT, without, 

774, 3tc. 
tltan-'weard, adj., outward, the out- 
side of, 2297. 
tlt-ftls adj., ouTward bound, ready 

to s;art, 33. 
uton, see wutun. 
tlt-weird, adj., [outward] outward 

bomd, moving outwards, 761. 



^Ve, see rninan. 

tHJ-genge, adj., escaping; nom. sg. 
waes ^schere...feorh uS-genge, 
"life was ready to depart from 
^schere," 2123. 

W. 

wa, adv. (Grein), woe ; wa bi-S \>sem 

...welbi«)j8em..., 183, 186. 
"*"wacan, st. v., wake, arise, spring, 

come, be born, 1265, 1960; pret. 

pi. wocun, 60. 

*on-wacan, awake, 2287; be 

born, arise, spring, 56, 111. 
wacian, lo. v., watch; imperat. sg. 

waca, 660; pres. part., nom. sg. 

m. waecceude, 708, ace. sg. m. 

wasccendne, 1268, waeccende, 

2841. 
wadan, st. v., wade, go; pret. sg. 

wod, 714, 2661; pp. gewaden, 

220. 
on-wadan, s. v., assail; pi^et. 

sg. hine fyren on wod, "him 

(Heremod) crime assailed." 
J»urh-wadan, st. v., wade 

THROUGH, pierce, penetrate, 890, 

1567. 
wado, etc., see wsed. 
wsecnan, iv. v., intrans., waken, 

arise, 85. 
waed, St. n., flood, sea, wave; nom. 

pi. wado, 546; wadu, 581; gen. 

pi. wada, 508. 
wsefre, adj., WAVERing, about to 

die, expiring, 1150, 2420; wan- 
dering, 1331. 
"wsBg-bora, iv. m., wave-BEARer, 

wave-traverser, wave-tosser (of 

_a sea-monster), 1440. 
wage, St. neut., stoup, flagon, 

_tankard, 2253, 2282. 
wsBg-holm, St. m., the billowy sea, 

217. 
W88g-11^5end, st. m. {pres. part.), 

wave-farer, sea-farer, 3158. 
wsegnan, iv. v. 

be-w3egnan, w. v., offer, 1193. 
Wfflg-sweord, st. neut., wave-swoRD, 

sword with a wavy pattern, 1489. 



232 



BEOWULF. 



wael, St. neut., slaughter, the slain, 
corpse, 448, etc. ; nom. pi. walu, 
1042. 

wsel-bedd, st. neut., slaughter- 

BED. 

wsel-bend, st. m. /., slaughter-BOND, 

death-BAND, 1936. 
wsel-bleat, adj., [slaughter-pitiful]; 

ace. f. wunde wael-bleate, "his 

deathly pitiful wound," 2725. 
wsel-dea^, st. m., slaughter-DEATH, 

death by violence, 695. 
wsel-dreor, st. neut., slaughter-gore, 

1631. 
wsel-ffflhtJ, St. /., slaughter-FEUD, 

deadly feud, 2028. 
wsel-fag, adj. , slaughter-stained, 

1128. 
wsel-feall, -fyll, st. m., slaughter- 

FALL, violent death, 3154; dat. 

sg. geweox he... to wsel-fealle... 
, Deniga leodum, "he sent many 

of the Danes to a violent death," 

1711. 
wael-fQs, adj., ready for, expecting, 

(a violent) death, 2420. 
•wsBl-fyll, see wsel-feall. 
wsel-fyllo, slaughter-FiLL, fill of 

slaughter, 125. 
wael-fyr, st. neut., slaughter-FiRE, 

death-bringing fire, 2582 ; corpse- 
fire, pyre, 1119. 
wsel-gaest, st. m., slaughter-GUEST, 

murderous stranger, 1331, 1995. 
wsel-hlem, st. m., slaughter-crash, 

terrible blow, 2969. 
waell-seax, st. neut., slaughter- 
knife, deadly short-sword; dat. 

sg. (with uninflected adjs.) waell- 

seaxe gebrged biter ond beadu- 

scearp, "drew his keen and 

_battle-sharp short-sword," 2703. 
waelm, see wylm. 
wsel-nltJ, St. m., slaughter-hate, 

slaughter-strife, deadly enmity, 

85, £065, 3000. 
wsel-rses, st. m., [slaughter-RACE] 

deadly strife, mortal combat, 

_2947, 824, 2531. 
wael-rap, st. m., [whirlpool-ROPE] 

icicle, 1610 (see note). 



wael-reaf, st. neut., slaughter-spoil, 
battle-booty, plunder, 1205. 

wsel-rec, st. m., slaughter-REEK, 
deadly exhalation, 2661. 

"wael-reow, adj., slaughter-fierce, 
fierce in strife, 629. 

wsel-rest, st. /., [slaughter-REsr] 
bed of (violent) death, 2902. 

wsel-sceaft, st. m., slaughter-sHAFT, 
deadly spear, 398. 

wsel-steng, st. m., slaughter-pole, 
spear, 1638. 

■wsel-stow, St. /., slaughter-place, 
_battle-field, 2051, 2984. 

wsBn, St. m., WAIN, wagon; ace. sg. 
_3134. 

"wsepen, st. neut., weapon, 1660, 
1467, 1664, etc. ; ace. pi. v^pen, 
J92. 

■wsBpned-mon(n) , st. m., wiaponed 
MAN, man, 1284. 

war, St. /., compact, treaty, 1100; 
keeping, protection, 2^ 3109. 
_[_"Beitrage" x. 511.] 

waeran, etc., see wesan. 

■waestm, st. m., growth, fo-m ; dat. 
pi. on weres wasstmiim, "in 
man's form," 1352. 

"wseter, st. neut., water, the sea, 
93, etc. ; dat. wsetere, 1425, 1656, 
2722, waetre, 2854; inst-umental 
gen. he hine eft ongon wateres 
weorpan, "he began igain to 
sprinkle him with water," 2791. 

"wseter-egesa, lo. m., wATER-terror, 
the terrible mere, 1620. 

wseter-ytJ, st. /., wAiER-wa^e, 2242. 

wag, St. m., wall, 1662, 99i. 

wala, IV. m., wale, "wreith" (in 
heraldry), a protecting rim or 
roll on the outside of th( helmet 
(Skeat) ; nom. sg. ymb j^aeshelmes 
hrof heafod-beorge wirumbewun- 
den wala utan heold, "romd the 
helmet's crown the 'vreath,' 
wound about with wires, gave 
protection for the head frtm the 
outside," 1031. 

Waldend, see Wealdend. 

wald-swse?5, st. neut., or 

wald-swatJu, st. /., [wold-svath] 



GLOSSARY. 



233 



forest-track, forest-path ; dat. pi. 

wald-swa'Sum, 1403. 
walu, see wsel. 
wan, i\, see "winnan. 
■wan, adj., see won. 
wang, see wong. 
wanian, 2v. v. : 

(1) intrans., wane, diminish, 
1607. 

(2) trans., diminish, cm'tail, de- 
crease, 1337; P2}- gewanod, 477. 

wanigean, lo. v., bewail, lament; 
inf. gehyrdon gryre-leo'S galan 
Godes ondsacan, sige-leasne 
sang, sar wanigean helle haefton, 
"heard God's adversary singing 
his terror-lay, his victory-less 
song, hell's captive bewailing his 
sore," 787. 

warian, 2v. v., guard, inhabit, 1253, 
1265, 2277 (guards); pres. pi. 
warigea'S, 1358. 

warot$, St. m., [warth] shore, 234, 
1965. 

wat, etc., WOT, see witan. 

we, pers. pron. {pi. of ic), we, 1, 
260, etc. 

wea, 10. m., woe, 936, 191, etc.; 
gen. pi. weana, 148, etc. 

weal(l), St. m., gen. wealles, dat. 
wealle, ace. weal, 326: wall in 
its various meanings; rampart, 
burgh-wall, 785, etc. ; wall of a 
building, 326, 1573 ; natural wall 
of rock, sometimes the side of a 
barrow or den, 2307, 2759, 3060, 
etc. ; wall of chff, 229, etc. 

wea-laf, si./., [woE-LEAving] wretch- 
ed remnant (of either army after 
the battle in which Hnaef fell), 
1084, 1098. 

wealdan, st. v., ivith dat., gen., or 
absolutely, wield, rule, rule over, 
govern, possess, control; prevail; 
442, 1859, 702, 2051, etc. Special 
passages: henden wordum weold 
wine Scyldinga, "while the friend 
of the Scyldings still had power 
of speech," or "ruled with his 
word," 30; ^£er he >y fyrste... 
wealdan moste, "if he at that 



time was to prevail," 2574; wael- 
stowe wealdan, "to be masters 
of the field," 2984. 

ge-wealdan, st. v., loith gen., 
dat., or ace, wield, control, 
possess, bring about, 1509, 1554, 
2703. 

Wealdend, Waldend, st. m. {pres. 
part.), the WiELDer, God, 1693, 
etc. ; often loith dependent gen., 
17, etc! ; gen. Wealdendes, 2857, 
Waldendes, 2292, 3109; dat. 
Wealdende, 2329. 

weall, see weal. 

weallan, st.v., well, boil, be agi- 
tated, literally and figuratively ; 
pret. weoll, 2138, 2113, etc. ; weol, 
518, etc.; pres. part, weallende, 
847, weallinde, 2464 ; nom. pi. 
neut. weallende, 546, weallendu, 
581. Special passages: Ingelde 
wealla'S wael-ni'Sas, "in Ingeld's 
breast deadly hatred wells up," 
2065; hre'Ser ffi'Sme weoll, "his 
brea st swelled with breath ," 2593 . 

weall-clif, st. neut., wall-cliff, sea- 
cliff, 3132. 

weard, st. m., [waed] warden, 
warder, guardian, owner, 229, 
1741, 2524, etc. 

weard, st. /., ward, watch, 305, 
319. 

weardian, iv. v., ward, guard, in- 
dwell, 105, 1237, 2075. Especially 
in the phrase last or swa'Se 
weardian : inf. he his fohne for- 
let...last weardian, "he left his 
hand behind to mark his track," 
971; so pret. weardade, 2098; 
pret. sg. for pi. in subordinate 
clause, J?8Bt >am fraetwum feower 
mearas . . . last weardode, " that 
four horses followed the armour," 
2164. 

wearn, st. f, refusal, 366. 

wea-spell, st. neut., woe- spell, 
tidings of woe, 1315. 

weaxan, st. v., wax, grow, 3115, 
1741, 8. 

ge-weaxan, st. v., wax, grow, 
become, 66, 1711. 



234 



BEOWULF. 



web, St. neut., web, tapestry ; nom. 
1)1. 995. 

wecc(e)an, lo. v., wake, rouse, stir 
up, 2046, 3024; pret. jvvehte, 
2854. Special passage: bael-fyra 
mffist...weccan, "to kindle the 
greatest of funeral piles," 3144. 

to-weccan, lo. v., wake up, stir 
up ; pret. pi. to-wehton, 2948. 

wedd, St. neut., pledge, 2998. 

weder, st. neut., weatheb, 546; 
nom. pi. weder, 1136. 

weg, St. m., way; only in on weg, 
"away," 264, 1382, etc. 

weg, St. m., wave, 3132. Cf. wag-. 

"wegan, st. v., bear, wear, wage, 
3015, 2252, 2464, etc. Spiecial 
passage: mod Dry's© waeg,... 
firen ondrysne, " Tbrytho bore 
moodiness or fierceness, [com- 
mitted] terrible crime," 1931. 

set-wegan, st. v., bear away, 
carry ulf, 1198. 

ge-wegan, st. v., engage, fight, 
2400. 

weg-flota, IV. m., wave-FLOAier, 
ship, 1907. 

wehte, see weccan. 

■wel(l), adv., well, rightly, much, 
186, 289, 1792, 2570, 2Qb6; usual 
form wel, hut well, 2162, 2812. 

wel-hwylc, indef. adj. and pron. 

I. Fron. : 

(1) ivith gen. wel-hwylc witena, 
"WELL nigh every councillor," 
266. 

(2) neut. absolutely, everything, 
874. 

II. Adj. almost every, 1344. 
welig, adj., wEALthy, rich, 2607. 
wen, St. /., wEENing, expectation, 

hope, 734, 383, etc. Special 
passages: wen ic talige, "I 
reckon it a thing to be expected," 
1845 ; dat. pi. bega on wenum, 
ende-dogores ond eft-cymes leofes 
monnes, "in expectation of both, 
the day of death and the return 
of the dear man " {i.e. expecting 
one or the other), 2895. 
wenan, to. v., loith gen., infin.. 



clause, or absolutely: ween, ex- 
pect, hope, 157, 1184, etc. ; pres. 
sg. 1st wen, 338, 442. Special 
passages: ^ses ic wene, "as I 
hope," 272 ; swa ic }>e wene to, 
"as I expect from thee," 1396; 
icitli inf. ic genigra me weana ne 
wende . . .bote gebidan, ' ' I expected 
not to abide the remedy of any 
of my woes," 933; loith gen. and 
clause, hig >ass se'Selinges eft ne 
wendon, j?£et he... come, "they 
expected not the atheling again, 
that he would come," 1596. 

wendan, iv. v., intrans., wend, turn, 
1739. 

ed-wendan, to. v., intrans., turn 
back, desist, cease, 280. 

ge-wendan, iv. v., trans, and 
intrans., turn, change, 315, 186. 
on-wendan, w. v., trans., turn 
aside, set aside, avert, 191. 
Special passage: sibb eefre ne 
mseg wiht onwendan, J>am "Se 
wel bence'5, "naught can ever 
set aside kinship, to a right- 
minded man," 2601. 

wenian, w. v., honour, 1091. 

be-wenian, bi-wenian, iv. v., 
entertain, attend on ; pret. subj. 
sg. for pi., dryht-bearn Dena du- 
gvfSa. biwenede, 2035 (see note); 
pp. pi. bewenede, 1801. 

weorc, St. neut. ,'wohk, deed, trouble, 
74, 1656, etc. ; gen. pi. worda 
ond worca, 289 ; dat. pi. wordum 
ne worcum, 1100. Special pas- 
sages : he ]pses gewinnes weorc 
)>rowade, "he suffered trouble 
for that strife," 1721; dat. pi. 
adverbially, weorcum, "with 
difficulty," 1638. 

weorce, adj., grievous, painful, 
1418. 

weorod, see werod. 

weorpan, st. v. , [wakp] : 

(1) ivith ace. rei, throw, 1531. 

(2) tvith ace. pers. and gen. rei, 
sprinkle, 2791. 

(3) with dat., spew, cast forth, 
2582. 



GLOSSARY. 



235 



for-weorpan, st. v., throw- 
away ; pi'et. subj. forwurpe, 2872. 
ofer-weorpan, st. v., stumble, 
1543. 

weor^, St. neut., wokth, price, pay, 
2496. 

weortJ, adj., woRTHy, honoured, 
dear ; nom. sg. m. weor'S Denum 
ae>eHng, "the atheling dear to 
the Danes," 1814, 

weor^ra, compar., worthier, 
1902. 

weorBan, st. v., become, be, befall, 
happen, come, 2526, 414, 2731, 
etc. ; inf. wur'San, 807 ; _2Jres. pi. 
wur'Sa'5, 282 ; jjref. sg. he on 
fylle wear 5, "he fell," 1544; pp. 
geworden, "happened, arisen," 
1304, 3078. Often ivith predi- 
cative dat. governed by to, and 
dat. pers.: 'Sii scealt to frofre 
weor'San...leodum J^inum, hsele- 
"Sum to helpe, "thou shalt be 
for a comfort to thy people, a help 
to the heroes," 1707; so also 
460, 587, etc. 
ge-weorBan, st. v. : 

(1) intrans., become, be, happen, 
3061. 

(2) trans., agree about, settle ; 
inf. ]pset Su...lete Sfit'-Dene sylfe 
geweorSan giltJe wr5 Grendel, 
"that thou wouldst let the South 
Danes themselves settle their war 
with Grendel," 1996. 

(3) impers., ivith gen., andfolloio- 
ing clause in apposition, appear, 
seem, seem good ; jjre^ ]?a ^aBS 
monige gewear'S, )>a3t, "then it 
appeared to many that," 1598; 
pp. hafa'5 J^aes geworden wine 
Scyldinga...>8et, "this had seem- 
ed good to the friend of the 
Scyldings, that," 2026. 

weor^J-full, adj. 

weoriJ-fuUost, superl., [worth- 
fullest], woRTHiest, 3099. 

weortJian, lo.v., worthy ("Lear" ii. 
2. 128), honour, adorn, 2096, 1090, 
etc.; pp. geweor'Sod, 2175; ge- 
weorSad, 250, 1450, 1959; ge- 



wurSad, 331, 1038, 1645; weor-Sad, 
1783. 

weortJ-lIce, adv. 

weor'S-lIcost, superl., most 
w^ORTHily, 3161. 

weortJ-mynd, st. /., woRship, hon- 
our, glory, 8, 65, 1559, etc.; 
dat. pi. to wor^-myndum, "for 
honour, for honour's sake," 
1186. 

weotena, see wita. 

weotian, zv. v., prepare, etc. : pp, 
acc.jjZ.waslbendeweotode, "death- 
bands prepared, appointed, de- 
stined," 1936. 

be-weotian, be-witian, iv. v.y 
observe, etc. : pres. pi. )>a, ^e 
syngales sele bewitia-S, "those 
[weathers, days] which continu- 
ally observe the season," 1135; 
bewitiga^ sorhfulne sitS, "make a 
journey full of woe," 1428 ; pret. 
sg. ealle beweotede >egnes )jearfe, 
" attended to all the thane's 
needs," 1796; hord beweotode, 
"watched over a hoard," 2212. 

wer, St. m., man, 105, 1352, 216, 
1256, etc.; gen. pi. wera, 120, 
etc.; weora, 2947. 

■wered, st. neut., beer, mead, 496, 

werede, etc., see werod. 

were-fyhte, iv. /., defensive fight, 
fight in defence, 457. 

werga {weak form of werig), adj., 
cursed ; gen. sg. wergan gastes, 
133 (Grendel), 1747 (the devil). 

werge, etc., see werig, 

wergend, st. m. [pres. part, of 
werian), defender, 2882. 

wergian, lo. v., weary ; pp. gewer- 
gad, 2852. 

"werli'So, St. /., curse, damnation; 
ace. sg. werhtSo, 589. 

•werian, lo. v., guard, defend, pro- 
tect, 453, 1327, etc. ; reflex., 541 j 
pp. nom. pi. 238, 2529. 

be-werian, lo. v., defend; pret. 
subj. beweredon, 938. 

werig, adj., loitli gen. or dat., weary, 
579 ; dat. sg. wergum, 1794 ; ace, 
f. sg. or pi. werge, 2937. 



236 



BEOWULF. 



werig-mod, adj., weary of mood, 
844, 1543. 

werod, weorod, st. neut., troop, 
baud, 651, 319, 290, etc.; dat. 
werede, 1215; weorode, 1011, 
2346; gen. pi. wereda, 2186; 
weoroda, 60. 

•wer-J>eod, st. /., [man - nation] 
people; ace. pi. ofer wer-heode, 
' ' throughout the nations of men ," 
899. 

wesan, irreg. v., be, 272, etc.; i^res. 
sg. Srd is, 256, 1761, etc.; ys, 
2910, 2999, 3084 ; pres. pi. sint, 
388; synt, 260, 342, 364; syn- 
don, 237, 257, etc.; pres. subj. 
sg. sie, 435, etc.; sy, 1831, etc.; 
sig, 1778, etc.; pj-et. pi. wsron, 
233, etc. ; waran, 2475 ; imperat. 
sg. wes, 269, etc., waes, 407. 
Negative forms : pres. sg. Srd 
nis, 249, etc.; pret. sg. 1st and 
3rd naes, 2141, 134, etc.; pret. 
pi. neeron, 2657 ; pret. subj. sg. 
nffire, 860, etc. 
Special passages : 

(1) Omission of injin. 617, 1857, 
2363, 2497, 2659; aUo 992, 
2256. 

(2) Forming, loitli a pres. part., 
an imperf. tense : secgende waes, 
"was saying," 3028. 

■weste, adj., waste ; ace. sg. m. 
westne, 2456. 

westen, st. neut., waste, 1266; dat. 
westenne, 2298. 

WIG, St. neut., [wick] dwelling, 821, 
etc.; often in pi., 125, etc.; dat. 
pi. wicun, 1304. 

wlcan, St. V. 

ge-wlcan, st. v., intrans., weak- 
en, give way, 2577, 2629. 

wicg, St. neut., horse, steed, 1400, 
286, etc. , pi. wicg, 2174. 

wic-stede, st. m., [wick-stead] dwel- 
ling-place, 2462, 2607. 

wid, adj., wide, extended, long, 
of space and time, 935, 877, 1859, 
2014, etc. 

wid-cUB, adj., [wide-couth] widely 
known, 1256, etc.; gen. abso- 



lutehj, wid-cii'Ses (i.e. Hrothgar), 
1042. 

wide, adv., wiDEly, 18, 2135, 2913, 
3099, etc. ; qualifying a superla- 
tive, wide mserost, "the greatest 
far and wide, greatest of all," 
898. 

widre, compar.; widre gewin- 
dan, "to flee away more widely, 
escape further," 763. 

wIde-ferhtJ, st. m., [wiDE-life] ever, 
only used as ace. of time, 702, 
937; ealne wIde-ferh'S, "for all 
time to come," 1222. 

■wid-floga, w. m., wiDE-FLier (the 
dragon), 2830, 2346. 

widre, see wide. 

wid-scofen, see under scflfan. 

wid-weg, St. m., wide-way, high- 
way; ace. pi. geond wid-wegas, 
"along the highways," 840, "far 
and wide," 1704. 

wif, St. neut., WIFE, woman, 2120, 
1284, 2028, 993, etc. 

wif-lufu, 10. /., WIFE -LOVE, love for 
one's wife, 2065. 

wig, St. m.: 

(1) war, battle, 23, 65, 1084, etc.; 
dat. wigge, 1656, 1770, 1783. 

(2) war-prowess, valour, might, 
350, 1042, 2323, etc. 

wiga, IV. VI., warrior, 629, 1543, 
2395. ["Beitrage"x. 511.] 

wigan, St. v., war, fight, 2509, 
599. 

wlg-bealu, st. neut., war-BALE, the 
evils of war, 2046. 

wig-bil, St. neut., war-BiLL, war- 
sword, 1607. 

wig-bord, St. ?igzi^, [war-BOARD] war- 
shield, 2339. 

wlg-crseft, St. m., war-cRAFT, war- 
might, 2953. 

wig-crseftig, cidj., war -crafty, 
mighty in battle, 1811. 

wigend, St. m. {pres. part.), warrior, 
3099, 1125, 429, etc. 

wig-freca, 20. /«., war-wolf, warrior, 
1212, 2496. 

wig-fruma, w. m., war-chief, 664, 
2261. 



GLOSSARY. 



237 



wigge, see vrlg. 

wig-getawa, st. f. pi., war-equip- 
ments, 368. See gu'S-geatwa. 

"wlg-gryre, st. m., war-terror, 1284. 

wig-heafola, iv. m., [war-head] war- 
helmet, 2661. 

wig-heap, St. m., war-HEAP, band 
of warriors, 477. 

wig-hete, St. m., war-HATE, 2120. 

wig-hryre, st. m., [war-falling] 
slaughter, onset, 1619. 

"Wig-sigor, -s-^. ju., war- victory, 1554. 

wig-sped, St. /., war-sPEED, success 
in war, 697. 

wig-weortJung, st.f., idol-woKship, 
sacrifice, 176. ["Beitrage"x,511.] 

wlht, n. : 

I. St. /.. WIGHT, being, crea- 
ture, 120, 3038. 

II. St. f. neut., WHIT, auGHT, 
2601 {see onwendan), 1660; ace. 
for wiht, "for aught," 2348; 
loith gen., 581. 

III. Adverbial use, auGHT, at 
all ; almost alivays negative {with 
ne), naught, noT at all, no whit. 

(1) Ace., with ne or no: 862, 
1083, 2854, 2857, 541; no hine 
wiht dweleS adl ne yldo, "sick- 
ness or age misleads him not a 
whit," 1735. 

(2) Dat.; ivith ne, 186, 1514, 
etc. ; affirmatively, 1991. 

wil-cmna, iv. m., [wiLL-coMer] wel- 
come guest, 388, 394, 1894. 

wil-deor ( = wild deor), st. neut., 
[wild deer] wild beast, 1430. 

wile, see willan. 

wil-geofa, w. m., wiLL-Giver, joy- 
giver, 2900. 

wil-gesitJ, St. m., [wiLL-companion] 
willing or loved companion, 23. 

willa, w. m., will, wish, desire, 
desirable thing; joy, pleasure; 
sake: 626, 1711, etc.; dat. sg. to 
willan, "out of good will," 186; 
anes willan, "for the sake of 
one," 3077; gen. pi. wilna, 660, 
950, 1344; dat.pl. willum, "ac- 
cording to our wishes," 1821; so 
sylfes willum, 2222, 2639. 



willan, irreg. v., will: pres. sg. 
1st wille, 318, 344, etc.; wylle, 
947, etc.; 2nd wylt, 1852; Srd 
wile, 346 ; wyle, 2864 ; wille, 442, 
1371, etc.; wylle, 2766; pi. wyl- 
la'S, 1818. Negative forms: nelle 
= ne + wille, 679, 2524; nolde= 
ne-i-wolde, 706, 791, 2518, etc. 
With omission of inf. no ic fram 
him wolde, 543. 

wilnian, to. v., desire, 188. 

wil-si^, St. m., [wiLL-journey] will- 
ing journey, 216. 

win, St. neut., wine, 1162, 1233, 
1467. 

win-sern, st. neut., wiNE-hall, 654. 

wind, St. m., wind, 217, etc. 

win-dseg, st. m., strife-DAv, day of 
strife, 1062. 

windan, st. v., intrans. and trans., 
WIND, rise, twist, 1119, 1193, etc.; 
pret. pi. streamas wundon sund 
wi'S sande, "the currents rolled 
the sea against the sand," 212; 
pp. dat. sg. wundnum golde, 
"with twisted gold," 1382. 

set-windan, st. v., with dat. 
pers., WIND away, escape, 143. 

t)e-windan, st. v., wind about, 
brandish, enclose, grasp, mingle, 
1461, 1031, etc.; j^P- galdre be- 
wunden, "wound about with in- 
cantation, encompassed with a 
spell," 3052. 

ge-windan, st. v., intrant., 
WIND, turn, flee away, 763, 1001. 
on-windan, st. v., unwind, 
1610. 

wind-blond, st. neut., [wind-blend] 
tumult of winds, 3146. 

wind-gerest, st. /., [wind-rest] 
resting-place of winds, 2456. 

windig, adj., windy; pi. windige, 
572, 1358; windge, 1224. 

wine, St. m., friend, esp. friend and 
lord, friendly ruler, 30, 170, 457; 
ace. pi. wine, 21 ; gen. pi. wini- 
gea, 1664 ; winia, 2567. 

wine-dryhten, wine-drihten, st. m., 
friend-lord, friend and lord,, 
friendly ruler, 360, 862, 2722. 



238 



BEOWULF. 



wine-geomor, adj., friend-sad, 
mourning for the loss of friends, 
2239. 

wine-leas, adj., friendLESs, 2613. 

wlne-ni»g, st. m., friend-kinsman, 
relative and friend, loyal subject; 
pi. wine-magas, 65. 

winia, winigea, see wine. 

winnan, st. v., [win] strive, fight, 
113, 506; pret. sg. 3rd wan, 144, 
151, won, 1132. 

win-reced, st. neut., wiNE-bouse, 
wine-ball, 714, 993. 

win-sele, st. m., wiNE-ball, 695, 771. 

winter, st. in., winteb, year, 1128, 
1724, 2209, etc.; gen. sg. wintrys, 
516. 

wir, St. m., wiKE, wire-work, fila- 
gree, 1031, 2413. 

wis, adj., WISE, 1845, 3094, 1413, 
etc. Weak forms : nom. m. wisa, 
1400, 1698, 2329; ace. sg. wisan, 
1318. 

wIsa, w. m., WISE one, guide, 259. 

wis-dom, St. m., wisdom, 350, 1959. 

wise, w. f., T;\asE, fashion; instru- 
mental ace. (Grein), ealde wisan, 
"in the old fashion," 1865. 

wis-fsest, adj., [wise-fast] wise, 
626. 

wis-hycgende, adj. [pres. part.), 
wiSE-thinking, 2716. 

wisian, lo. v., with ace. rei, dat. 
pers., or absolutely, [make wise] 
point out, show; direct, guide, 
lead; 2409, etc.; pres. sg. 1st 
wisige, 292, etc.; pret.sg. wisode, 
402, etc.; wisade, 208, etc. 

wisse, see witan. 

wist, st.f. {from wesan): 

(1) weal, 1735. 

(2) meal; dat. sg. SBfter wiste, 
"after Grendel's meal of thirty 
thanes," 128. 

wiste, WIST, see witan. 

wist-fyllo, St. /., food-FiLL, abund- 
ant meal; gen. sg. wist-fylle, 734. 

wit, St. neut., wit, 589. 

wit, pers. pron. {dual of ic), we 
two, 535, etc. 

wita, 10. m., wise man, councillor, 



pi. the witan, 778 ; gen. pi. 
witena, 157, etc., weotena, 1098. 
witan, st.-io. v., [wit] know, 1863, 
764, 2519, etc.; pres. sg. 1st and 
Zrd wat, 1331, etc.; negative nat, 
681, etc.; 2nd wast, 272; pret. 
sg. 1st and 3rd wiste, 646, etc.; 
wisse, 169, etc, ; pret. pi., wiston, 
181, etc.; wisson, 246. Special 
passages : to ^aes 'Se he eor^-sele 
anne wisse, "to where he knew 
an earth- ball to be, knew of an 
earth-hall," 2410; so, 715; pres. 
sg. 1st, ic on Higelace wat...}>8et 
he, "I know concerning Hygelac, 
that he," 1830; negative scea- 
'Sona ic nat hwilc, "I know not 
which of scathers, some foe," 
274 ; 3rd, God wat on mec (ace), 
}>8et me is micle leofre, 2650. 

ge-witan, st.-u-. v., know, 1350. 
witan, St. v., ivith ace. rei and dat. 
pers., [wite] reproach, blame, 
2741. 

set-witan, st. v., ivith ace. rei, 
twit, blame, charge; pret. pi. 
aetwiton weana d«l, "charged 
[him] with his share of their 
woes," 1150. 

ge-wltan, st. v., depart, go, 42, 
123, 2471, etc.; often ivith reflex, 
dat. 26, 662, 1125, etc.; often 
followed by inf. {in many cases 
best rendered by a pres. part.) 
291, 853, 234, 2387, etc. Special 
passages: fyrst fortS gewat, "time 
went on," 210; pp., dat. sg. m., 
J'set 'Su me a wsexe for^ gewite- 
num on faeder st^le, "that thou 
wouldst aye be to me when dead 
in a father's place," 1479. 

otJ-wItan, St. v., with ace. rei 
and dat. pers., reproach; inf. ne 
^orfte him ^a lean oSwitan mon 
on middan-gearde, "no man on 
earth needed to reproach him 
with those rewards," 2995. 
-witian, see -weotian. 
Witig, adj., witty, wise (applied to 
the Deity), 685,etc.; wittig, 1841. 
["Beitrage"x. 511.] 



GLOSSARY. 



239 



witnian, lo. v., punish, torment; 
pp. wommum gewitnad, "tor- 
mented with plagues," 3073. 

wit5, prep, loith dat. and ace, with 
{ivith ace. 1088, 3027, ivith dat. 
2600), a rare meaning except loitli 
loords denoting strife, such as 
winnan, 152; usual meaning 
against, 144, 326, 1549, 2528, 
etc. ; sometimes towards {ace.) 
155, 1864; by [ace], 2U13, 2566; 
from {dat.), 827, 2423. With aec. 
and dat. in the same sentence: 
"with," 424-6 {see gehegan); 
geseet ha wi'S sylfne...m£eg wi'S 
mffige, "he sat then by [the king] 
himself, kinsman with kinsman," 
1977-8. Special passages: wi^ 
duru healle, "to the door of the 
hall," 389; wi^ earm gesast {see 
gesittan), 749; forborn bord witS 
rond, "the shield was burnt up 
to the rim," 2673 ; wiS Hrefna- 
wudu, "by (over against) Ravens- 
wood," 2925. 

wi'Ser-rsehtes, adv., opposite, 3039. 

wiBre, St. neut., resistance, 2953. 

wlanc, see wlonc. 

wlatian, w. v., look, 1916. 

wienco, si./., pride, bravado, daring ; 
dat. wienco, 338, 1206, wlence, 
508. 

wlltan, St. v., gaze, look, 1572, 
1592 ; pret. pi. wlitan, 2852. 

giond-wlltan, st. v., look 
through, view thoroughly, 2771. 

wlite, St. m., countenance, 250. 

wlite-beorht, adj., of bright aspect, 
beauteous-bright, 93. 

wlite-seon, st.f. neut.?, sight, 1650. 

wlitig-, adj., beauteous, 1662. 

wlonc, wlanc, adj., proud, 331, 
341, 2833, 2953; ivith dat. sese 
wlanc, "carrion-proud," 1332. 

woh, adj., crooked, wrong ; dat. pi. 
him bebeorgan ne con wom wun- 
dor-bebodum wergan gastes, "he 
knows not how to protect him- 
self against the crooked wondrous 
commands of the cursed spirit," 
1747 (see note). 



woh-bogen, adj. {pp.), crooked- 

Bowed, coiled, 2827. 
wolcen, St. neut., welkin, cloud; 

dat. pi. wolcnum, 8, 1119, etc. 
wolde, pret. of willan. 
woUen-teare, adj., with WELLing 

TEARS, 3032. 

worn, see woh. 

womm, St. m., spot, plague, 3073. 

won, v., see winnan. 

won, wan, adj., wan, dark, 1374, 
702; nom. pi. neut., wan, 651; 
iceak form wonna, 3024, 3115. 

wong, wang-, st. m. , plain, meadow, 
93, 2242, etc. 

wong-stede, st. m., [plain-sTEAc] 
champaign spot, 2786. 

won-hyd, st. /., [wan, i.e. un-, 
thought] carelessness, rashness, 
434. 

wonn {?), 3154, see note on 1. 3155. 

won-sseli(g'), adj., unhappy, 105. 

won-sceaft, st. f, [wAN-shaping] 
misery, 120. 

wop, St. 711., WEEPing, 128, 785, 
3146. 

wore, see weorc. 

word, St. neut., word, 79, etc.; ace. 
pi. word o^er fand, 870. The 
dat. pi. is common loith verbs of 
saying: 176, 388, 1193, 2795, 
3175. 

word-cwide, -cwyde, st. m., word- 
saying, speech, 1841, 1845, 2753. 

word-gyd, st. neut., woRD-lay, dirge, 
3172. 

word-hord, st. neut., word-hoard, 
259. 

word-riht, st. neut., [word-right] 
right or befitting word, 2631. 

worMe, see wyrcan. 

worn, St. neut., multitude, number, 
264; ace. sg. J>onne he wintrum 
frod worn gemunde, "when he, 
old in years, remembered the 
number [of them]," 2114. Quali- 
fied by fela or eall: nom. sg. 
worn fela, "a great number," 
1783; ace. sg. ]pn worn fela... 
ymb Brecan sprSce, "thou hast 
said a great deal about Breca," 



240 



BEOWULF. 



530; eal-fela eald-gesegena worn, 
"a very great number of old 
sagas," 870; worn eall gespraec 
gomol, "the aged one spake 
very many things," 3094. Si7ni- 
larly in gen. pi. governed by fela : 
icith gen. sg. worna fela...sorge, 
"very much sorrow," 2003; ivith 
gen. pi. worna fela... gu'Sa, "very 
many wars," 2542. 

worold, St. /., WORLD, 1183, 1681, 
1062, etc.; gen. sg. worulde, 2343, 
worlde, 2711 ; his worulde gedal, 
"his severance from the world," 
3068. 

worold-ar, st. /., woKXD-honour, 17. 

■worold-cyning, wyruld-cyning, st. 
m., woELD-KiNG, mighty king, 
1684, 3180. 

worold-rseden, st. /., the way of the 
world; ace. sg. swa he ne for- 
wyrnde worold-rsdenne, "so he 
escaped not the lot of mortals, 
i.e. death" (?), 1142 (see note). 

woi^ig, St. m., street, court, pre- 
cincts, palace, 1972. 

•worS-mynd, see weortJ-mynd. 

woruld-eandel, st.f., world-candle, 
the sun, 1965. 

■woruld-ende, st. m., world-end, the 
end of the world, 3083. 

wracu, St. /., revenge; ace. sg. 
wrsece, 2336. 

wrsec, st. neut., wrack, misery, 
exile, 170, 3078. 

wrsecca, see wrecca. 

wraece, see wracu. 

■WTsec-last, st. in., exile-track, path 
of exiles, 1352. 

wrsec-maecg, st. m., banished man, 
exile, 2379. 

wrsec-si^, st. m., WRACK-journey, 
exile, 2292; dat. pi. nalles for 
wresc-srSum ac for hige->rym- 
mum, "by no means because of 
banishment but out of magna- 
nimity," 338. 

wrset, st.f., ornament, jewel; ace. 
pi. wraste, 2771, 3060; gen. pi. 
wrsetta, 2413 ; dat. pi. wraettum, 
1531. 



wraet-llc, adj., ornamental, adorn- 
ed, ornate, curiously wrought, 
splendid, wondrous, 891, 1489, 
etc. 

wratJ, adj., wroth, hostile; ahso- 
lutely, foe, 319, 660, etc. 

wra^$e, adv., amiss, 2872. 

wra'S-lIce, adv., wrothlt, wrath- 
fully, 3062. 

wrecan, st. v., loith ace, wreak, 
drive, drive out, utter, avenge, 
1278, 423, etc.; o/ie;i wrecan gid, 
spel, etc., "utter, rehearse, a 
lay, legend, or tale," 873, 1065, 
etc. Special passages : suhj. pres. 
}?onne he gyd wrece, " [that] then 
he should utter a dirge," 2446; 
pret. sg. ferh ellen wraec, 
"strength drove out life," 2706; 
pp. wear's... on bid wrecen, "was 
driven to bay," 2962. 

a-wrecan, st. v., tell; loith ace. 
gid, 1724, 2108. 

for-wrecan, st. v., loitli ace, 
drive away, banish, 1919, 109. 

ge -wrecan, st. v., usu. with 
ace, WREAK, avenge, 107, 3062, 
etc.; pret. pi. gewrffican, 2479; 
ivith reflex, ace. 2875; absolutely, 
he gewraec sy'S'San, "he took ven- 
geance afterwards," 2395. 

wrecca, ^v. m., wretch, exile, wan- 
derer, adventurer, 1137, 898; 
dat. wrsBCcan, 2613. 

wreoend,si.?/i.(^)'es.pari.),WREAKer, 
avenger, 1256. 

wreoSen-hilt, adj., with WREATHed 
or twisted hilt, 1698. 

wridian, iv. v., grow, 1741. ["Bei- 
trage" x. 511.] 

writan, st. v., write, engrave, 1688. 
for-wrltan, st. v., cut asunder, 
2705. 

wrl^an, st. v., ivith ace, [writhe] 
bmd, 964 ; bind up, 2982. 

wrixl, St. neut., exchange, 2969. 

wrixlan, iv. v., ivith dat. wordum, 
"exchange, interchange, words," 
366, 874. 

wroht, St. /., strife, contest, 2287, 
2473, 2913. 



GLOSSAKY. 



241 



wudu, St. m., WOOD : 

(1) a wood, 1364, 1416. 

(2) a spear; ace. pi. wudu, 398. 

(3) a ship, 1919; nom. sg. wudu 
wunden-hals, "the ship with 
twisted or curved prow," 298; 
ace. sg. wudu bundenne, "the 
bound wood, i.e. the wooden 
ship," 216. 

wudu-rec, st. m., wood-keek, smoke, 
3144, 

wuldor, St. neut., glory ; nom. sg. 
kyninga wuldor (Hrothgar), 665; 
gen. sg. wuldres, 17, etc. 

wuldor- torht, adj., glory-bright; 
pi. 1136. 

Wuldur-cyning', st. m., Glory-KiNG, 
the King of glory, 2795. 

■wulf, St. m., WOLF, 3027. 

wulf-hlHJ, St. neut., woLF-slope; ace. 
pi. wulf-hleo«u, 1358. 

wund, St. /., WOUND, 2711, etc.; 
ace. sg. wunde, 2725, etc. 

wund, adj., wouNDed, 565, etc. 

wunden-feax, adj., with wound, 
i.e. twisted, hair, 1400. 

wimden-hals, adj., [wouND-neck] 
with twisted or curved prow, 
298. 

wunden-msBl, st. neut., [wound- 
sword] sword with winding, curv- 
ing, ornaments, 1531. 

wunden-stefna, iv. m., [wound- 
stem] ship with twisted or curved 
stem, 220. 

wunder-fset, st. neut., wonder-vat, 
wondrous vessel ; dat. pi. IIQ'I. 

wundor, st. neut., wonder, 771, etc.; 
monster, 1509 : nom. ace. wun- 
dur, 3062, 3032, etc.; ace. wun- 
der, 931; rfaf. wundre, 931; gen. 
pi. wundra, 1607; dat. pi. ad- 
verbially, wundrum, "wondrous- 
(ly)," 1452, 2687. 

wundor-bebod, st. neut., wondeb- 
command, wondrous command, 
1747. 

wundor-dea^, st. m., wonder-death, 
wondrous death, 3037. 

wundor-lic, adj., [wonderlike] 
wondrous, 1440. 

W. B. 



wundor-sion, st. /., woNDER-sight, 

wondrous sight, 995. 
wundor-smitJ, st, m., wonder-smith, 

1681. 
wundur-maBtJum, st. m., wonder- 

jewel, wondrous jewel, 2173. 
wunian, ic. v., [won] : 

(1) intrans. dwell, remain, 284, 
1128; loith dat. wicum wunian, 
3083. 

(2) trans, indwell, inhabit, 1260, 
2902. 

ge-wunian, lo. v., tvith ace, 

dwell with, remain with; subj. 

pres. pi. gewunigen, 22. 
-wurtSad, see weortJian. 
wurtJan, see weortJan. 
wutun, uton, = let us, with foil. 

inf., 2648, 1390, 3101. 
wyle, wyllaB, wylle, wylt, see 

willan^ 
wylm, wsilm, st. m., wELLing, surge, 

flood, 516, 2546, etc. [Sievers, 

§ 159, 2.] 
wyn-leas, adj., joyLESS, 821, 1416. 
wynn, st. /., joy, 1080, etc.; gen. 

sg. Wynne, 2727. 
wjm-sum, adj., winsome, joyous, 

1919 ; neut. pi. wynsume, 612. 
wyrcan, iv. v., work; pret. worhte, 

wrought : 

(1) tvith ace. work, make, 930, 92, 
1452 ; pret. part. pi. (as adj.) faeste 
geworhte, "steadfast," 1864. 

(2) loith gen. achieve ; subj. pres. 
wyrce se >e mote domes, "achieve 
glory he who may," 1387. 

be-wyrcan, lo. v., surround, 
3161. 

g'e-wyrc(e)an, w. v., work, 20, 
69, 1660, etc.: 

(1) intrans. act, 20. 

(2) trans, work, make, accom- 
pHsh, achieve, 635, 1660, 1491 ; 
subj. pret. pi. geworhton, 3096. 

wyrd, St. /., weird, fate, probably 
personified in some passages (see 
note on 1205), 455, 477, 1056, 
3030, etc. 

wyrdan, ic. v., destroy; pret. sg. 
wyrde, 1337. 

16 



242 



BEOWULF. 



a-wyrdan, w.v., destroy, 1113. 
■wyrm, st. m., worm, dragon, 886, 

1430, etc. 
wyrm-cynn, st. neut., worm-kin, 

serpent kind, 1425. 
wyrm-fali, adj., worm -adorned, 

snake-adorned, 1698. 
wyrm-liord, st. neut., worm-hoard, 

dragon's hoard, 2221. 
wyman, lo.v. {from wearn). 

for-wyrnan, tv. v., refuse, es- 
cape, 429, 1142. 
wjrrpan, w. v. {from weorpan). 

ge-wjrrpan, w. v., recover, raise 

(oneself) ; ivith reji. ace. 2976. 
wyrpe, st. vi., change, 1315. 
wyrsa, adj. compar. (o/yfel), worse, 

1212, etc. ; gen. pi. wyrsan, 525 ; 

neut. ace. sg. absolutely, J?aet wyrse, 

1739. 
wyrt, st.f., [wort] root, 1364. 
wyrUe, adj., woRxny, 368, 2185. 

wyr^Jra, co»t];ar., worthier, 861. 
wyruld-, see worold-. 



Y. 



yfel, St. neut., evil; gen. pi. yfla, 

2094. 
yldan, w. v., delay, put off, tarry; 

inf. 739; wende >a9s yldan, >£et..., 

"hoped for this reason to delay 

(tarry?), that...," 2239. 
ylde, elde, st. m. pi., men, 77, 150, 

etc.; dat. eldum, 2214, 2611, 3168. 
yldesta, see eald. 
yldo, St. /., [eld] age, old age, the 

age, 1736, etc.; gen. yldo beam, 

"the children of the age," 70; 

dat. ylde, 22, eldo, 2111. 
yldra, see eald. 

ylf, St.f., ELF, 112. 

ymb, 3anbe, prep., loith ace, about, 
around, concerning, local, tem- 
poral, denoting object, etc., 399, 
568, 838, 2883, 219, 353, 507, 
2070, etc. ; folloioing its case, 689 ; 
ymb ane niht, "after one night," 
135. 



ymbe, adv., about, around, 2597. 
jrmbe-sittend, ymb-sittend, st. m. 

{pres. part.), [about -siTxing] 

neighbour; nom. pi. ymbe-sit- 

tend, 1827; gen. pi. ymb-sit- 

tendra, 9. 
3rppe, w. /.-, high seat, throne, dais, 

1815. From up. 
yrfe, st. neut., heritage, 3051. 
yrfe-laf, st.f, heirloom, 1053, 1903. 
yrfe-weard, st. m., heir, 2731 ; gen. 

sg. yrfe-weardas, 2453 (see note). 
yrm^o, st. /., misery; ace. yrmSe, 

1259, 2005. From earm. 
yrre, st. neut., anger, 711, 2092. 
jo-re, eorre, adj., angry, 769, 1532, 

etc. ; gen. sg. used substantively, 

eorres, "of the angry one," 1447. 
jrrre-mod, adj., angry in mood, 

angry-minded, 726. 
yrringa, adv., angrily, 1565, 2964. 
ys, see wesan. 
y«, St. /., wave, 548, 848, 1437, 

2693, etc.; aec. sg. or pi. y^e, 

46, 1132, 1909. 
fiSan, w. v., destroy, 421. 
yUe, 1002, 2415, see eat$e. 
y^e-llce, adv., easily, 1556. 
y^J-geblond, -gebland, st. neut., 

BLENDing of waves, surge, 1373, 

1593 ; pi. 1620. 
yU-gesene, see etJ-gesyne. 
ytJ-gewlnn, st. neut., wave-strife, 

1434, 2412. 
ytJ-lad, St. /., [wave-LODE] wave- 
path, way over the sea ; _pL 228. 
ytJ-laf, St. /., [wave-LEAving] what is 

left or thrown up by the waves, 

the foreshore, 566. 
y15-lida, w. m., wave-sailer, ship, 

198. 
ywan, eawan, eowan, w. v. : 

(1) trans, show; pres. sg. eawe'5, 
276; pret. ywde, 2834, 

(2) intrans. appear ; pres. sg. 
eowetS, 1738. Cf. eage. 

ge-ywan, ge- eawan, w. v., 
present, profler, 2149 ; pp. ge- 
eawed, 1194. 



CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY. M.A. AND SONS. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 



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